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1. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990-2013: quantifying the epidemiological transition.

Author: Murray CJ, Barber RM, Foreman KJ, Abbasoglu Ozgoren A, Abd-Allah F, Abera SF, Aboyans V, Abraham JP, Abubakar I, Abu-Raddad LJ, Abu-Rmeileh NM, Achoki T, Ackerman IN, Ademi Z, Adou AK, Adsuar JC, Afshin A, Agardh EE, Alam SS, Alasfoor D, Albittar MI, Alegretti MA, Alemu ZA, Alfonso-Cristancho R, Alhabib S, Ali R, Alla F, Allebeck P, Almazroa MA, Alsharif U, Alvarez E, Alvis-Guzman N, Amare AT, Ameh EA, Amini H, Ammar W, Anderson HR, Anderson BO, Antonio CA, Anwari P, Arnlöv J, Arsic Arsenijevic VS, Artaman A, Asghar RJ, Assadi R, Atkins LS, Avila MA, Awuah B, Bachman VF, Badawi A, Bahit MC, Balakrishnan K, Banerjee A, Barker-Collo SL, Barquera S, Barregard L, Barrero LH, Basu A, Basu S, Basulaiman MO, Beardsley J, Bedi N, Beghi E, Bekele T, Bell ML, Benjet C, Bennett DA, Bensenor IM, Benzian H, Bernabé E, Bertozzi-Villa A, Beyene TJ, Bhala N, Bhalla A, Bhutta ZA, Bienhoff K, Bikbov B, Biryukov S, Blore JD, Blosser CD, Blyth FM, Bohensky MA, Bolliger IW, Bora Başara B, Bornstein NM, Bose D, Boufous S, Bourne RR, Boyers LN, Brainin M, Brayne CE, Brazinova A, Breitborde NJ, Brenner H, Briggs AD, Brooks PM, Brown JC, Brugha TS, Buchbinder R, Buckle GC, Budke CM, Bulchis A, Bulloch AG, Campos-Nonato IR, Carabin H, Carapetis JR, Cárdenas R, Carpenter DO, Caso V, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Castro RE, Catalá-López F, Cavalleri F, Çavlin A, Chadha VK, Chang JC, Charlson FJ, Chen H, Chen W, Chiang PP, Chimed-Ochir O, Chowdhury R, Christensen H, Christophi CA, Cirillo M, Coates MM, Coffeng LE, Coggeshall MS, Colistro V, Colquhoun SM, Cooke GS, Cooper C, Cooper LT, Coppola LM, Cortinovis M, Criqui MH, Crump JA, Cuevas-Nasu L, Danawi H, Dandona L, Dandona R, Dansereau E, Dargan PI, Davey G, Davis A, Davitoiu DV, Dayama A, De Leo D, Degenhardt L, Del Pozo-Cruz B, Dellavalle RP, Deribe K, Derrett S, Des Jarlais DC, Dessalegn M, Dharmaratne SD, Dherani MK, Diaz-Torné C, Dicker D, Ding EL, Dokova K, Dorsey ER, Driscoll TR, Duan L, Duber HC, Ebel BE, Edmond KM, Elshrek YM, Endres M, Ermakov SP, Erskine HE, Eshrati B, Esteghamati A, Estep K, Faraon EJ, Farzadfar F, Fay DF, Feigin VL, Felson DT, Fereshtehnejad SM, Fernandes JG, Ferrari AJ, Fitzmaurice C, Flaxman AD, Fleming TD, Foigt N, Forouzanfar MH, Fowkes FG, Paleo UF, Franklin RC, Fürst T, Gabbe B, Gaffikin L, Gankpé FG, Geleijnse JM, Gessner BD, Gething P, Gibney KB, Giroud M, Giussani G, Gomez Dantes H, Gona P, González-Medina D, Gosselin RA, Gotay CC, Goto A, Gouda HN, Graetz N, Gugnani HC, Gupta R, Gupta R, Gutiérrez RA, Haagsma J, Hafezi-Nejad N, Hagan H, Halasa YA, Hamadeh RR, Hamavid H, Hammami M, Hancock J, Hankey GJ, Hansen GM, Hao Y, Harb HL, Haro JM, Havmoeller R, Hay SI, Hay RJ, Heredia-Pi IB, Heuton KR, Heydarpour P, Higashi H, Hijar M, Hoek HW, Hoffman HJ, Hosgood HD, Hossain M, Hotez PJ, Hoy DG, Hsairi M, Hu G, Huang C, Huang JJ, Husseini A, Huynh C, Iannarone ML, Iburg KM, Innos K, Inoue M, Islami F, Jacobsen KH, Jarvis DL, Jassal SK, Jee SH, Jeemon P, Jensen PN, Jha V, Jiang G, Jiang Y, Jonas JB, Juel K, Kan H, Karch A, Karema CK, Karimkhani C, Karthikeyan G, Kassebaum NJ, Kaul A, Kawakami N, Kazanjan K, Kemp AH, Kengne AP, Keren A, Khader YS, Khalifa SE, Khan EA, Khan G, Khang YH, Kieling C, Kim D, Kim S, Kim Y, Kinfu Y, Kinge JM, Kivipelto M, Knibbs LD, Knudsen AK, Kokubo Y, Kosen S, Krishnaswami S, Kuate Defo B, Kucuk Bicer B, Kuipers EJ, Kulkarni C, Kulkarni VS, Kumar GA, Kyu HH, Lai T, Lalloo R, Lallukka T, Lam H, Lan Q, Lansingh VC, Larsson A, Lawrynowicz AE, Leasher JL, Leigh J, Leung R, Levitz CE, Li B, Li Y, Li Y, Lim SS, Lind M, Lipshultz SE, Liu S, Liu Y, Lloyd BK, Lofgren KT, Logroscino G, Looker KJ, Lortet-Tieulent J, Lotufo PA, Lozano R, Lucas RM, Lunevicius R, Lyons RA, Ma S, Macintyre MF, Mackay MT, Majdan M, Malekzadeh R, Marcenes W, Margolis DJ, Margono C, Marzan MB, Masci JR, Mashal MT, Matzopoulos R, Mayosi BM, Mazorodze TT, Mcgill NW, Mcgrath JJ, Mckee M, Mclain A, Meaney PA, Medina C, Mehndiratta MM, Mekonnen W, Melaku YA, Meltzer M, Memish ZA, Mensah GA, Meretoja A, Mhimbira FA, Micha R, Miller TR, Mills EJ, Mitchell PB, Mock CN, Mohamed Ibrahim N, Mohammad KA, Mokdad AH, Mola GL, Monasta L, Montañez Hernandez JC, Montico M, Montine TJ, Mooney MD, Moore AR, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moran AE, Mori R, Moschandreas J, Moturi WN, Moyer ML, Mozaffarian D, Msemburi WT, Mueller UO, Mukaigawara M, Mullany EC, Murdoch ME, Murray J, Murthy KS, Naghavi M, Naheed A, Naidoo KS, Naldi L, Nand D, Nangia V, Narayan KM, Nejjari C, Neupane SP, Newton CR, Ng M, Ngalesoni FN, Nguyen G, Nisar MI, Nolte S, Norheim OF, Norman RE, Norrving B, Nyakarahuka L, Oh IH, Ohkubo T, Ohno SL, Olusanya BO, Opio JN, Ortblad K, Ortiz A, Pain AW, Pandian JD, Panelo CI, Papachristou C, Park EK, Park JH, Patten SB, Patton GC, Paul VK, Pavlin BI, Pearce N, Pereira DM, Perez-Padilla R, Perez-Ruiz F, Perico N, Pervaiz A, Pesudovs K, Peterson CB, Petzold M, Phillips MR, Phillips BK, Phillips DE, Piel FB, Plass D, Poenaru D, Polinder S, Pope D, Popova S, Poulton RG, Pourmalek F, Prabhakaran D, Prasad NM, Pullan RL, Qato DM, Quistberg DA, Rafay A, Rahimi K, Rahman SU, Raju M, Rana SM, Razavi H, Reddy KS, Refaat A, Remuzzi G, Resnikoff S, Ribeiro AL, Richardson L, Richardus JH, Roberts DA, Rojas-Rueda D, Ronfani L, Roth GA, Rothenbacher D, Rothstein DH, Rowley JT, Roy N, Ruhago GM, Saeedi MY, Saha S, Sahraian MA, Sampson UK, Sanabria JR, Sandar L, Santos IS, Satpathy M, Sawhney M, Scarborough P, Schneider IJ, Schöttker B, Schumacher AE, Schwebel DC, Scott JG, Seedat S, Sepanlou SG, Serina PT, Servan-Mori EE, Shackelford KA, Shaheen A, Shahraz S, Shamah Levy T, Shangguan S, She J, Sheikhbahaei S, Shi P, Shibuya K, Shinohara Y, Shiri R, Shishani K, Shiue I, Shrime MG, Sigfusdottir ID, Silberberg DH, Simard EP, Sindi S, Singh A, Singh JA, Singh L, Skirbekk V, Slepak EL, Sliwa K, Soneji S, Søreide K, Soshnikov S, Sposato LA, Sreeramareddy CT, Stanaway JD, Stathopoulou V, Stein DJ, Stein MB, Steiner C, Steiner TJ, Stevens A, Stewart A, Stovner LJ, Stroumpoulis K, Sunguya BF, Swaminathan S, Swaroop M, Sykes BL, Tabb KM, Takahashi K, Tandon N, Tanne D, Tanner M, Tavakkoli M, Taylor HR, Te Ao BJ, Tediosi F, Temesgen AM, Templin T, Ten Have M, Tenkorang EY, Terkawi AS, Thomson B, Thorne-Lyman AL, Thrift AG, Thurston GD, Tillmann T, Tonelli M, Topouzis F, Toyoshima H, Traebert J, Tran BX, Trillini M, Truelsen T, Tsilimbaris M, Tuzcu EM, Uchendu US, Ukwaja KN, Undurraga EA, Uzun SB, Van Brakel WH, Van De Vijver S, van Gool CH, Van Os J, Vasankari TJ, Venketasubramanian N, Violante FS, Vlassov VV, Vollset SE, Wagner GR, Wagner J, Waller SG, Wan X, Wang H, Wang J, Wang L, Warouw TS, Weichenthal S, Weiderpass E, Weintraub RG, Wenzhi W, Werdecker A, Westerman R, Whiteford HA, Wilkinson JD, Williams TN, Wolfe CD, Wolock TM, Woolf AD, Wulf S, Wurtz B, Xu G, Yan LL, Yano Y, Ye P, Yentür GK, Yip P, Yonemoto N, Yoon SJ, Younis MZ, Yu C, Zaki ME, Zhao Y, Zheng Y, Zonies D, Zou X, Salomon JA, Lopez AD, and Vos T
Subjects: Aged, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality, Premature, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Socioeconomic Factors, Chronic Disease epidemiology, Communicable Diseases epidemiology, Global Health statistics & numerical data, Health Transition, Life Expectancy, Wounds and Injuries epidemiology
Abstract: Background: The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) aims to bring together all available epidemiological data using a coherent measurement framework, standardised estimation methods, and transparent data sources to enable comparisons of health loss over time and across causes, age-sex groups, and countries. The GBD can be used to generate summary measures such as disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE) that make possible comparative assessments of broad epidemiological patterns across countries and time. These summary measures can also be used to quantify the component of variation in epidemiology that is related to sociodemographic development., Methods: We used the published GBD 2013 data for age-specific mortality, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs), and years lived with disability (YLDs) to calculate DALYs and HALE for 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2013 for 188 countries. We calculated HALE using the Sullivan method; 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) represent uncertainty in age-specific death rates and YLDs per person for each country, age, sex, and year. We estimated DALYs for 306 causes for each country as the sum of YLLs and YLDs; 95% UIs represent uncertainty in YLL and YLD rates. We quantified patterns of the epidemiological transition with a composite indicator of sociodemographic status, which we constructed from income per person, average years of schooling after age 15 years, and the total fertility rate and mean age of the population. We applied hierarchical regression to DALY rates by cause across countries to decompose variance related to the sociodemographic status variable, country, and time., Findings: Worldwide, from 1990 to 2013, life expectancy at birth rose by 6·2 years (95% UI 5·6-6·6), from 65·3 years (65·0-65·6) in 1990 to 71·5 years (71·0-71·9) in 2013, HALE at birth rose by 5·4 years (4·9-5·8), from 56·9 years (54·5-59·1) to 62·3 years (59·7-64·8), total DALYs fell by 3·6% (0·3-7·4), and age-standardised DALY rates per 100 000 people fell by 26·7% (24·6-29·1). For communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders, global DALY numbers, crude rates, and age-standardised rates have all declined between 1990 and 2013, whereas for non-communicable diseases, global DALYs have been increasing, DALY rates have remained nearly constant, and age-standardised DALY rates declined during the same period. From 2005 to 2013, the number of DALYs increased for most specific non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, in addition to dengue, food-borne trematodes, and leishmaniasis; DALYs decreased for nearly all other causes. By 2013, the five leading causes of DALYs were ischaemic heart disease, lower respiratory infections, cerebrovascular disease, low back and neck pain, and road injuries. Sociodemographic status explained more than 50% of the variance between countries and over time for diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases; maternal disorders; neonatal disorders; nutritional deficiencies; other communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases; musculoskeletal disorders; and other non-communicable diseases. However, sociodemographic status explained less than 10% of the variance in DALY rates for cardiovascular diseases; chronic respiratory diseases; cirrhosis; diabetes, urogenital, blood, and endocrine diseases; unintentional injuries; and self-harm and interpersonal violence. Predictably, increased sociodemographic status was associated with a shift in burden from YLLs to YLDs, driven by declines in YLLs and increases in YLDs from musculoskeletal disorders, neurological disorders, and mental and substance use disorders. In most country-specific estimates, the increase in life expectancy was greater than that in HALE. Leading causes of DALYs are highly variable across countries., Interpretation: Global health is improving. Population growth and ageing have driven up numbers of DALYs, but crude rates have remained relatively constant, showing that progress in health does not mean fewer demands on health systems. The notion of an epidemiological transition--in which increasing sociodemographic status brings structured change in disease burden--is useful, but there is tremendous variation in burden of disease that is not associated with sociodemographic status. This further underscores the need for country-specific assessments of DALYs and HALE to appropriately inform health policy decisions and attendant actions., Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2015
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2. Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.

Author: Murray CJ, Ortblad KF, Guinovart C, Lim SS, Wolock TM, Roberts DA, Dansereau EA, Graetz N, Barber RM, Brown JC, Wang H, Duber HC, Naghavi M, Dicker D, Dandona L, Salomon JA, Heuton KR, Foreman K, Phillips DE, Fleming TD, Flaxman AD, Phillips BK, Johnson EK, Coggeshall MS, Abd-Allah F, Abera SF, Abraham JP, Abubakar I, Abu-Raddad LJ, Abu-Rmeileh NM, Achoki T, Adeyemo AO, Adou AK, Adsuar JC, Agardh EE, Akena D, Al Kahbouri MJ, Alasfoor D, Albittar MI, Alcalá-Cerra G, Alegretti MA, Alemu ZA, Alfonso-Cristancho R, Alhabib S, Ali R, Alla F, Allen PJ, Alsharif U, Alvarez E, Alvis-Guzman N, Amankwaa AA, Amare AT, Amini H, Ammar W, Anderson BO, Antonio CA, Anwari P, Arnlöv J, Arsenijevic VS, Artaman A, Asghar RJ, Assadi R, Atkins LS, Badawi A, Balakrishnan K, Banerjee A, Basu S, Beardsley J, Bekele T, Bell ML, Bernabe E, Beyene TJ, Bhala N, Bhalla A, Bhutta ZA, Abdulhak AB, Binagwaho A, Blore JD, Basara BB, Bose D, Brainin M, Breitborde N, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Catalá-López F, Chadha VK, Chang JC, Chiang PP, Chuang TW, Colomar M, Cooper LT, Cooper C, Courville KJ, Cowie BC, Criqui MH, Dandona R, Dayama A, De Leo D, Degenhardt L, Del Pozo-Cruz B, Deribe K, Des Jarlais DC, Dessalegn M, Dharmaratne SD, Dilmen U, Ding EL, Driscoll TR, Durrani AM, Ellenbogen RG, Ermakov SP, Esteghamati A, Faraon EJ, Farzadfar F, Fereshtehnejad SM, Fijabi DO, Forouzanfar MH, Fra Paleo U, Gaffikin L, Gamkrelidze A, Gankpé FG, Geleijnse JM, Gessner BD, Gibney KB, Ginawi IA, Glaser EL, Gona P, Goto A, Gouda HN, Gugnani HC, Gupta R, Gupta R, Hafezi-Nejad N, Hamadeh RR, Hammami M, Hankey GJ, Harb HL, Haro JM, Havmoeller R, Hay SI, Hedayati MT, Pi IB, Hoek HW, Hornberger JC, Hosgood HD, Hotez PJ, Hoy DG, Huang JJ, Iburg KM, Idrisov BT, Innos K, Jacobsen KH, Jeemon P, Jensen PN, Jha V, Jiang G, Jonas JB, Juel K, Kan H, Kankindi I, Karam NE, Karch A, Karema CK, Kaul A, Kawakami N, Kazi DS, Kemp AH, Kengne AP, Keren A, Kereselidze M, Khader YS, Khalifa SE, Khan EA, Khang YH, Khonelidze I, Kinfu Y, Kinge JM, Knibbs L, Kokubo Y, Kosen S, Defo BK, Kulkarni VS, Kulkarni C, Kumar K, Kumar RB, Kumar GA, Kwan GF, Lai T, Balaji AL, Lam H, Lan Q, Lansingh VC, Larson HJ, Larsson A, Lee JT, Leigh J, Leinsalu M, Leung R, Li Y, Li Y, De Lima GM, Lin HH, Lipshultz SE, Liu S, Liu Y, Lloyd BK, Lotufo PA, Machado VM, Maclachlan JH, Magis-Rodriguez C, Majdan M, Mapoma CC, Marcenes W, Marzan MB, Masci JR, Mashal MT, Mason-Jones AJ, Mayosi BM, Mazorodze TT, Mckay AC, Meaney PA, Mehndiratta MM, Mejia-Rodriguez F, Melaku YA, Memish ZA, Mendoza W, Miller TR, Mills EJ, Mohammad KA, Mokdad AH, Mola GL, Monasta L, Montico M, Moore AR, Mori R, Moturi WN, Mukaigawara M, Murthy KS, Naheed A, Naidoo KS, Naldi L, Nangia V, Narayan KM, Nash D, Nejjari C, Nelson RG, Neupane SP, Newton CR, Ng M, Nisar MI, Nolte S, Norheim OF, Nowaseb V, Nyakarahuka L, Oh IH, Ohkubo T, Olusanya BO, Omer SB, Opio JN, Orisakwe OE, Pandian JD, Papachristou C, Caicedo AJ, Patten SB, Paul VK, Pavlin BI, Pearce N, Pereira DM, Pervaiz A, Pesudovs K, Petzold M, Pourmalek F, Qato D, Quezada AD, Quistberg DA, Rafay A, Rahimi K, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Ur Rahman S, Raju M, Rana SM, Razavi H, Reilly RQ, Remuzzi G, Richardus JH, Ronfani L, Roy N, Sabin N, Saeedi MY, Sahraian MA, Samonte GM, Sawhney M, Schneider IJ, Schwebel DC, Seedat S, Sepanlou SG, Servan-Mori EE, Sheikhbahaei S, Shibuya K, Shin HH, Shiue I, Shivakoti R, Sigfusdottir ID, Silberberg DH, Silva AP, Simard EP, Singh JA, Skirbekk V, Sliwa K, Soneji S, Soshnikov SS, Sreeramareddy CT, Stathopoulou VK, Stroumpoulis K, Swaminathan S, Sykes BL, Tabb KM, Talongwa RT, Tenkorang EY, Terkawi AS, Thomson AJ, Thorne-Lyman AL, Towbin JA, Traebert J, Tran BX, Dimbuene ZT, Tsilimbaris M, Uchendu US, Ukwaja KN, Uzun SB, Vallely AJ, Vasankari TJ, Venketasubramanian N, Violante FS, Vlassov VV, Vollset SE, Waller S, Wallin MT, Wang L, Wang X, Wang Y, Weichenthal S, Weiderpass E, Weintraub RG, Westerman R, White RA, Wilkinson JD, Williams TN, Woldeyohannes SM, Wong JQ, Xu G, Yang YC, Yano Y, Yentur GK, Yip P, Yonemoto N, Yoon SJ, Younis M, Yu C, Jin KY, El Sayed Zaki M, Zhao Y, Zheng Y, Zhou M, Zhu J, Zou XN, Lopez AD, and Vos T
Subjects: Age Distribution, Epidemics statistics & numerical data, Female, Humans, Incidence, Male, Mortality trends, Organizational Objectives, Sex Distribution, Global Health trends, HIV Infections epidemiology, Malaria epidemiology, Tuberculosis epidemiology
Abstract: Background: The Millennium Declaration in 2000 brought special global attention to HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria through the formulation of Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 6. The Global Burden of Disease 2013 study provides a consistent and comprehensive approach to disease estimation for between 1990 and 2013, and an opportunity to assess whether accelerated progress has occured since the Millennium Declaration., Methods: To estimate incidence and mortality for HIV, we used the UNAIDS Spectrum model appropriately modified based on a systematic review of available studies of mortality with and without antiretroviral therapy (ART). For concentrated epidemics, we calibrated Spectrum models to fit vital registration data corrected for misclassification of HIV deaths. In generalised epidemics, we minimised a loss function to select epidemic curves most consistent with prevalence data and demographic data for all-cause mortality. We analysed counterfactual scenarios for HIV to assess years of life saved through prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and ART. For tuberculosis, we analysed vital registration and verbal autopsy data to estimate mortality using cause of death ensemble modelling. We analysed data for corrected case-notifications, expert opinions on the case-detection rate, prevalence surveys, and estimated cause-specific mortality using Bayesian meta-regression to generate consistent trends in all parameters. We analysed malaria mortality and incidence using an updated cause of death database, a systematic analysis of verbal autopsy validation studies for malaria, and recent studies (2010-13) of incidence, drug resistance, and coverage of insecticide-treated bednets., Findings: Globally in 2013, there were 1·8 million new HIV infections (95% uncertainty interval 1·7 million to 2·1 million), 29·2 million prevalent HIV cases (28·1 to 31·7), and 1·3 million HIV deaths (1·3 to 1·5). At the peak of the epidemic in 2005, HIV caused 1·7 million deaths (1·6 million to 1·9 million). Concentrated epidemics in Latin America and eastern Europe are substantially smaller than previously estimated. Through interventions including PMTCT and ART, 19·1 million life-years (16·6 million to 21·5 million) have been saved, 70·3% (65·4 to 76·1) in developing countries. From 2000 to 2011, the ratio of development assistance for health for HIV to years of life saved through intervention was US$4498 in developing countries. Including in HIV-positive individuals, all-form tuberculosis incidence was 7·5 million (7·4 million to 7·7 million), prevalence was 11·9 million (11·6 million to 12·2 million), and number of deaths was 1·4 million (1·3 million to 1·5 million) in 2013. In the same year and in only individuals who were HIV-negative, all-form tuberculosis incidence was 7·1 million (6·9 million to 7·3 million), prevalence was 11·2 million (10·8 million to 11·6 million), and number of deaths was 1·3 million (1·2 million to 1·4 million). Annualised rates of change (ARC) for incidence, prevalence, and death became negative after 2000. Tuberculosis in HIV-negative individuals disproportionately occurs in men and boys (versus women and girls); 64·0% of cases (63·6 to 64·3) and 64·7% of deaths (60·8 to 70·3). Globally, malaria cases and deaths grew rapidly from 1990 reaching a peak of 232 million cases (143 million to 387 million) in 2003 and 1·2 million deaths (1·1 million to 1·4 million) in 2004. Since 2004, child deaths from malaria in sub-Saharan Africa have decreased by 31·5% (15·7 to 44·1). Outside of Africa, malaria mortality has been steadily decreasing since 1990., Interpretation: Our estimates of the number of people living with HIV are 18·7% smaller than UNAIDS's estimates in 2012. The number of people living with malaria is larger than estimated by WHO. The number of people living with HIV, tuberculosis, or malaria have all decreased since 2000. At the global level, upward trends for malaria and HIV deaths have been reversed and declines in tuberculosis deaths have accelerated. 101 countries (74 of which are developing) still have increasing HIV incidence. Substantial progress since the Millennium Declaration is an encouraging sign of the effect of global action., Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2014
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3. Global, regional, and national levels of neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.

Author: Wang H, Liddell CA, Coates MM, Mooney MD, Levitz CE, Schumacher AE, Apfel H, Iannarone M, Phillips B, Lofgren KT, Sandar L, Dorrington RE, Rakovac I, Jacobs TA, Liang X, Zhou M, Zhu J, Yang G, Wang Y, Liu S, Li Y, Ozgoren AA, Abera SF, Abubakar I, Achoki T, Adelekan A, Ademi Z, Alemu ZA, Allen PJ, AlMazroa MA, Alvarez E, Amankwaa AA, Amare AT, Ammar W, Anwari P, Cunningham SA, Asad MM, Assadi R, Banerjee A, Basu S, Bedi N, Bekele T, Bell ML, Bhutta Z, Blore JD, Basara BB, Boufous S, Breitborde N, Bruce NG, Bui LN, Carapetis JR, Cárdenas R, Carpenter DO, Caso V, Castro RE, Catalá-Lopéz F, Cavlin A, Che X, Chiang PP, Chowdhury R, Christophi CA, Chuang TW, Cirillo M, da Costa Leite I, Courville KJ, Dandona L, Dandona R, Davis A, Dayama A, Deribe K, Dharmaratne SD, Dherani MK, Dilmen U, Ding EL, Edmond KM, Ermakov SP, Farzadfar F, Fereshtehnejad SM, Fijabi DO, Foigt N, Forouzanfar MH, Garcia AC, Geleijnse JM, Gessner BD, Goginashvili K, Gona P, Goto A, Gouda HN, Green MA, Greenwell KF, Gugnani HC, Gupta R, Hamadeh RR, Hammami M, Harb HL, Hay S, Hedayati MT, Hosgood HD, Hoy DG, Idrisov BT, Islami F, Ismayilova S, Jha V, Jiang G, Jonas JB, Juel K, Kabagambe EK, Kazi DS, Kengne AP, Kereselidze M, Khader YS, Khalifa SE, Khang YH, Kim D, Kinfu Y, Kinge JM, Kokubo Y, Kosen S, Defo BK, Kumar GA, Kumar K, Kumar RB, Lai T, Lan Q, Larsson A, Lee JT, Leinsalu M, Lim SS, Lipshultz SE, Logroscino G, Lotufo PA, Lunevicius R, Lyons RA, Ma S, Mahdi AA, Marzan MB, Mashal MT, Mazorodze TT, McGrath JJ, Memish ZA, Mendoza W, Mensah GA, Meretoja A, Miller TR, Mills EJ, Mohammad KA, Mokdad AH, Monasta L, Montico M, Moore AR, Moschandreas J, Msemburi WT, Mueller UO, Muszynska MM, Naghavi M, Naidoo KS, Narayan KM, Nejjari C, Ng M, de Dieu Ngirabega J, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Nyakarahuka L, Ohkubo T, Omer SB, Caicedo AJ, Pillay-van Wyk V, Pope D, Pourmalek F, Prabhakaran D, Rahman SU, Rana SM, Reilly RQ, Rojas-Rueda D, Ronfani L, Rushton L, Saeedi MY, Salomon JA, Sampson U, Santos IS, Sawhney M, Schmidt JC, Shakh-Nazarova M, She J, Sheikhbahaei S, Shibuya K, Shin HH, Shishani K, Shiue I, Sigfusdottir ID, Singh JA, Skirbekk V, Sliwa K, Soshnikov SS, Sposato LA, Stathopoulou VK, Stroumpoulis K, Tabb KM, Talongwa RT, Teixeira CM, Terkawi AS, Thomson AJ, Thorne-Lyman AL, Toyoshima H, Dimbuene ZT, Uwaliraye P, Uzun SB, Vasankari TJ, Vasconcelos AM, Vlassov VV, Vollset SE, Waller S, Wan X, Weichenthal S, Weiderpass E, Weintraub RG, Westerman R, Wilkinson JD, Williams HC, Yang YC, Yentur GK, Yip P, Yonemoto N, Younis M, Yu C, Jin KY, El Sayed Zaki M, Zhu S, Vos T, Lopez AD, and Murray CJ
Subjects: Child, Preschool, Global Health statistics & numerical data, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Organizational Objectives, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Child Mortality trends, Global Health trends, Infant Mortality trends
Abstract: Background: Remarkable financial and political efforts have been focused on the reduction of child mortality during the past few decades. Timely measurements of levels and trends in under-5 mortality are important to assess progress towards the Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG 4) target of reduction of child mortality by two thirds from 1990 to 2015, and to identify models of success., Methods: We generated updated estimates of child mortality in early neonatal (age 0-6 days), late neonatal (7-28 days), postneonatal (29-364 days), childhood (1-4 years), and under-5 (0-4 years) age groups for 188 countries from 1970 to 2013, with more than 29,000 survey, census, vital registration, and sample registration datapoints. We used Gaussian process regression with adjustments for bias and non-sampling error to synthesise the data for under-5 mortality for each country, and a separate model to estimate mortality for more detailed age groups. We used explanatory mixed effects regression models to assess the association between under-5 mortality and income per person, maternal education, HIV child death rates, secular shifts, and other factors. To quantify the contribution of these different factors and birth numbers to the change in numbers of deaths in under-5 age groups from 1990 to 2013, we used Shapley decomposition. We used estimated rates of change between 2000 and 2013 to construct under-5 mortality rate scenarios out to 2030., Findings: We estimated that 6·3 million (95% UI 6·0-6·6) children under-5 died in 2013, a 64% reduction from 17·6 million (17·1-18·1) in 1970. In 2013, child mortality rates ranged from 152·5 per 1000 livebirths (130·6-177·4) in Guinea-Bissau to 2·3 (1·8-2·9) per 1000 in Singapore. The annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2013 ranged from -6·8% to 0·1%. 99 of 188 countries, including 43 of 48 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, had faster decreases in child mortality during 2000-13 than during 1990-2000. In 2013, neonatal deaths accounted for 41·6% of under-5 deaths compared with 37·4% in 1990. Compared with 1990, in 2013, rising numbers of births, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, led to 1·4 million more child deaths, and rising income per person and maternal education led to 0·9 million and 2·2 million fewer deaths, respectively. Changes in secular trends led to 4·2 million fewer deaths. Unexplained factors accounted for only -1% of the change in child deaths. In 30 developing countries, decreases since 2000 have been faster than predicted attributable to income, education, and secular shift alone., Interpretation: Only 27 developing countries are expected to achieve MDG 4. Decreases since 2000 in under-5 mortality rates are accelerating in many developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The Millennium Declaration and increased development assistance for health might have been a factor in faster decreases in some developing countries. Without further accelerated progress, many countries in west and central Africa will still have high levels of under-5 mortality in 2030., Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, US Agency for International Development., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2014
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4. Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Author: Murray, Christopher JL, Ortblad, Katrina F, Guinovart, Caterina, Lim, Stephen S, Wolock, Timothy M, Roberts, D Allen, Dansereau, Emily A, Graetz, Nicholas, Barber, Ryan M, Brown, Jonathan C, Wang, Haidong, Duber, Herbert C, Naghavi, Mohsen, Dicker, Daniel, Dandona, Lalit, Salomon, Joshua A, Heuton, Kyle R, Foreman, Kyle, Phillips, David E, Fleming, Thomas D, Flaxman, Abraham D, Phillips, Bryan K, Johnson, Elizabeth K, Coggeshall, Megan S, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abraham, Jerry P, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen Me, Achoki, Tom, Adeyemo, Austine Olufemi, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Adsuar, José C, Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Akena, Dickens, Al Kahbouri, Mazin J, Alasfoor, Deena, Albittar, Mohammed I, Alcalá-Cerra, Gabriel, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alla, Francois, Allen, Peter J, Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amankwaa, Adansi A, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Hassan, Ammar, Walid, Anderson, Benjamin O, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Arnlöv, Johan, Arsenijevic, Valentina S Arsic, Artaman, Ali, Asghar, Rana J, Assadi, Reza, Atkins, Lydia S, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Basu, Sanjay, Beardsley, Justin, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L, Bernabe, Eduardo, Beyene, Tariku Jibat, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Abdulhak, Aref Bin, Binagwaho, Agnes, Blore, Jed D, Basara, Berrak Bora, Bose, Dipan, Brainin, Michael, Breitborde, Nicholas, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chadha, Vineet K, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chuang, Ting-Wu, Colomar, Mercedes, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cooper, Cyrus, Courville, Karen J, Cowie, Benjamin C, Criqui, Michael H, Dandona, Rakhi, Dayama, Anand, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Del Pozo-Cruz, Borja, and Deribe, Kebede
Subjects: Male, Incidence, Prevention, HIV Infections, Global Health, Medical and Health Sciences, Malaria, Vector-Borne Diseases, Age Distribution, Rare Diseases, Infectious Diseases, Good Health and Well Being, General & Internal Medicine, Humans, Tuberculosis, Organizational Objectives, HIV/AIDS, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, Female, Mortality, Sex Distribution, Aetiology, Epidemics, Infection, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution
Abstract: BackgroundThe Millennium Declaration in 2000 brought special global attention to HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria through the formulation of Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 6. The Global Burden of Disease 2013 study provides a consistent and comprehensive approach to disease estimation for between 1990 and 2013, and an opportunity to assess whether accelerated progress has occured since the Millennium Declaration.MethodsTo estimate incidence and mortality for HIV, we used the UNAIDS Spectrum model appropriately modified based on a systematic review of available studies of mortality with and without antiretroviral therapy (ART). For concentrated epidemics, we calibrated Spectrum models to fit vital registration data corrected for misclassification of HIV deaths. In generalised epidemics, we minimised a loss function to select epidemic curves most consistent with prevalence data and demographic data for all-cause mortality. We analysed counterfactual scenarios for HIV to assess years of life saved through prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and ART. For tuberculosis, we analysed vital registration and verbal autopsy data to estimate mortality using cause of death ensemble modelling. We analysed data for corrected case-notifications, expert opinions on the case-detection rate, prevalence surveys, and estimated cause-specific mortality using Bayesian meta-regression to generate consistent trends in all parameters. We analysed malaria mortality and incidence using an updated cause of death database, a systematic analysis of verbal autopsy validation studies for malaria, and recent studies (2010-13) of incidence, drug resistance, and coverage of insecticide-treated bednets.FindingsGlobally in 2013, there were 1·8 million new HIV infections (95% uncertainty interval 1·7 million to 2·1 million), 29·2 million prevalent HIV cases (28·1 to 31·7), and 1·3 million HIV deaths (1·3 to 1·5). At the peak of the epidemic in 2005, HIV caused 1·7 million deaths (1·6 million to 1·9 million). Concentrated epidemics in Latin America and eastern Europe are substantially smaller than previously estimated. Through interventions including PMTCT and ART, 19·1 million life-years (16·6 million to 21·5 million) have been saved, 70·3% (65·4 to 76·1) in developing countries. From 2000 to 2011, the ratio of development assistance for health for HIV to years of life saved through intervention was US$4498 in developing countries. Including in HIV-positive individuals, all-form tuberculosis incidence was 7·5 million (7·4 million to 7·7 million), prevalence was 11·9 million (11·6 million to 12·2 million), and number of deaths was 1·4 million (1·3 million to 1·5 million) in 2013. In the same year and in only individuals who were HIV-negative, all-form tuberculosis incidence was 7·1 million (6·9 million to 7·3 million), prevalence was 11·2 million (10·8 million to 11·6 million), and number of deaths was 1·3 million (1·2 million to 1·4 million). Annualised rates of change (ARC) for incidence, prevalence, and death became negative after 2000. Tuberculosis in HIV-negative individuals disproportionately occurs in men and boys (versus women and girls); 64·0% of cases (63·6 to 64·3) and 64·7% of deaths (60·8 to 70·3). Globally, malaria cases and deaths grew rapidly from 1990 reaching a peak of 232 million cases (143 million to 387 million) in 2003 and 1·2 million deaths (1·1 million to 1·4 million) in 2004. Since 2004, child deaths from malaria in sub-Saharan Africa have decreased by 31·5% (15·7 to 44·1). Outside of Africa, malaria mortality has been steadily decreasing since 1990.InterpretationOur estimates of the number of people living with HIV are 18·7% smaller than UNAIDS's estimates in 2012. The number of people living with malaria is larger than estimated by WHO. The number of people living with HIV, tuberculosis, or malaria have all decreased since 2000. At the global level, upward trends for malaria and HIV deaths have been reversed and declines in tuberculosis deaths have accelerated. 101 countries (74 of which are developing) still have increasing HIV incidence. Substantial progress since the Millennium Declaration is an encouraging sign of the effect of global action.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2014

5. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990-2013

Author: Meghan D. Mooney, Ken Takahashi, Andrea Stewart, Jonathan C Brown, Shireen Sindi, Amany H Refaat, Ruben Castro, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Kyle R. Heuton, Gillian M. Hansen, Chante Karimkhani, Bryan K. Phillips, Ibrahim Abubakar, Yohannes Kinfu, Victoria F Bachman, Konstantinos Stroumpoulis, Megan Coggeshall, Lucía Cuevas-Nasu, Yichong Li, Vineet K. Chadha, Andrew G. M. Bulloch, Takayoshi Ohkubo, Don C. Des Jarlais, Giancarlo Logroscino, Francis Apolinary Mhimbira, Jefferson G Fernandes, Cheng Huang, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Fortuné Gbètoho Gankpé, Roderick J Hay, Itamar S. Santos, Zanfina Ademi, Fiona J Charlson, Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim, Anwar Rafay, Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman, Juanita A. Haagsma, Emmanuel A. Ameh, John J. McGrath, Massimo Cirillo, Wubegzier Mekonnen, Holly Hagan, Naohiro Yonemoto, Frida Namnyak Ngalesoni, Dietrich Plass, Matias Trillini, David Phillips, Braden Te Ao, Wanqing Chen, Yun Jin Kim, David Rojas-Rueda, Christina Papachristou, Andrew E. Moran, Richard A. Gosselin, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Soraya Seedat, Janet L Leasher, Belinda K Lloyd, Lorenzo Monasta, Bruno F. Sunguya, Eun-Kee Park, Eduardo A. Undurraga, Mohammad A. AlMazroa, Mohammad H. Forouzanfar, Young-Ho Khang, Vasiliki Stathopoulou, Dima M. Qato, James Scott, Ileana Heredia-Pi, Luca Ronfani, Haidong Kan, Tasara T. Mazorodze, Murugesan Raju, Saeid Shahraz, Taavi Tillmann, Wang Wenzhi, Neil Pearce, Eric Y. Tenkorang, Aliya Naheed, Ferrán Catalá-López, Sudan Prasad Neupane, Emily Dansereau, Michael McKee, Derrick A Bennett, Mazeda Hossain, Paul S. F. Yip, Grant Nguyen, Norberto Perico, Miguel Angel Alegretti, Babak Eshrati, Boris Bikbov, Palwasha Anwari, Guoqing Hu, Amelia Bertozzi-Villa, Peter A. Meaney, Farshad Farzadfar, Svetlana Popova, Tara Templin, Hmwe H Kyu, Uche S. Uchendu, Kebede Deribe, Sergey Soshnikov, Nobhojit Roy, Daniel Kim, Ilana N. Ackerman, Homie Razavi, Leslie T. Cooper, Sandra Nolte, David T. Felson, John J Huang, Yang Liu, Fiorella Cavalleri, Adrian Davis, Héctor Gómez Dantés, Klara Dokova, Yuantao Hao, Catalina Medina, Austin E Schumacher, Stan Biryukov, Jane Rowley, Arindam Basu, Jose C. Adsuar, Rosana E. Norman, Yousef Khader, Rafael Alfonso-Cristancho, Sukanta Saha, Simón Barquera, Diego Gonzalez-Medina, Philip B. Mitchell, Lars Barregard, Haidong Wang, Yongmei Li, Ami R. Moore, Marie Ng, Raghib Ali, Peter T. Serina, Lijing L Yan, Ayse Abbasoglu Ozgoren, Ricky Leung, Michelle L. Bell, Tim Driscoll, Azmeraw T. Amare, Farshad Pourmalek, Tea Lallukka, Benjamin O Anderson, Raimundas Lunevicius, Corine Karema, Robert G. Weintraub, Erin C Mullany, Anders Larsson, Glen Mola, Paulo A. Lotufo, Luke Nyakarahuka, Sayed Saidul Alam, Louisa Degenhardt, Hugh R. Taylor, E. Ray Dorsey, Suzanne Polinder, Hilton Lam, Urbano Fra Paleo, David Zonies, Rahman Shiri, Marco A Avila, Alicia Elena Beatriz Lawrynowicz, Katya Anne Shackelford, Lynne Gaffikin, Konstantin Kazanjan, Mark T Mackay, Jasvinder A. Singh, Bryan L. Sykes, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Chantal Huynh, Rakhi Dandona, Logan Sandar, Lavanya Singh, Dietrich Rothenbacher, Theo Vos, Steven E. Lipshultz, Coen H. Van Gool, Peggy P. Chiang, Mark G. Shrime, Christopher J L Murray, Scott Weichenthal, Jae-Hyun Park, Samia Alhabib, Philimon Gona, Christian Kieling, Yuichiro Yano, Ronny Westerman, Thomas Truelsen, Rajeev Gupta, Megan Bohensky, Abdullatif Husseini, Qing Lan, Luke D. Knibbs, Yousef M. Elshrek, H. Ross Anderson, Guohong Jiang, Madeline L. Moyer, Vinod K. Paul, Wim H. van Brakel, Emin Murat Tuzcu, Kara Estep, Lalit Dandona, Uchechukwu K.A. Sampson, Mohammad Tavakkoli, Ying Jiang, Joseph A Wagner, Mitsuru Mukaigawara, In-Hwan Oh, Siyi Shangguan, Noela M. Prasad, Charles D.A. Wolfe, Borja del Pozo-Cruz, Gokalp Kadri Yentur, Hilda L Harb, Elena Alvarez, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Mustafa Z. Younis, Herbert C. Duber, Erica Leigh Slepak, George A. Mensah, Knud Juel, Graeme J. Hankey, Natan M. Bornstein, Martha Híjar, Johan Ärnlöv, Mohamed Hsairi, Katherine T. Lofgren, Murray B. Stein, Renata Micha, Luigi Naldi, Margreet ten Have, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Kyle J Foreman, Kenji Shibuya, F. Gerry R. Fowkes, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, Rana J. Asghar, Karen M. Tabb, Kovin Naidoo, Rogelio Pérez-Padilla, Honglei Chen, Antônio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro, Rasmus Havmoeller, Yukito Shinohara, Bongani M. Mayosi, Ernst J Kuipers, Konrad Pesudovs, Mouhanad Hammami, Lee Richardson, Rintaro Mori, Thomas D. Fleming, Pouria Heydarpour, Stephen G. Waller, Nicholas Graetz, Chanda Kulkarni, Peter Brooks, Gulfaraz Khan, Marcel Tanner, Van C. Lansingh, François Alla, Jamie Hancock, Yohannes Adama Melaku, Neeraj Bedi, Anthony D. Woolf, Tariku Jibat Beyene, Amanda W Pain, Eric L. Ding, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Semaw Ferede Abera, Devina Nand, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, George D Thurston, Victor Aboyans, Alanur Çavlin, Jefferson Traebert, Michael R. Phillips, Yingfeng Zheng, Baffour Awuah, Carlo Irwin A. Panelo, Selen Begüm Uzun, Muhammad Imran Nisar, Samir Soneji, Veena S. Kulkarni, Mukesh Dherani, Stephen S Lim, Andre Keren, Kingsley N. Ukwaja, Sajjad Ur Rahman, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Kjetil Søreide, Blake Thomson, Samath D Dharmaratne, Christopher D. Blosser, David H. Rothstein, Amanda G. Thrift, Fabrizio Tediosi, Andrew H. Kemp, H. Dean Hosgood, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Miia Kivipelto, Amitava Banerjee, Edgar P. Simard, Reza Malekzadeh, Maggie Lind, Robert P. Dellavalle, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Lydia S. Atkins, Tom Achoki, Aslam Pervaiz, Peter Scarborough, Hans W. Hoek, Ettore Beghi, Emilie Agardh, Abraham D. Flaxman, Dariush Mozaffarian, Juan R. Sanabria, Muluken Dessalegn, David C. Schwebel, Caitlyn Steiner, Ubai Alsharif, Richard C. Franklin, Gail Davey, Gelin Xu, Reyna A Gutiérrez, Joannie Lortet-Tieulent, Ashish Bhalla, Jost B. Jonas, Paul N. Jensen, Simon I. Hay, Xiaonong Zou, Andre Pascal Kengne, Tolesa Bekele, Brittany Wurtz, Jung-Chen Chang, Joseph Murray, Luciano A. Sposato, Stefan Ma, Summer Lockett Ohno, Charles R. Newton, Bradford D. Gessner, JianLi Wang, Scott B. Patten, Thomas Fürst, Carol Brayne, Christina Fitzmaurice, Peilin Shi, Ted R. Miller, Kinnari S. Murthy, Habib Benzian, Peter W. Gething, Cesar Diaz-Torne, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Bo Norrving, Carly E Levitz, Adam D M Briggs, Sungroul Kim, Isabela M. Benseñor, John A. Crump, Sergey Petrovich Ermakov, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Awoke Misganaw Temesgen, Marcella Montico, Sanjay Krishnaswami, Kim Moesgaard Iburg, Ann Kristin Knudsen, Sun Ha Jee, Valery L. Feigin, Christine M. Budke, Anne Bulchis, Anand Dayama, Jonathan R. Carapetis, Cyrus Cooper, Teresa Shamah Levy, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Nataliya A. Foigt, Beth E. Ebel, Max Petzold, Heresh Amini, Ole Frithjof Norheim, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Dan Poenaru, Jim van Os, Michele E. Murdoch, Samantha M. Colquhoun, Michael H. Criqui, Giorgia Giussani, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Thomas N. Williams, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Chuanhua Yu, Luis M. Coppola, Thomas J. Montine, Alaa Badawi, Eduardo Bernabé, Melvin Barrientos Marzan, James Leigh, Frédéric B. Piel, Ratilal Lalloo, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Maheswar Satpathy, Hélène Carabin, Corina Benjet, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Ryan M Barber, Fotis Topouzis, Bin Li, Serge Resnikoff, Taavi Lai, Rachelle Buchbinder, Randah R. Hamadeh, Valeria Caso, Holly E. Erskine, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Miltiadis K. Tsilimbaris, Rachel L. Pullan, Ben Schöttker, Rafael Lozano, Damian G Hoy, Fiona M. Blyth, Belinda J. Gabbe, Hebe N. Gouda, Farhad Islami, Atte Meretoja, Christopher Margono, Marissa Iannarone, Ronan A Lyons, Wilkister N. Moturi, Donald H. Silberberg, Alexandra Brazinova, Monica Cortinovis, Deena Alasfoor, Richard Matzopoulos, Jerry Abraham, Francesco Saverio Violante, Monika Sawhney, Dorairaj Prabhakaran, Valentina Colistro, Derek F J Fay, Mamta Swaroop, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, John Nelson Opio, Hanne Christensen, Jun She, Soewarta Kosen, Atsushi Goto, Costas A. Christophi, Jeyaraj D. Pandian, Peter J. Hotez, K. Srinath Reddy, Al Artaman, Peter Allebeck, Jonas Minet Kinge, Graham S Cooke, Dan J. Stein, Kawkab Shishani, Laith J. Abu-Raddad, Katrina F Ortblad, Deborah Jarvis, Arsène Kouablan Adou, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Alan D. Lopez, G Anil Kumar, K.M. Venkat Narayan, Yong Zhao, Rajiv Chowdhury, Hadi Danawi, George C Patton, Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov, André Karch, Tommi J. Vasankari, Matthias Endres, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Charles N Mock, Katharine J Looker, Bach Xuan Tran, Fernando Perez-Ruiz, Harish Chander Gugnani, Reza Assadi, Hannah Hamavid, Rosario Cárdenas, Mohammed I. Albittar, Sarah Derrett, Mohammad Yahya Saeedi, Traolach S. Brugha, Jan Hendrik Richardus, Alireza Esteghamati, Seok Jun Yoon, Josep Maria Haro, Michael Brainin, Ziad A. Memish, Rupert R A Bourne, Katherine B Gibney, David M. Pereira, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Luc E. Coffeng, Joshua A. Salomon, Xia Wan, Ian Bolliger, Boris I. Pavlin, Karen Sliwa, Tati S. Warouw, Geoffrey Buckle, Chakib Nejjari, Diego De Leo, Ashkan Afshin, Vinay Nangia, Daniel Pope, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Nikhil Tandon, Kelly Bienhoff, Jed D. Blore, Walid Ammar, D. Allen Roberts, Elisabete Weiderpass, Gregory A. Roth, Manami Inoue, James D. Wilkinson, Hideaki Toyoshima, Soufiane Boufous, Ivy Shiue, Edward J Mills, Leilei Duan, Matthew M Coates, Ganesan Karthikeyan, Alberto Ortiz, Steven van de Vijver, David Carpenter, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Antony Stevens, Sanjay Basu, Maria Cecilia Bahit, Kaire Innos, Lindsay N. Boyers, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Alize J. Ferrari, Timothy M. Wolock, Simerjot K. Jassal, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Joanna Moschandreas, Howard J. Hoffman, Hideki Higashi, George M. Ruhago, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Mohammed Basulaiman, D. Alex Quistberg, Justin Beardsley, Marcello Tonelli, Maurice Giroud, Karen Edmond, Norito Kawakami, Mohammad T Mashal, Neeraj Bhala, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, David Tanne, Abhishek Singh, Kazem Rahimi, Vivekanand Jha, Wagner Marcenes, David J. Margolis, Yara A. Halasa, Zewdie Aderaw Alemu, Carrie Beth Peterson, Edson Serván-Mori, Anil Kaul, Foad Abd-Allah, Marek Majdan, Rahul Gupta, Robyn M. Lucas, Sarah Wulf, Lars Jacob Stovner, Mohsen Naghavi, Vegard Skirbekk, Ulrich Otto Mueller, Pengpeng Ye, Ali H. Mokdad, Dipan Bose, Saleem M Rana, Jeffrey D Stanaway, Abigail Mclain, Timothy J. Steiner, Amira Shaheen, Stein Emil Vollset, Andrea Werdecker, Michele Meltzer, Richie G Poulton, Joseph R. Masci, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Daniel Dicker, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Shiwei Liu, Julio C. Montañez Hernandez, Valentina Arsić Arsenijević, William Msemburi, Lope H Barrero, Linhong Wang, Soumya Swaminathan, Harvey Whiteford, Michael F. Macintyre, Berrak Bora Basara, Gregory R. Wagner, Paul I. Dargan, Hermann Brenner, Carolyn C. Gotay, Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan Khalifa, Neil McGill, Murray, Christopher J. L, Barber, Ryan M., Foreman, Kyle J., Ozgoren, Ayse Abbasoglu, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw F., Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Jerry P., Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M., Achoki, Tom, Ackerman, Ilana N., Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsène K., Adsuar, José C., Afshin, Ashkan, Agardh, Emilie E., Alam, Sayed Saidul, Alasfoor, Deena, Albittar, Mohammed I., Alegretti, Miguel A., Alemu, Zewdie A., Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alla, Françoi, Allebeck, Peter, Almazroa, Mohammad A., Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Ameh, Emmanuel A., Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Anderson, H. Ro, Anderson, Benjamin O., Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Anwari, Palwasha, Arnlöv, Johan, Arsenijevic, Valentina S. Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asghar, Rana J., Assadi, Reza, Atkins, Lydia S., Avila, Marco A., Awuah, Baffour, Bachman, Victoria F., Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C., Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lar, Barrero, Lope H., Basu, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Basulaiman, Mohammed O., Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L., Benjet, Corina, Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Benzian, Habib, Bernabé, Eduardo, Bertozzi-Villa, Amelia, Beyene, Tariku J., Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Bori, Biryukov, Stan, Blore, Jed D., Blosser, Christopher D., Blyth, Fiona M., Bohensky, Megan A., Bolliger, Ian W., Başara, Berrak Bora, Bornstein, Natan M., Bose, Dipan, Boufous, Soufiane, Bourne, Rupert R. A., Boyers, Lindsay N., Brainin, Michael, Brayne, Carol E., Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brenner, Hermann, Briggs, Adam D., Brooks, Peter M., Brown, Jonathan C., Brugha, Traolach S., Buchbinder, Rachelle, Buckle, Geoffrey C., Budke, Christine M., Bulchis, Anne, Bulloch, Andrew G., Campos-Nonato, Ismael R., Carabin, Hélène, Carapetis, Jonathan R., Cárdenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David O., Caso, Valeria, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Castro, Ruben E., Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Çavlin, Alanur, Chadha, Vineet K., Chang, Jung-Chen, Charlson, Fiona J., Chen, Honglei, Chen, Wanqing, Chiang, Peggy P., Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Christophi, Costas A., Cirillo, Massimo, Coates, Matthew M., Coffeng, Luc E., Coggeshall, Megan S., Colistro, Valentina, Colquhoun, Samantha M., Cooke, Graham S., Cooper, Cyru, Cooper, Leslie T., Coppola, Luis M., Cortinovis, Monica, Criqui, Michael H., Crump, John A., Cuevas-Nasu, Lucia, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dansereau, Emily, Dargan, Paul I., Davey, Gail, Davis, Adrian, Davitoiu, Dragos V., Dayama, Anand, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Del Pozo-Cruz, Borja, Dellavalle, Robert P., Deribe, Kebede, Derrett, Sarah, Des Jarlais, Don C., Dessalegn, Muluken, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dherani, Mukesh K., Diaz-Torné, Cesar, Dicker, Daniel, Ding, Eric L., Dokova, Klara, Dorsey, E Ray, Driscoll, Tim R., Duan, Leilei, Duber, Herbert C., Ebel, Beth E., Edmond, Karen M., Elshrek, Yousef M., Endres, Matthia, Ermakov, Sergey P., Erskine, Holly E., Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Faraon, Emerito Jose A., Farzadfar, Farshad, Fay, Derek F., Feigin, Valery L., Felson, David T., Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G., Ferrari, Alize J., Fitzmaurice, Christina, Flaxman, Abraham D., Fleming, Thomas D., Foigt, Nataliya, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H., Fowkes, F Gerry R., Paleo, Urbano Fra., Franklin, Richard C., Fürst, Thoma, Gabbe, Belinda, Gaffikin, Lynne, Gankpé, Fortuné G., Geleijnse, Johanna M., Gessner, Bradford D., Gething, Peter, Gibney, Katherine B., Giroud, Maurice, Giussani, Giorgia, Dantes, Hector Gomez, Gona, Philimon, González-Medina, Diego, Gosselin, Richard A., Gotay, Carolyn C., Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N., Graetz, Nichola, Gugnani, Harish C., Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gutiérrez, Reyna A., Haagsma, Juanita, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hagan, Holly, Halasa, Yara A., Hamadeh, Randah R., Hamavid, Hannah, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hancock, Jamie, Hankey, Graeme J., Hansen, Gillian M., Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L., Haro, Josep Maria, Havmoeller, Rasmu, Hay, Simon I., Hay, Roderick J., Heredia-Pi, Ileana B., Heuton, Kyle R., Heydarpour, Pouria, Higashi, Hideki, Hijar, Martha, Hoek, Hans W., Hoffman, Howard J., Hosgood, H Dean, Hossain, Mazeda, Hotez, Peter J., Hoy, Damian G., Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Cheng, Huang, John J., Husseini, Abdullatif, Huynh, Chantal, Iannarone, Marissa L., Iburg, Kim M., Innos, Kaire, Inoue, Manami, Islami, Farhad, Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jarvis, Deborah L., Jassal, Simerjot K., Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jensen, Paul N., Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jonas, Jost B., Juel, Knud, Kan, Haidong, Karch, André, Karema, Corine K., Karimkhani, Chante, Karthikeyan, Ganesan, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Kemp, Andrew H., Kengne, Andre P., Keren, Andre, Khader, Yousef S., Khalifa, Shams Eldin A., Khan, Ejaz A., Khan, Gulfaraz, Khang, Young-Ho, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Sungroul, Kim, Yunjin, Kinfu, Yohanne, Kinge, Jonas M., Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D., Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Krishnaswami, Sanjay, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kuipers, Ernst J., Kulkarni, Chanda, Kulkarni, Veena S., Kumar, G Anil, Kyu, Hmwe H., Lai, Taavi, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lam, Hilton, Lan, Qing, Lansingh, Van C., Larsson, Ander, Lawrynowicz, Alicia E. B., Leasher, Janet L., Leigh, Jame, Leung, Ricky, Levitz, Carly E., Li, Bin, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lim, Stephen S., Lind, Maggie, Lipshultz, Steven E., Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K., Lofgren, Katherine T., Logroscino, Giancarlo, Looker, Katharine J., Lortet-Tieulent, Joannie, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lozano, Rafael, Lucas, Robyn M., Lunevicius, Raimunda, Lyons, Ronan A., Ma, Stefan, Macintyre, Michael F., Mackay, Mark T., Majdan, Marek, Malekzadeh, Reza, Marcenes, Wagner, Margolis, David J., Margono, Christopher, Marzan, Melvin B., Masci, Joseph R., Mashal, Mohammad T., Matzopoulos, Richard, Mayosi, Bongani M., Mazorodze, Tasara T., Mcgill, Neil W., Mcgrath, John J., Mckee, Martin, Mclain, Abigail, Meaney, Peter A., Medina, Catalina, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mekonnen, Wubegzier, Melaku, Yohannes A., Meltzer, Michele, Memish, Ziad A., Mensah, George A., Meretoja, Atte, Mhimbira, Francis A., Micha, Renata, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mitchell, Philip B., Mock, Charles N., Ibrahim, Norlinah Mohamed, Mohammad, Karzan A., Mokdad, Ali H., Mola, Glen L. D., Monasta, Lorenzo, Hernandez, Julio C. Montañez, Montico, Marcella, Montine, Thomas J., Mooney, Meghan D., Moore, Ami R., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moran, Andrew E., Mori, Rintaro, Moschandreas, Joanna, Moturi, Wilkister N., Moyer, Madeline L., Mozaffarian, Dariush, Msemburi, William T., Mueller, Ulrich O., Mukaigawara, Mitsuru, Mullany, Erin C., Murdoch, Michele E., Murray, Joseph, Murthy, Kinnari S., Naghavi, Mohsen, Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S., Naldi, Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Narayan, K M. Venkat, Nejjari, Chakib, Neupane, Sudan P., Newton, Charles R., Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida N., Nguyen, Grant, Nisar, Muhammad I., Nolte, Sandra, Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Rosana E., Norrving, Bo, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Oh, In-Hwan, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Ohno, Summer L., Olusanya, Bolajoko O., Opio, John Nelson, Ortblad, Katrina, Ortiz, Alberto, Pain, Amanda W., Pandian, Jeyaraj D., Panelo, Carlo Irwin A., Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Jae-Hyun, Patten, Scott B., Patton, George C., Paul, Vinod K., Pavlin, Boris I., Pearce, Neil, Pereira, David M., Perez-Padilla, Rogelio, Perez-Ruiz, Fernando, Perico, Norberto, Pervaiz, Aslam, Pesudovs, Konrad, Peterson, Carrie B., Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael R., Phillips, Bryan K., Phillips, David E., Piel, Frédéric B., Plass, Dietrich, Poenaru, Dan, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, Daniel, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G., Pourmalek, Farshad, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Prasad, Noela M., Pullan, Rachel L., Qato, Dima M., Quistberg, D Alex, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahman, Sajjad U., Raju, Murugesan, Rana, Saleem M., Razavi, Homie, Reddy, K Srinath, Refaat, Amany, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Ribeiro, Antonio L., Richardson, Lee, Richardus, Jan Hendrik, Roberts, D Allen, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roth, Gregory A., Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Rothstein, David H., Rowley, Jane T., Roy, Nobhojit, Ruhago, George M., Saeedi, Mohammad Y., Saha, Sukanta, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sampson, Uchechukwu K. A., Sanabria, Juan R., Sandar, Logan, Santos, Itamar S., Satpathy, Maheswar, Sawhney, Monika, Scarborough, Peter, Schneider, Ione J., Schöttker, Ben, Schumacher, Austin E., Schwebel, David C., Scott, James G., Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Serina, Peter T., Servan-Mori, Edson E., Shackelford, Katya A., Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Levy, Teresa Shamah, Shangguan, Siyi, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shinohara, Yukito, Shiri, Rahman, Shishani, Kawkab, Shiue, Ivy, Shrime, Mark G., Sigfusdottir, Inga D., Silberberg, Donald H., Simard, Edgar P., Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Lavanya, Skirbekk, Vegard, Slepak, Erica Leigh, Sliwa, Karen, Soneji, Samir, Søreide, Kjetil, Soshnikov, Sergey, Sposato, Luciano A., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stanaway, Jeffrey D., Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Stein, Dan J., Stein, Murray B., Steiner, Caitlyn, Steiner, Timothy J., Stevens, Antony, Stewart, Andrea, Stovner, Lars J., Stroumpoulis, Konstantino, Sunguya, Bruno F., Swaminathan, Soumya, Swaroop, Mamta, Sykes, Bryan L., Tabb, Karen M., Takahashi, Ken, Tandon, Nikhil, Tanne, David, Tanner, Marcel, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taylor, Hugh R., Te Ao, Braden J., Tediosi, Fabrizio, Temesgen, Awoke M., Templin, Tara, Ten Have, Margreet, Tenkorang, Eric Y., Terkawi, Abdullah S., Thomson, Blake, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L., Thrift, Amanda G., Thurston, George D., Tillmann, Taavi, Tonelli, Marcello, Topouzis, Foti, Toyoshima, Hideaki, Traebert, Jefferson, Tran, Bach X., Trillini, Matia, Truelsen, Thoma, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadi, Tuzcu, Emin M., Uchendu, Uche S., Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Undurraga, Eduardo A., Uzun, Selen B., Van Brakel, Wim H., Van De Vijver, Steven, Van Gool, Coen H., Van Os, Jim, Vasankari, Tommi J., Venketasubramanian, N, Violante, Francesco S., Vlassov, Vasiliy V., Vollset, Stein Emil, Wagner, Gregory R., Wagner, Joseph, Waller, Stephen G., Wan, Xia, Wang, Haidong, Wang, Jianli, Wang, Linhong, Warouw, Tati S., Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Wenzhi, Wang, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A., Wilkinson, James D., Williams, Thomas N., Wolfe, Charles D., Wolock, Timothy M., Woolf, Anthony D., Wulf, Sarah, Wurtz, Brittany, Xu, Gelin, Yan, Lijing L., Yano, Yuichiro, Ye, Pengpeng, Yentür, Gökalp K., Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yu, Chuanhua, Zaki, Maysaa E., Zhao, Yong, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zonies, David, Zou, Xiaonong, Salomon, Joshua A., Lopez, Alan D., Vos, Theo, Medische Sociologie, MUMC+: Hersen en Zenuw Centrum (3), MUMC+: MA Psychiatrie (3), Psychiatrie & Neuropsychologie, Barber, Ryan M, Foreman, Kyle J, Abd Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw F, Abraham, Jerry P, Abu Raddad, Laith J, Abu Rmeileh, Niveen M, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adou, Arsène K, Adsuar, José C, Agardh, Emilie E, Albittar, Mohammed I, Alegretti, Miguel A, Alemu, Zewdie A, Alfonso Cristancho, Rafael, Almazroa, Mohammad A, Alvis Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Ameh, Emmanuel A, Anderson, Benjamin O, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Asghar, Rana J, Atkins, Lydia S, Avila, Marco A, Bachman, Victoria F, Bahit, Maria C, Barker Collo, Suzanne L, Barrero, Lope H, Basulaiman, Mohammed O, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Bertozzi Villa, Amelia, Beyene, Tariku J, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Blore, Jed D, Blosser, Christopher D, Blyth, Fiona M, Bohensky, Megan A, Bolliger, Ian W, Bornstein, Natan M, Bourne, Rupert R. A, Boyers, Lindsay N, Brayne, Carol E, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K, Briggs, Adam D, Brooks, Peter M, Brown, Jonathan C, Brugha, Traolach S, Buckle, Geoffrey C, Budke, Christine M, Bulloch, Andrew G, Campos Nonato, Ismael R, Carapetis, Jonathan R, Carpenter, David O, Castañeda Orjuela, Carlos A, Castro, Ruben E, Catalá López, Ferrán, Chadha, Vineet K, Chang, Jung Chen, Charlson, Fiona J, Chiang, Peggy P, Chimed Ochir, Odgerel, Christophi, Costas A, Coates, Matthew M, Coffeng, Luc E, Coggeshall, Megan S, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Cooke, Graham S, Cooper, Leslie T, Coppola, Luis M, Criqui, Michael H, Crump, John A, Cuevas Nasu, Lucia, Dargan, Paul I, Davitoiu, Dragos V, Del Pozo Cruz, Borja, Dellavalle, Robert P, Jarlais, Don C. De, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dherani, Mukesh K, Diaz Torné, Cesar, Ding, Eric L, Dorsey, E. 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Dean, Hotez, Peter J, Hoy, Damian G, Huang, John J, Iannarone, Marissa L, Iburg, Kim M, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jarvis, Deborah L, Jassal, Simerjot K, Jensen, Paul N, Jonas, Jost B, Karema, Corine K, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kemp, Andrew H, Kengne, Andre P, Khader, Yousef S, Khalifa, Shams Eldin A, Khan, Ejaz A, Khang, Young Ho, Kinge, Jonas M, Knibbs, Luke D, Kuipers, Ernst J, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kumar, G. Anil, Kyu, Hmwe H, Lansingh, Van C, Lawrynowicz, Alicia E. B, Leasher, Janet L, Levitz, Carly E, Lim, Stephen S, Lipshultz, Steven E, Lloyd, Belinda K, Lofgren, Katherine T, Looker, Katharine J, Lortet Tieulent, Joannie, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lucas, Robyn M, Lyons, Ronan A, Macintyre, Michael F, Mackay, Mark T, Margolis, David J, Marzan, Melvin B, Masci, Joseph R, Mashal, Mohammad T, Mayosi, Bongani M, Mazorodze, Tasara T, Mcgill, Neil W, Mcgrath, John J, Meaney, Peter A, Melaku, Yohannes A, Memish, Ziad A, Mensah, George A, Mhimbira, Francis A, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mitchell, Philip B, Mock, Charles N, Mohammad, Karzan A, Mokdad, Ali H, Mola, Glen L. D, Montine, Thomas J, Mooney, Meghan D, Moore, Ami R, Moradi Lakeh, Maziar, Moran, Andrew E, Moturi, Wilkister N, Moyer, Madeline L, Msemburi, William T, Mueller, Ulrich O, Mullany, Erin C, Murdoch, Michele E, Murthy, Kinnari S, Naidoo, Kovin S, Narayan, K. M. Venkat, Neupane, Sudan P, Newton, Charles R, Ngalesoni, Frida N, Nisar, Muhammad I, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Rosana E, Oh, In Hwan, Ohno, Summer L, Olusanya, Bolajoko O, Pain, Amanda W, Pandian, Jeyaraj D, Panelo, Carlo Irwin A, Park, Eun Kee, Park, Jae Hyun, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Paul, Vinod K, Pavlin, Boris I, Pereira, David M, Perez Padilla, Rogelio, Perez Ruiz, Fernando, Peterson, Carrie B, Phillips, Michael R, Phillips, Bryan K, Phillips, David E, Piel, Frédéric B, Poulton, Richie G, Prasad, Noela M, Pullan, Rachel L, Qato, Dima M, Quistberg, D. Alex, Rahman, Sajjad U, Rana, Saleem M, Reddy, K. Srinath, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Roberts, D. Allen, Rojas Rueda, David, Roth, Gregory A, Rothstein, David H, Rowley, Jane T, Ruhago, George M, Saeedi, Mohammad Y, Sampson, Uchechukwu K. A, Sanabria, Juan R, Santos, Itamar S, Schneider, Ione J, Schumacher, Austin E, Schwebel, David C, Scott, James G, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Serina, Peter T, Servan Mori, Edson E, Shackelford, Katya A, Shrime, Mark G, Sigfusdottir, Inga D, Silberberg, Donald H, Simard, Edgar P, Singh, Jasvinder A, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Stein, Dan J, Stein, Murray B, Steiner, Timothy J, Stovner, Lars J, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabb, Karen M, Taylor, Hugh R, Ao, Braden J. Te, Temesgen, Awoke M, Tenkorang, Eric Y, Terkawi, Abdullah S, Thorne Lyman, Andrew L, Thrift, Amanda G, Thurston, George D, Tran, Bach X, Tuzcu, Emin M, Uchendu, Uche S, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uzun, Selen B, Van Brakel, Wim H, van Gool, Coen H, Vasankari, Tommi J, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy V, Wagner, Gregory R, Waller, Stephen G, Warouw, Tati S, Weintraub, Robert G, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wilkinson, James D, Williams, Thomas N, Wolfe, Charles D, Wolock, Timothy M, Woolf, Anthony D, Yan, Lijing L, Yentür, Gökalp K, Yoon, Seok Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Zaki, Maysaa E, Salomon, Joshua A, Lopez, Alan D, Computational Science and Engineering Department [Daresbury] ( STFC ), Science & Technologie Facilities Council, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale ( NET ), CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique ( GEIST ), Université de Limoges ( UNILIM ) -Université de Limoges ( UNILIM ), Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire - Médecine vasculaire [CHU Limoges], CHU Limoges, Weill Cornell Medical College - Qatar, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Maladies chroniques, santé perçue, et processus d'adaptation ( APEMAC ), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Centre d'Investigation Clinique - Epidemiologie Clinique/essais Cliniques Nancy, Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Karolinska Institute, karolinska institute, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas ( CEAZA ), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne ( EPFL ), Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Regional Genetic Service, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Matériaux ( LIM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Computer Science Department [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] ( LBNL ), Samsung Research &Development Institute India - Bangalore (Groupe Samsung) ( SRI-B ), Multimedia Research Center ( MRC ), University of Alberta [Edmonton], Division of Biostatistics ( Biostat - MINNEAPOLIS ), University of Minnesota [Minneapolis], Laboratory of Neurologic Diseases, Mario Negri Institute, Milan, University of Southampton [Southampton], Imperial College London, Neurology Department, Ichilov Medical Center, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Cambridge University, Interactions, transferts, ruptures artistiques et culturels - EA 6301 ( InTRu ), Université de Tours, Institut Jacques Monod ( IJM ), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institute of Parasitology, STAR laboratory, Stanford University [Stanford], Unité de recherche Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires ( VIM ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Tennent Institute of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore ( NUS ), Multidisciplinary Nanotechnology Centre, Swansea University, Department of Computer Sciences [Scheffield], University of Sheffield [Sheffield], Cyprus International Institute for the Environment and Public Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Glasgow Centre for Physical Organic Chemistry, University of Glasgow, King‘s College London, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - UFR Science Politique ( UP1 UFR11 ), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne ( UP1 ), National Diagnostics Centre ( NDC ), National University of Ireland [Galway] ( NUI Galway ), Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit ( MANCHESTER - Arthritis Research ), University of Manchester [Manchester], CEGOT - Porto, Universidade do Porto [Porto], Advanced Laboratories on Embedded Systems [Roma] ( ALES ), Department of Biology [Miami], University of Miami [Coral Gables], Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] ( WUR ), Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, University of Oxford [Oxford], Department of Civil Engineering [Hamirpur], National Institute of Technology [Hamirpur], GEMMA — Environmental Engineering and Microbiology Research Group, Department of Hydraulic, Maritime and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya [Barcelona] ( UPC ), Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-Chimique ( INRAP ), Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-chimique (INRAP-Tunisie), University of Connecticut ( UCONN ), Norwegian Institute for Air Research ( NILU ), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) ( FEMTO-ST ), Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques ( ENSMM ) -Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard ( UTBM ), Tehran University, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg ( FAU ), Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Public Health Division, Sociétés, Acteurs, Gouvernement en Europe ( SAGE ), Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), School of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University ( WSU ), Laboratoire de Physique de l'ENS Lyon ( Phys-ENS ), École normale supérieure - Lyon ( ENS Lyon ) -Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse ( IRIT ), Institut National Polytechnique [Toulouse] ( INP ) -Université Toulouse 1 Capitole ( UT1 ) -Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès ( UT2J ) -Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier ( UPS ), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), School of Computer Science - China University of Geosciences (China University of Geosciences (East Area)), Université Catholique de Louvain ( UCL ), Div Cyclotron & Radiopharmaceut Sci ( DRDO, INMAS ), Univ New Delhi, University of St Andrews [Scotland], University of Cape Town, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay ( IPNO ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Computer Science and Engineering [Daejeon] (Chungnam National University), Lawrence University, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tata Research Development and Design Center ( TRDDC ), TCS Innovation Labs, Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou [Angers] ( MOLTECH ANJOU ), Université d'Angers ( UA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), University of Helsinki [Helsinki], Google Inc [Mountain View], Research at Google, Swedish Defense Research Agency ( FOI ), Centre de Recherche en Information Biomédicale sino-français ( CRIBS ), Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Southeast University [Jiangsu]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Laboratory of Image Science and Technology [Nanjing] ( LIST ), Southeast University [Jiangsu]-School of Computer Science and Engineering, Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement ( LGGE ), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble ( OSUG ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), School of Business and Informatics, University of Boras, Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering ( CAD Laboratory ), The Chinese University of Hong Kong [Hong Kong], Università degli studi di Bari, Heuristique et Diagnostic des Systèmes Complexes [Compiègne] ( Heudiasyc ), Université de Technologie de Compiègne ( UTC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of plant pathology and microbiology - centre for sustainable pest and disease management, Rothamsted Research, RGU, Department of Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Medical University of Lublin, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London ( QMUL ), Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne ( CES ), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne ( UP1 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Paris School of Economics ( PSE ), Istituto Dalle Molle di Studi sull'Intelligenza Artificiale ( IDSIA ), Università della Svizzera italiana ( USI ) -Scuola universitaria professionale della Svizzera italiana [Manno] ( SUPSI ), Anaesthetics, Southampton University Hospital, Department of Mathematics, University of Iowa [Iowa City], College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Saudi Ministry of Health, Institut national des recherches agricoles du Bénin, Centre de Recherches agricoles du Sud, Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Unit of Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Department of Animal Science, PennState University [Pennsylvania] ( PSU ), University of Virginia, University of Virginia [Charlottesville], Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS ‘‘Burlo Garofolo', Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ), NASA-California Institute of Technology ( CALTECH ), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital [Boston], Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Department of Chemistry, Scientific Computing Research Unit, Department of dermatology, Milano University-Azienda Ospedaleria Ospedali Riuniti di Bergamo, Department of epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University ( HKBU ), Département Optique ( OPT ), Université européenne de Bretagne ( UEB ) -Télécom Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris], Department of Neurology Lunds University Hospital Lund, Services répartis, Architectures, MOdélisation, Validation, Administration des Réseaux ( SAMOVAR ), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]-Télécom SudParis ( TSP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Département Réseaux et Services Multimédia Mobiles ( RS2M ), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]-Télécom SudParis ( TSP ), Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department - Case Western Reserve University, Case Western Reserve University [Cleveland], Institut Lumière Matière [Villeurbanne] ( ILM ), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), World Health Organization, Nordic School of Public Health, The James Hutton Institute, Sero, Sero consulting, Evolutionary Ecology of Infectious Disease Group, Department of Zoology, Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Center for TeleInFrastruktur ( CTIF ), Aalborg University [Denmark] ( AAU ), Physikalisches Institut [Freiburg], Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Savoirs, Textes, Langage (STL) - UMR 8163 ( STL ), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Dept.of Computer Science, Indian Institute of Technology Madras ( IIT Madras ), Istituto Mario Negri Bergamo, Centro Ricerche e Trapianti Villa Camozzi, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita ( UNESP ), Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Université Grenoble Alpes - UFR Médecine ( UGA UFRM ), Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ), Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Institut Cochin ( UM3 (UMR 8104 / U1016) ), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Symantec, European Microsoft Innovation Center ( EMIC ), Microsoft Corporation [Redmond, Wash.], Laboratoire de Mécanique, Physique et Géosciences ( LMPG ), Université Le Havre Normandie ( ULH ), Normandie Université ( NU ) -Normandie Université ( NU ), Novartis institute for tropical diseases, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire ( IGBMC ), Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Departments of Ophthalmology, Departments of Applied Physics [New Haven], Yale University [New Haven], Center for Mathematical Modeling ( CMM ), Universidad de Santiago de Chile [Santiago] ( USACH ), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] ( LASP ), University of Colorado Boulder [Boulder], University of Occupational and Environmental Health [Kitakyushu] ( UEOH ), Department of Computer Science and Engineering [New Delhi], Indian Institute of Technology Delhi ( IIT Delhi ), Institut de Recherche sur les Phénomènes Hors Equilibre ( IRPHE ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Ecole Centrale de Marseille ( ECM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), GlaxoSmithKline, Imperial College London-Clinical Imaging Center, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine-Yale School of Medicine-Yale Stem Cell Center, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Nanoscience Institute ( NEST ), Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Laboratory Of Immune Cell Biology ( LICB ), National Institutes of Health ( NIH ), Institute of Human Genetics, Bonn Universität [Bonn], Occupational Health Unit, Bologna University Hospital-Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic, Royal Institute of Technology [Stockholm] ( KTH ), Institut für Informatik [München/Munich] ( LMU ), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, NICTA [Eveleigh], National ICT Australia [Sydney] ( NICTA ), Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Institut d'Histoire et de Philosophie des Sciences et des Techniques ( IHPST ), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne ( UP1 ) -Département d'Etudes Cognitives - ENS Paris ( DEC ), École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Ghent University [Belgium] ( UGENT ), German Research Centre for Geosciences - Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam ( GFZ ), Laboratoire de recherche en Hydrodynamique, Énergétique et Environnement Atmosphérique ( LHEEA ), École Centrale de Nantes ( ECN ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Recherche en Génie Civil et Mécanique ( GeM ), Université de Nantes ( UN ) -École Centrale de Nantes ( ECN ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Neurorestoration Group, King‘s College London-Wolfson Centre for Age-related Diseases, Department of Computer Science [KAIST] ( CS ), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology ( KAIST ), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire ( LAL ), Natl Engn Res Ctr Vegetables, Key Lab Biol & Genet Improvement Hort Crops N Chi, Beijing Acad Agr & Forestry Sci, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Computational Science and Engineering Department [Daresbury] (STFC), Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (NET), CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Weill Cornell Medicine [Qatar], Maladies chroniques, santé perçue, et processus d'adaptation (APEMAC), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas (CEAZA), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Matériaux (LIM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Samsung Research &Development Institute India - Bangalore (Groupe Samsung) (SRI-B), Multimedia Research Center (MRC), University of Alberta, Division of Biostatistics (Biostat - MINNEAPOLIS), University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, University of Southampton, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Interactions, transferts, ruptures artistiques et culturels - EA 6301 (InTRu), Université de Tours (UT), Institut Jacques Monod (IJM (UMR_7592)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Stanford University, Unité de recherche Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM (UR 0892)), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), National University of Singapore (NUS), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - UFR Science Politique (UP1 UFR11), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), National Diagnostics Centre (NDC), National University of Ireland [Galway] (NUI Galway), Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit (MANCHESTER - Arthritis Research), Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, Advanced Laboratories on Embedded Systems [Roma] (ALES), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), University of Oxford, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya [Barcelona] (UPC), Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-Chimique (INRAP), University of Connecticut (UCONN), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), University of Tehran, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Sociétés, Acteurs, Gouvernement en Europe (SAGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The George Washington University (GW), Washington State University (WSU), Laboratoire de Physique de l'ENS Lyon (Phys-ENS), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse (IRIT), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Div Cyclotron & Radiopharmaceut Sci (DRDO, INMAS), School of Physics and Astronomy [St Andrews], Tata Research Development and Design Center (TRDDC), MOLTECH-Anjou, Université d'Angers (UA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Swedish Defense Research Agency (FOI), Centre de Recherche en Information Biomédicale sino-français (CRIBS), Université de Rennes (UR)-Southeast University [Jiangsu]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Laboratory of Image Science and Technology [Nanjing] (LIST), Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering (CAD Laboratory), Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro = University of Bari Aldo Moro (UNIBA), Heuristique et Diagnostic des Systèmes Complexes [Compiègne] (Heudiasyc), Université de Technologie de Compiègne (UTC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)-Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne (CES), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris School of Economics (PSE), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Istituto Dalle Molle di Studi sull'Intelligenza Artificiale (IDSIA), Università della Svizzera italiana = University of Italian Switzerland (USI)-Scuola universitaria professionale della Svizzera italiana = University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland [Manno] (SUPSI), Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Département Optique (OPT), Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Services répartis, Architectures, MOdélisation, Validation, Administration des Réseaux (SAMOVAR), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Télécom SudParis (TSP), Département Réseaux et Services Multimédia Mobiles (TSP - RS2M), University of Melbourne, Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), University of Otago [Dunedin, Nouvelle-Zélande], Center for TeleInFrastruktur (CTIF), Aalborg University [Denmark] (AAU), Savoirs, Textes, Langage (STL) - UMR 8163 (STL), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho = São Paulo State University (UNESP), Erasmus University Medical Center [Rotterdam] (Erasmus MC), Université Grenoble Alpes - UFR Médecine (UGA UFRM), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), German Cancer Research Center - Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum [Heidelberg] (DKFZ), Institut Cochin (IC UM3 (UMR 8104 / U1016)), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Microsoft Innovation Center (EMIC), Laboratoire de Mécanique, Physique et Géosciences (LMPG), Université Le Havre Normandie (ULH), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases (NITD), Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Center for Mathematical Modeling (CMM), Universidad de Chile = University of Chile [Santiago] (UCHILE), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], University of Occupational and Environmental Health [Kitakyushu] (UEOH), Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), Institut de Recherche sur les Phénomènes Hors Equilibre (IRPHE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Yale University [New Haven]-Yale School of Medicine [New Haven, Connecticut] (YSM), Nanoscience Institute (NEST), University of Pisa - Università di Pisa, Laboratory Of Immune Cell Biology (LICB), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Royal Institute of Technology [Stockholm] (KTH ), Institut für Informatik [München/Munich] (LMU), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), National ICT Australia [Sydney] (NICTA), Institut d'Histoire et de Philosophie des Sciences et des Techniques (IHPST), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Département d'Etudes Cognitives - ENS Paris (DEC), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), German Research Centre for Geosciences - Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam (GFZ), Laboratoire de recherche en Hydrodynamique, Énergétique et Environnement Atmosphérique (LHEEA), École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche en Génie Civil et Mécanique (GeM), Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Computer Science [KAIST] (CS), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Kardiyoloji, Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University of Minnesota [Twin Cities], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Unité de recherche Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - UFR Science Politique (UP1 UFR11), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-chimique (Ariana, Tunisie) (INRAP), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), George Washington University (GW), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), MOLTECH-ANJOU (MOLTECH-ANJOU), Université d'Angers (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Helsinki, Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Southeast University [Jiangsu]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università della Svizzera italiana (USI)-Scuola universitaria professionale della Svizzera italiana [Manno] (SUPSI), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Télécom SudParis (TSP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Réseaux et Services Multimédia Mobiles (RS2M), Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho [São José do Rio Preto] (UNESP), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile [Santiago] (USACH), Yale University [New Haven]-Yale University School of Medicine, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département d'Etudes Cognitives - ENS Paris (DEC), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Université de Nantes - Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Grelier, Elisabeth, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Universidade do Porto, Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro (UNIBA), École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Università della Svizzera italiana = University of Italian Switzerland (USI)-Scuola universitaria professionale della Svizzera italiana [Manno] (SUPSI), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Télécom Bretagne-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-CHU Limoges-Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université d'Angers (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Wolfson Centre for Age-related Diseases-King‘s College London, Cell biology, Public Health, Epidemiology, Health Technology Assessment (HTA), Erasmus MC other, Pathology, and Cardiothoracic Surgery
Subjects: Gerontology, Male, CHANGING RELATION, Nutrition and Disease, MESH : Life Expectancy, MESH : Aged, ECONOMIC-DEVELOPMENT, Poison control, MESH: Global Health, Global Health, Socioeconomic Factor, Communicable Disease, MESH : Chronic Disease, Health Transition, Voeding en Ziekte, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, SELF-RATED HEALTH, MESH : Socioeconomic Factors, Medicine, MESH : Female, MESH: Mortality, Premature, 2. Zero hunger, MESH: Aged, education.field_of_study, MESH: Middle Aged, Mortality rate, Medicine (all), GBD2013 diseases, [ SDV.SPEE ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, General Medicine, Middle Aged, 3. Good health, MESH : Wounds and Injuries, Epidemiological transition, MESH: Quality-Adjusted Life Years, MESH: Communicable Diseases, NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES, Female, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, MESH: Life Expectancy, MESH: Health Transition, Human, MESH: Socioeconomic Factors, ACUTE MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION, MESH : Male, MORTALITY TRENDS, Population, MESH : Health Transition, Communicable Diseases, Article, Life Expectancy, EUROPEAN-UNION, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, General & Internal Medicine, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Disability-adjusted life year, Humans, Life Science, MESH : Middle Aged, Mortality, education, Premature, MESH : Mortality, Premature, VLAG, Aged, MESH: Humans, business.industry, Mortality, Premature, MESH: Chronic Disease, MESH : Communicable Diseases, Wounds and Injurie, MESH : Humans, MESH : Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Non-communicable disease, Chronic Disease, Socioeconomic Factors, Wounds and Injuries, medicine.disease, MESH: Male, LOW SOCIOECONOMIC-STATUS, Years of potential life lost, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, MESH: Wounds and Injuries, Life expectancy, RISK-FACTORS, MESH : Global Health, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, MESH: Female, Demography
Abstract: Summary Background The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) aims to bring together all available epidemiological data using a coherent measurement framework, standardised estimation methods, and transparent data sources to enable comparisons of health loss over time and across causes, age–sex groups, and countries. The GBD can be used to generate summary measures such as disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE) that make possible comparative assessments of broad epidemiological patterns across countries and time. These summary measures can also be used to quantify the component of variation in epidemiology that is related to sociodemographic development. Methods We used the published GBD 2013 data for age-specific mortality, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs), and years lived with disability (YLDs) to calculate DALYs and HALE for 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2013 for 188 countries. We calculated HALE using the Sullivan method; 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) represent uncertainty in age-specific death rates and YLDs per person for each country, age, sex, and year. We estimated DALYs for 306 causes for each country as the sum of YLLs and YLDs; 95% UIs represent uncertainty in YLL and YLD rates. We quantified patterns of the epidemiological transition with a composite indicator of sociodemographic status, which we constructed from income per person, average years of schooling after age 15 years, and the total fertility rate and mean age of the population. We applied hierarchical regression to DALY rates by cause across countries to decompose variance related to the sociodemographic status variable, country, and time. Findings Worldwide, from 1990 to 2013, life expectancy at birth rose by 6·2 years (95% UI 5·6–6·6), from 65·3 years (65·0–65·6) in 1990 to 71·5 years (71·0–71·9) in 2013, HALE at birth rose by 5·4 years (4·9–5·8), from 56·9 years (54·5–59·1) to 62·3 years (59·7–64·8), total DALYs fell by 3·6% (0·3–7·4), and age-standardised DALY rates per 100 000 people fell by 26·7% (24·6–29·1). For communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders, global DALY numbers, crude rates, and age-standardised rates have all declined between 1990 and 2013, whereas for non–communicable diseases, global DALYs have been increasing, DALY rates have remained nearly constant, and age-standardised DALY rates declined during the same period. From 2005 to 2013, the number of DALYs increased for most specific non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, in addition to dengue, food-borne trematodes, and leishmaniasis; DALYs decreased for nearly all other causes. By 2013, the five leading causes of DALYs were ischaemic heart disease, lower respiratory infections, cerebrovascular disease, low back and neck pain, and road injuries. Sociodemographic status explained more than 50% of the variance between countries and over time for diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases; maternal disorders; neonatal disorders; nutritional deficiencies; other communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases; musculoskeletal disorders; and other non-communicable diseases. However, sociodemographic status explained less than 10% of the variance in DALY rates for cardiovascular diseases; chronic respiratory diseases; cirrhosis; diabetes, urogenital, blood, and endocrine diseases; unintentional injuries; and self-harm and interpersonal violence. Predictably, increased sociodemographic status was associated with a shift in burden from YLLs to YLDs, driven by declines in YLLs and increases in YLDs from musculoskeletal disorders, neurological disorders, and mental and substance use disorders. In most country-specific estimates, the increase in life expectancy was greater than that in HALE. Leading causes of DALYs are highly variable across countries. Interpretation Global health is improving. Population growth and ageing have driven up numbers of DALYs, but crude rates have remained relatively constant, showing that progress in health does not mean fewer demands on health systems. The notion of an epidemiological transition—in which increasing sociodemographic status brings structured change in disease burden—is useful, but there is tremendous variation in burden of disease that is not associated with sociodemographic status. This further underscores the need for country-specific assessments of DALYs and HALE to appropriately inform health policy decisions and attendant actions. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. BACKGROUND: The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) aims to bring together all available epidemiological data using a coherent measurement framework, standardised estimation methods, and transparent data sources to enable comparisons of health loss over time and across causes, age-sex groups, and countries. The GBD can be used to generate summary measures such as disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE) that make possible comparative assessments of broad epidemiological patterns across countries and time. These summary measures can also be used to quantify the component of variation in epidemiology that is related to sociodemographic development. METHODS: We used the published GBD 2013 data for age-specific mortality, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs), and years lived with disability (YLDs) to calculate DALYs and HALE for 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2013 for 188 countries. We calculated HALE using the Sullivan method; 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) represent uncertainty in age-specific death rates and YLDs per person for each country, age, sex, and year. We estimated DALYs for 306 causes for each country as the sum of YLLs and YLDs; 95% UIs represent uncertainty in YLL and YLD rates. We quantified patterns of the epidemiological transition with a composite indicator of sociodemographic status, which we constructed from income per person, average years of schooling after age 15 years, and the total fertility rate and mean age of the population. We applied hierarchical regression to DALY rates by cause across countries to decompose variance related to the sociodemographic status variable, country, and time. FINDINGS: Worldwide, from 1990 to 2013, life expectancy at birth rose by 6·2 years (95% UI 5·6-6·6), from 65·3 years (65·0-65·6) in 1990 to 71·5 years (71·0-71·9) in 2013, HALE at birth rose by 5·4 years (4·9-5·8), from 56·9 years (54·5-59·1) to 62·3 years (59·7-64·8), total DALYs fell by 3·6% (0·3-7·4), and age-standardised DALY rates per 100 000 people fell by 26·7% (24·6-29·1). For communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders, global DALY numbers, crude rates, and age-standardised rates have all declined between 1990 and 2013, whereas for non-communicable diseases, global DALYs have been increasing, DALY rates have remained nearly constant, and age-standardised DALY rates declined during the same period. From 2005 to 2013, the number of DALYs increased for most specific non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, in addition to dengue, food-borne trematodes, and leishmaniasis; DALYs decreased for nearly all other causes. By 2013, the five leading causes of DALYs were ischaemic heart disease, lower respiratory infections, cerebrovascular disease, low back and neck pain, and road injuries. Sociodemographic status explained more than 50% of the variance between countries and over time for diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases; maternal disorders; neonatal disorders; nutritional deficiencies; other communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases; musculoskeletal disorders; and other non-communicable diseases. However, sociodemographic status explained less than 10% of the variance in DALY rates for cardiovascular diseases; chronic respiratory diseases; cirrhosis; diabetes, urogenital, blood, and endocrine diseases; unintentional injuries; and self-harm and interpersonal violence. Predictably, increased sociodemographic status was associated with a shift in burden from YLLs to YLDs, driven by declines in YLLs and increases in YLDs from musculoskeletal disorders, neurological disorders, and mental and substance use disorders. In most country-specific estimates, the increase in life expectancy was greater than that in HALE. Leading causes of DALYs are highly variable across countries. INTERPRETATION: Global health is improving. Population growth and ageing have driven up numbers of DALYs, but crude rates have remained relatively constant, showing that progress in health does not mean fewer demands on health systems. The notion of an epidemiological transition-in which increasing sociodemographic status brings structured change in disease burden-is useful, but there is tremendous variation in burden of disease that is not associated with sociodemographic status. This further underscores the need for country-specific assessments of DALYs and HALE to appropriately inform health policy decisions and attendant actions. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2015

6. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Author: Vos, T, Barber, Rm, Bell, B, Bertozzi Villa, A, Biryukov, S, Bolliger, I, Charlson, F, Davis, A, Degenhardt, L, Dicker, D, Duan, L, Erskine, H, Feigin, Vl, Ferrari, Aj, Fitzmaurice, C, Fleming, T, Graetz, N, Guinovart, C, Haagsma, J, Hansen, Gm, Hanson, Sw, Heuton, Kr, Higashi, H, Kassebaum, N, Kyu, H, Laurie, E, Liang, X, Lofgren, K, Lozano, R, Macintyre, Mf, Moradi Lakeh, M, Naghavi, M, Nguyen, G, Odell, S, Ortblad, K, Roberts, Da, Roth, Ga, Sandar, L, Serina, Pt, Stanaway, Jd, Steiner, C, Thomas, B, Vollset, Se, Whiteford, H, Wolock, Tm, Ye, P, Zhou, M, Ãvila, Ma, Aasvang, Gm, Abbafati, C, Abbasoglu, Ozgoren, A, Abd Allah, F, Abdel, Aziz, Abera, Sf, Aboyans, V, Abraham, Jp, Abraham, B, Abubakar, I, Abu Raddad, Lj, Abu Rmeileh, Nm, Aburto, Tc, Achoki, T, Ackerman, In, Adelekan, A, Ademi, Z, Adou, Ak, Adsuar, Jc, Arnlov, J, Agardh, Ee, Khabouri, Al, Alam, Ss, Alasfoor, D, Albittar, Mi, Alegretti, Ma, Aleman, Av, Alemu, Za, Alfonso Cristancho, R, Alhabib, S, Ali, R, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Allen, Pj, Almazroa, Ma, Alsharif, U, Alvarez, E, Alvis, Guzman, Ameli, N, O, Amini, H, Ammar, W, Anderson, Bo, Anderson, Hr, Antonio, Ca, Anwari, P, Apfel, H, Arsenijevic, Vs, Artaman, A, Asghar, Rj, Assadi, R, Atkins, Ls, Atkinson, C, Badawi, A, Bahit, Mc, Bakfalouni, T, Balakrishnan, K, Balalla, S, Banerjee, A, Barker Collo, Sl, Barquera, S, Barregard, L, Barrero, Lh, Basu, S, Basu, A, Baxter, A, Beardsley, J, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Bekele, T, Bell, Ml, Benjet, C, Bennett, Da, Bensenor, Im, Benzian, H, Bernabe, E, Beyene, Tj, Bhala, N, Bhalla, A, Bhutta, Z, Bienhoff, K, Bikbov, B, Bin, Abdulhak, Blore, Jd, Blyth, Fm, Bohensky, Ma, Bora, Basara, B, Borges, G, Bornstein, Nm, Bose, D, Boufous, S, Bourne, Rr, Boyers, Ln, Brainin, M, Brauer, M, Brayne, Ce, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, Nj, Brenner, H, Briggs, Ad, Brooks, Pm, Brown, J, Brugha, Ts, Buchbinder, R, Buckle, Gc, Bukhman, G, Bulloch, Ag, Burch, M, Burnett, R, Cardenas, R, Cabral, Nl, Campos, Nonato, Campuzano, Ir, Carapetis, Jc, Carpenter, Do, Caso, V, Castaneda Orjuela, Ca, Catala Lopez, F, Chadha, Vk, Chang, Jc, Chen, H, Chen, W, Chiang, Pp, Chimed Ochir, O, Chowdhury, R, Christensen, H, Christophi, Ca, Chugh, Ss, Cirillo, Massimo, Coggeshall, M, Cohen, A, Colistro, V, Colquhoun, Sm, Contreras, Ag, Cooper, Lt, Cooper, C, Cooperrider, K, Coresh, J, Cortinovis, M, Criqui, Mh, Crump, Ja, Cuevas Nasu, L, Dandona, R, Dandona, L, Dansereau, E, Dantes, Hg, Dargan, Pi, Davey, G, Davitoiu, Dv, Dayama, A, La, De, Cruz, Gongora, De, V, Vega, La, De, Sf, Leo, D, Del, Pozo, Cruz, Dellavalle, Rp, Deribe, K, Derrett, S, Des, Jarlais, Dessalegn, M, Deveber, Ga, Dharmaratne, Sd, Diaz Torne, C, Ding, El, Dokova, K, Dorsey, Er, Driscoll, Tr, Duber, H, Durrani, Am, Edmond, Km, Ellenbogen, Rg, Endres, M, Ermakov, Sp, Eshrati, B, Esteghamati, A, Estep, K, Fahimi, S, Farzadfar, F, Fay, Df, Felson, Dt, Fereshtehnejad, Sm, Fernandes, Jg, Ferri, Cp, Flaxman, A, Foigt, N, Foreman, Kj, Fowkes, Fg, Franklin, Rc, Furst, T, Futran, Nd, Gabbe, Bj, Gankpe, Fg, Garcia, Guerra, Geleijnse, Fa, Gessner, Bd, Gibney, Kb, Gillum, Rf, Ginawi, Ia, Giroud, M, Giussani, G, Goenka, S, Goginashvili, K, Gona, P, Gonzalez, De, Cosio, T, Gosselin, Ra, Gotay, Cc, Goto, A, Gouda, Hn, Guerrant, Rl, Gugnani, Hc, Gunnell, D, Gupta, R, Gutierrez, Ra, Hafezi Nejad, N, Hagan, H, Halasa, Y, Hamadeh, Rr, Hamavid, H, Hammami, M, Hankey, Gj, Hao, Y, Harb, Hl, Haro, Jm, Havmoeller, R, Hay, Rj, Hay, S, Hedayati, Mt, Heredia, Pi, Heydarpour, P, Hijar, M, Hoek, Hw, Hoffman, Hj, Hornberger, Jc, Hosgood, Hd, Hossain, M, Hotez, Pj, Hoy, Dg, Hsairi, M, Hu, H, Hu, G, Huang, Jj, Huang, C, Huiart, L, Husseini, A, Iannarone, M, Iburg, Km, Innos, K, Inoue, M, Jacobsen, Kh, Jassal, Sk, Jeemon, P, Jensen, Pn, Jha, V, Jiang, G, Jiang, Y, Jonas, Jb, Joseph, J, Juel, K, Kan, H, Karch, A, Karimkhani, C, Karthikeyan, G, Katz, R, Kaul, A, Kawakami, N, Kazi, Ds, Kemp, Ah, Kengne, Ap, Khader, Ys, Khalifa, Se, Khan, Ea, Khan, G, Khang, Yh, Khonelidze, I, Kieling, C, Kim, D, Kim, S, Kimokoti, Rw, Kinfu, Y, Kinge, Jm, Kissela, Bm, Kivipelto, M, Knibbs, L, Knudsen, Ak, Kokubo, Y, Kosen, S, Kramer, A, Kravchenko, M, Krishnamurthi, Rv, Krishnaswami, S, Kuate, Defo, Kucuk, B, Bicer, B, Kuipers, Ej, Kulkarni, Vs, Kumar, K, Kumar, Ga, Kwan, Gf, Lai, T, Lalloo, R, Lam, H, Lan, Q, Lansingh, Vc, Larson, H, Larsson, A, Lawrynowicz, Ae, Leasher, Jl, Lee, Jt, Leigh, J, Leung, R, Levi, M, Li, B, Li, Y, Liang, J, Lim, S, Lin, Hh, Lind, M, Lindsay, Mp, Lipshultz, Se, Liu, S, Lloyd, Bk, Lockett, Ohno, S, Logroscino, G, Looker, Kj, Lopez, Ad, Lopez Olmedo, N, Lortet Tieulent, J, Lotufo, Pa, Low, N, Lucas, Rm, Lunevicius, R, Lyons, Ra, Ma, J, Ma, S, Mackay, Mt, Majdan, M, Malekzadeh, R, Mapoma, Cc, Marcenes, W, March, Lm, Margono, C, Marks, Gb, Marzan, Mb, Masci, Jr, Mason Jones, Aj, Matzopoulos, Rg, Mayosi, Bm, Mazorodze, Tt, Mcgill, Nw, Mcgrath, Jj, Mckee, M, Mclain, A, Mcmahon, Bj, Meaney, Pa, Mehndiratta, Mm, Mejia Rodriguez, F, Mekonnen, W, Melaku, Ya, Meltzer, M, Memish, Za, Mensah, G, Meretoja, A, Mhimbira, Fa, Micha, R, Miller, Tr, Mills, Ej, Mitchell, Pb, Mock, Cn, Moffitt, Te, Mohamed, Ibrahim, N, Mohammad, Ka, Mokdad, Ah, Mola, Gl, Monasta, L, Montico, M, Montine, Tj, Moore, Ar, Moran, Ae, Morawska, L, Mori, R, Moschandreas, J, Moturi, Wn, Moyer, M, Mozaffarian, D, Mueller, Uo, Mukaigawara, M, Murdoch, Me, Murray, J, Murthy, Ks, Naghavi, P, Nahas, Z, Naheed, A, Naidoo, Ks, Naldi, L, Nand, D, Nangia, V, Narayan, Km, Nash, D, Nejjari, C, Neupane, Sp, Newman, Lm, Newton, Cr, Ng, M, Ngalesoni, Fn, Nhung, Nt, Nisar, Mi, Nolte, S, Norheim, Of, Norman, Re, Norrving, B, Nyakarahuka, L, Ih, Oh, Ohkubo, T, Omer, Sb, Opio, Jn, Ortiz, A, Pandian, Jd, Panelo, Ci, Papachristou, C, Park, Ek, Parry, Cd, Caicedo, Aj, Patten, Sb, Paul, Vk, Pavlin, Bi, Pearce, N, Pedraza, Ls, Pellegrini, Ca, Pereira, Dm, Perez Ruiz, Fp, Perico, N, Pervaiz, A, Pesudovs, K, Peterson, Cb, Petzold, M, Phillips, Mr, Phillips, D, Phillips, B, Piel, Fb, Plass, D, Poenaru, D, Polanczyk, Gv, Polinder, S, Pope, Ca, Popova, S, Poulton, Rg, Pourmalek, F, Prabhakaran, D, Prasad, Nm, Qato, D, Quistberg, Da, Rafay, A, Rahimi, K, Rahimi Movaghar, V, Rahman, Su, Raju, M, Rakovac, I, Rana, Sm, Razavi, H, Refaat, A, Rehm, J, Remuzzi, G, Resnikoff, S, Ribeiro, Al, Riccio, Pm, Richardson, L, Richardus, Jh, Riederer, Am, Robinson, M, Roca, A, Rodriguez, A, Rojas Rueda, D, Ronfani, L, Rothenbacher, D, Roy, N, Ruhago, Gm, Sabin, N, Sacco, Rl, Ksoreide, K, Saha, S, Sahathevan, R, Sahraian, Ma, Sampson, U, Sanabria, Jr, Sanchez Riera, L, Santos, Is, Satpathy, M, Saunders, Je, Sawhney, M, Saylan, Mi, Scarborough, P, Schoettker, B, Schneider, Ij, Schwebel, Dc, Scott, Jg, Seedat, S, Sepanlou, Sg, Serdar, B, Servan Mori, Ee, Shackelford, K, Shaheen, A, Shahraz, S, Shamah, Levy, T, Shangguan, S, She, J, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shepard, Ds, Shi, P, Shibuya, K, Shinohara, Y, Shiri, R, Shishani, K, Shiue, I, Shrime, Mg, Sigfusdottir, Id, Silberberg, Dh, Simard, Ep, Sindi, S, Singh, Ja, Singh, L, Skirbekk, V, Sliwa, K, Soljak, M, Soneji, S, Soshnikov, Ss, Speyer, P, Sposato, La, Sreeramareddy, Ct, Stoeckl, H, Stathopoulou, Vk, Steckling, N, Stein, Mb, Stein, Dj, Steiner, Tj, Stewart, A, Stork, E, Stovner, Lj, Stroumpoulis, K, Sturua, L, Sunguya, Bf, Swaroop, M, Sykes, Bl, Tabb, Km, Takahashi, K, Tan, F, Tandon, N, Tanne, D, Tanner, M, Tavakkoli, M, Taylor, Hr, Ao, Te, Temesgen, Am, Ten, Have, M, Tenkorang, Ey, Terkawi, As, Theadom, Am, Thomas, E, Thorne Lyman, Al, Thrift, Ag, Tleyjeh, Im, Tonelli, M, Topouzis, F, Towbin, Ja, Toyoshima, H, Traebert, J, Tran, Bx, Trasande, L, Trillini, M, Truelsen, T, Trujillo, U, Tsilimbaris, M, Tuzcu, Em, Ukwaja, Kn, Undurraga, Ea, Uzun, Sb, Van, Brakel, Van, Wh, Vijver, De, Van, S, Dingenen, R, Van, Gool, Varakin, Yy, Vasankari, Tj, Vavilala, Ms, Veerman, Lj, Velasquez, Melendez, G, Venketasubramanian, N, Vijayakumar, L, Villalpando, S, Violante, Fs, Vlassov, Vv, Waller, S, Wallin, Mt, Wan, X, Wang, L, Wang, J, Wang, Y, Warouw, Ts, Weichenthal, S, Weiderpass, E, Weintraub, Rg, Werdecker, A, Wessells, Kr, Westerman, R, Wilkinson, Jd, Williams, Hc, Williams, Tn, Woldeyohannes, Sm, Wolfe, Cd, Wong, Jq, Wong, H, Woolf, Ad, Wright, Jl, Wurtz, B, Xu, G, Yang, G, Yano, Y, Yenesew, Ma, Yentur, Gk, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, Sj, Younis, M, Yu, C, Kim, Ky, Zaki, Mel, Zhang, Y, Zhao, Z, Zhao, Y, Zhu, J, Zonies, D, Zunt, Jr, Salomon, Ja, Murray, C. J., Vos, T, Barber, Rm, Bell, B, Bertozzi-Villa, A, Biryukov, S, Bolliger, I, Charlson, F, Davis, A, Degenhardt, L, Dicker, D, Duan, L, Erskine, H, Feigin, Vl, Ferrari, Aj, Fitzmaurice, C, Fleming, T, Graetz, N, Guinovart, C, Haagsma, J, Hansen, Gm, Hanson, Sw, Heuton, Kr, Higashi, H, Kassebaum, N, Kyu, H, Laurie ELiang, X, Lofgren, K, Lozano, R, Macintyre, Mf, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Naghavi, M, Nguyen, G, Odell, S, Ortblad, K, Roberts, Da, Roth, Ga, Sandar, L, Serina, Pt, Stanaway, Jd, Steiner, C, Thomas, B, Vollset, Se, Whiteford, H, Wolock, Tm, Ye, P, Zhou, M, Ãvila, Ma, Aasvang, Gm, Abbafati, C, Abbasoglu Ozgoren, A, Abd-Allah, F, Abdel Aziz MI, Abera, Sf, Aboyans, V, Abraham, Jp, Abraham, B, Abubakar, I, Abu-Raddad, Lj, Abu-Rmeileh, Nm, Aburto, Tc, Achoki TAckerman IN, Adelekan, A, Ademi, Z, Adou, Ak, Adsuar, Jc, Arnlov, J, Agardh, Ee, Al Khabouri MJ, Alam, S, Alasfoor, D, Albittar, Mi, Alegretti MAAleman AV, Alemu, Za, Alfonso-Cristancho, R, Alhabib, S, Ali, R, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Allen, Pj, Almazroa, Ma, Alsharif, U, Alvarez, E, Alvis-Guzman NAmeli, O, Amini, H, Ammar, W, Anderson, Bo, Anderson, Hr, Antonio, Ca, Anwari, P, Apfel, H, Arsenijevic, V, Artaman, A, Asghar, Rj, Assadi, R, Atkins, L, Atkinson, C, Badawi, A, Bahit, Mc, Bakfalouni, T, Balakrishnan, K, Balalla, S, Banerjee, A, Barker-Collo, Sl, Barquera, S, Barregard, L, Barrero LHBasu, S, Basu, A, Baxter, A, Beardsley, J, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Bekele, T, Bell, Ml, Benjet, C, Bennett, Da, Bensenor, Im, Benzian, H, Bernabe, E, Beyene TJBhala, N, Bhalla, A, Bhutta, Z, Bienhoff, K, Bikbov, B, Bin Abdulhak, A, Blore, Jd, Blyth, Fm, Bohensky, Ma, Bora Basara, B, Borges, G, Bornstein, Nm, Bose, D, Boufous, S, Bourne, Rr, Boyers, Ln, Brainin, M, Brauer, M, Brayne, Ce, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, Nj, Brenner, H, Briggs, Ad, Brooks, Pm, Brown JBrugha TS, Buchbinder, R, Buckle, Gc, Bukhman, G, Bulloch, Ag, Burch, M, Burnett, R, Cardenas, R, Cabral, Nl, Campos Nonato IR, Campuzano JCCarapetis JR, Carpenter, Do, Caso, V, Castaneda-Orjuela, Ca, Catala-Lopez, F, Chadha, Vk, Chang, Jc, Chen, H, Chen, W, Chiang, Pp, Chimed-Ochir, O, Chowdhury, R, Christensen, H, Christophi, Ca, Chugh, S, Cirillo, M, Coggeshall, M, Cohen, A, Colistro, V, Colquhoun, Sm, Contreras, Ag, Cooper LTCooper, C, Cooperrider, K, Coresh, J, Cortinovis, M, Criqui, Mh, Crump, Ja, Cuevas-Nasu, L, Dandona, R, Dandona, L, Dansereau, E, Dantes, Hg, Dargan, Pi, Davey, G, Davitoiu, Dv, Dayama, A, De la Cruz-Gongora, V, de la Vega SF, De Leo, D, del Pozo-Cruz, B, Dellavalle, Rp, Deribe, K, Derrett, S, Des Jarlais DC, Dessalegn, M, Deveber, Ga, Dharmaratne, Sd, Diaz-Torne, C, Ding, El, Dokova, K, Dorsey, Er, Driscoll, Tr, Duber, H, Durrani, Am, Edmond, Km, Ellenbogen, Rg, Endres, M, Ermakov, Sp, Eshrati, B, Esteghamati, A, Estep, K, Fahimi, S, Farzadfar, F, Fay, Df, Felson, Dt, Fereshtehnejad SMFernandes JG, Ferri, Cp, Flaxman, A, Foigt, N, Foreman, Kj, Fowkes, Fg, Franklin, Rc, Furst, T, Futran, Nd, Gabbe, Bj, Gankpe, Fg, Garcia-Guerra FAGeleijnse JM, Gessner, Bd, Gibney, Kb, Gillum, Rf, Ginawi, Ia, Giroud, M, Giussani, G, Goenka, S, Goginashvili, K, Gona, P, Gonzalez de Cosio TGosselin RA, Gotay, Cc, Goto, A, Gouda, Hn, Guerrant, Rl, Gugnani, Hc, Gunnell, D, Gupta, R, Gutierrez, Ra, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hagan HHalasa, Y, Hamadeh, Rr, Hamavid, H, Hammami, M, Hankey, Gj, Hao, Y, Harb, Hl, Haro, Jm, Havmoeller, R, Hay, Rj, Hay, S, Hedayati, Mt, Heredia Pi IB, Heydarpour, P, Hijar, M, Hoek, Hw, Hoffman, Hj, Hornberger, Jc, Hosgood, Hd, Hossain, M, Hotez, Pj, Hoy, Dg, Hsairi, M, Hu, H, Hu, G, Huang JJHuang, C, Huiart, L, Husseini, A, Iannarone, M, Iburg, Km, Innos, K, Inoue, M, Jacobsen, Kh, Jassal, Sk, Jeemon, P, Jensen, Pn, Jha, V, Jiang, G, Jiang YJonas JB, Joseph, J, Juel, K, Kan, H, Karch, A, Karimkhani, C, Karthikeyan, G, Katz, R, Kaul, A, Kawakami, N, Kazi, D, Kemp, Ah, Kengne, Ap, Khader, Y, Khalifa, Se, Khan, Ea, Khan, G, Khang, Yh, Khonelidze, I, Kieling, C, Kim, D, Kim, S, Kimokoti, Rw, Kinfu, Y, Kinge, Jm, Kissela, Bm, Kivipelto MKnibbs, L, Knudsen, Ak, Kokubo, Y, Kosen, S, Kramer, A, Kravchenko, M, Krishnamurthi, Rv, Krishnaswami, S, Kuate Defo, B, Kucuk Bicer, B, Kuipers EJKulkarni VS, Kumar, K, Kumar, Ga, Kwan, Gf, Lai, T, Lalloo, R, Lam, H, Lan, Q, Lansingh, Vc, Larson, H, Larsson, A, Lawrynowicz, Ae, Leasher, Jl, Lee, Jt, Leigh, J, Leung, R, Levi, M, Li, B, Li, Y, Liang, J, Lim, S, Lin, Hh, Lind, M, Lindsay, Mp, Lipshultz, Se, Liu, S, Lloyd, Bk, Lockett Ohno, S, Logroscino, G, Looker, Kj, Lopez, Ad, Lopez-Olmedo, N, Lortet-Tieulent, J, Lotufo, Pa, Low, N, Lucas, Rm, Lunevicius, R, Lyons, Ra, Ma, J, Ma, S, Mackay MTMajdan, M, Malekzadeh, R, Mapoma, Cc, Marcenes, W, March, Lm, Margono, C, Marks, Gb, Marzan, Mb, Masci, Jr, Mason-Jones, Aj, Matzopoulos RGMayosi BM, Mazorodze, Tt, Mcgill, Nw, Mcgrath, Jj, Mckee, M, Mclain, A, Mcmahon, Bj, Meaney, Pa, Mehndiratta, Mm, Mejia-Rodriguez, F, Mekonnen, W, Melaku, Ya, Meltzer, M, Memish, Za, Mensah, G, Meretoja, A, Mhimbira, Fa, Micha, R, Miller, Tr, Mills, Ej, Mitchell, Pb, Mock, Cn, Moffitt TEMohamed Ibrahim, N, Mohammad, Ka, Mokdad, Ah, Mola, Gl, Monasta, L, Montico, M, Montine, Tj, Moore, Ar, Moran, Ae, Morawska, L, Mori RMoschandreas, J, Moturi, Wn, Moyer, M, Mozaffarian, D, Mueller, Uo, Mukaigawara, M, Murdoch, Me, Murray, J, Murthy, K, Naghavi, P, Nahas ZNaheed, A, Naidoo, K, Naldi, L, Nand, D, Nangia, V, Narayan, Km, Nash, D, Nejjari, C, Neupane, Sp, Newman, Lm, Newton, Cr, Ng, M, Ngalesoni FNNhung NT, Nisar, Mi, Nolte, S, Norheim, Of, Norman, Re, Norrving, B, Nyakarahuka, L, Oh, Ih, Ohkubo, T, Omer, Sb, Opio, Jn, Ortiz, A, Pandian JDPanelo CI, Papachristou, C, Park, Ek, Parry, Cd, Caicedo, Aj, Patten, Sb, Paul, Vk, Pavlin, Bi, Pearce, N, Pedraza, L, Pellegrini, Ca, Pereira, Dm, Perez-Ruiz, Fp, Perico, N, Pervaiz, A, Pesudovs, K, Peterson, Cb, Petzold, M, Phillips, Mr, Phillips, D, Phillips, B, Piel, Fb, Plass, D, Poenaru, D, Polanczyk GVPolinder, S, Pope, Ca, Popova, S, Poulton, Rg, Pourmalek, F, Prabhakaran, D, Prasad, Nm, Qato, D, Quistberg, Da, Rafay, A, Rahimi, K, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, Su, Raju, M, Rakovac, I, Rana, Sm, Razavi, H, Refaat, A, Rehm, J, Remuzzi, G, Resnikoff, S, Ribeiro, Al, Riccio, Pm, Richardson, L, Richardus, Jh, Riederer, Am, Robinson, M, Roca, A, Rodriguez, A, Rojas-Rueda, D, Ronfani, L, Rothenbacher, D, Roy, N, Ruhago, Gm, Sabin, N, Sacco, Rl, Ksoreide, K, Saha, S, Sahathevan, R, Sahraian, Ma, Sampson, U, Sanabria, Jr, Sanchez-Riera, L, Santos, I, Satpathy, M, Saunders, Je, Sawhney, M, Saylan MIScarborough, P, Schoettker, B, Schneider, Ij, Schwebel, Dc, Scott, Jg, Seedat, S, Sepanlou, Sg, Serdar, B, Servan-Mori, Ee, Shackelford, K, Shaheen AShahraz, S, Shamah Levy, T, Shangguan, S, She, J, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shepard, D, Shi, P, Shibuya, K, Shinohara, Y, Shiri, R, Shishani, K, Shiue, I, Shrime, Mg, Sigfusdottir, Id, Silberberg, Dh, Simard, Ep, Sindi, S, Singh, Ja, Singh, L, Skirbekk, V, Sliwa, K, Soljak, M, Soneji, S, Soshnikov, S, Speyer PSposato LA, Sreeramareddy, Ct, Stoeckl, H, Stathopoulou, Vk, Steckling, N, Stein, Mb, Stein, Dj, Steiner, Tj, Stewart, A, Stork, E, Stovner LJStroumpoulis, K, Sturua, L, Sunguya, Bf, Swaroop, M, Sykes, Bl, Tabb, Km, Takahashi, K, Tan, F, Tandon, N, Tanne, D, Tanner, M, Tavakkoli, M, Taylor, Hr, Te Ao BJ, Temesgen, Am, Ten Have, M, Tenkorang, Ey, Terkawi, A, Theadom, Am, Thomas, E, Thorne-Lyman, Al, Thrift, Ag, Tleyjeh, Im, Tonelli, M, Topouzis, F, Towbin, Ja, Toyoshima, H, Traebert, J, Tran, Bx, Trasande, L, Trillini, M, Truelsen, T, Trujillo, U, Tsilimbaris, M, Tuzcu, Em, Ukwaja KNUndurraga EA, Uzun, Sb, van Brakel WH, van de Vijver, S, Van Dingenen, R, van Gool CH, Varakin, Yy, Vasankari, Tj, Vavilala, M, Veerman LJVelasquez-Melendez, G, Venketasubramanian, N, Vijayakumar, L, Villalpando, S, Violante, F, Vlassov, Vv, Waller, S, Wallin, Mt, Wan, X, Wang, L, Wang, J, Wang, Y, Warouw, T, Weichenthal, S, Weiderpass, E, Weintraub, Rg, Werdecker, A, Wessells, Kr, Westerman, R, Wilkinson, Jd, Williams HCWilliams TN, Woldeyohannes, Sm, Wolfe, Cd, Wong, Jq, Wong, H, Woolf, Ad, Wright, Jl, Wurtz, B, Xu, G, Yang, G, Yano, Y, Yenesew, Ma, Yentur GKYip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, Sj, Younis, M, Yu, C, Kim, Ky, Zaki Mel, S, Zhang, Y, Zhao, Z, Zhao, Y, Zhu, J, Zonies, D, Zunt, Jr, Salomon, Ja, Murray, Cj., Vos, Theo, Barber, Ryan M., Bell, Brad, Bertozzi-Villa, Amelia, Biryukov, Stan, Bolliger, Ian, Charlson, Fiona, Davis, Adrian, Degenhardt, Louisa, Dicker, Daniel, Duan, Leilei, Erskine, Holly, Feigin, Valery L., Ferrari, Alize J., Fitzmaurice, Christina, Fleming, Thoma, Graetz, Nichola, Guinovart, Caterina, Haagsma, Juanita, Hansen, Gillian M., Hanson, Sarah Wulf, Heuton, Kyle R., Higashi, Hideki, Kassebaum, Nichola, Kyu, Hmwe, Laurie, Evan, Liang, Xiofeng, Lofgren, Katherine, Lozano, Rafael, Macintyre, Michael F., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Naghavi, Mohsen, Nguyen, Grant, Odell, Shaun, Ortblad, Katrina, Roberts, David Allen, Roth, Gregory A., Sandar, Logan, Serina, Peter T., Stanaway, Jeffrey D., Steiner, Caitlyn, Thomas, Bernadette, Vollset, Stein Emil, Whiteford, Harvey, Wolock, Timothy M., Ye, Pengpeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Ãvila, Marco A., Aasvang, Gunn Marit, Abbafati, Cristiana, Ozgoren, Ayse Abbasoglu, Abd-Allah, Foad, Aziz, Muna I. Abdel, Abera, Semaw F., Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Jerry P., Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M.E., Aburto, Tania C., Achoki, Tom, Ackerman, Ilana N., Adelekan, Ademola, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsène K., Adsuar, Josef C., Arnlov, Johan, Agardh, Emilie E., Al Khabouri, Mazin J., Alam, Sayed Saidul, Alasfoor, Deena, Albittar, Mohammed I., Alegretti, Miguel A., Aleman, Alicia V., Alemu, Zewdie A., Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alla, Francoi, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Peter J., Almazroa, Mohammad Abdulaziz, Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Ameli, Omid, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Anderson, Benjamin O., Anderson, H. Ro, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Anwari, Palwasha, Apfel, Henry, Arsenijevic, Valentain S. Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asghar, Rana J., Assadi, Reza, Atkins, Lydia S., Atkinson, Charle, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C., Bakfalouni, Talal, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Balalla, Shivanthi, Banerjee, Amitava, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lar, Barrero, Lope H., Basu, Sanjay, Basu, Arindam, Baxter, Amanda, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L., Benjet, Corina, Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Benzian, Habib, Bernabe, Eduardo, Beyene, Tariku J., Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Bhutta, Zulfiqar, Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Bori, Abdulhak, Aref Bin, Blore, Jed D., Blyth, Fiona M., Bohensky, Megan A., Basara, Berrak Bora, Borges, Guilherme, Bornstein, Natan M., Bose, Dipan, Boufous, Soufiane, Bourne, Rupert R., Boyers, Lindsay N., Brainin, Michael, Brauer, Michael, Brayne, Carol E.G., Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J.K., Brenner, Hermann, Briggs, Adam D.M., Brooks, Peter M., Brown, Jonathan, Brugha, Traolach S., Buchbinder, Rachelle, Buckle, Geoffrey C., Bukhman, Gene, Bulloch, Andrew G., Burch, Michael, Burnett, Richard, Cardenas, Rosario, Cabral, Norberto L., Campos-Nonato, Ismael R., Campuzano, Julio C., Carapetis, Jonathan R., Carpenter, David O., Caso, Valeria, Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Chadha, Vineet K., Chang, Jung-Chen, Chen, Honglei, Chen, Wanqing, Chiang, Peggy P., Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Christophi, Costas A., Chugh, Sumeet S., Cirillo, Massimo, Coggeshall, Megan, Cohen, Aaron, Colistro, Valentina, Colquhoun, Samantha M., Contreras, Alejandra G., Cooper, Leslie T., Cooper, Cyru, Cooperrider, Kimberly, Coresh, Josef, Cortinovis, Monica, Criqui, Michael H., Crump, John A., Cuevas-Nasu, Lucia, Dandona, Rakhi, Dandona, Lalit, Dansereau, Emily, Dantes, Hector G., Dargan, Paul I., Davey, Gail, Davitoiu, Dragos V., Dayama, Anand, De La Cruz-Gongora, Vanessa, De La Vega, Shelley F., De Leo, Diego, Del Pozo-Cruz, Borja, Dellavalle, Robert P., Deribe, Kebede, Derrett, Sarah, Des Jarlais, Don C., Dessalegn, Muluken, Deveber, Gabrielle A., Dharmaratne, Samath D., Diaz-Torne, Cesar, Ding, Eric L., Dokova, Klara, Dorsey, E.R., Driscoll, Tim R., Duber, Herbert, Durrani, Adnan M., Edmond, Karen M., Ellenbogen, Richard G., Endres, Matthia, Ermakov, Sergey P., Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Fahimi, Saman, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fay, Derek F.J., Felson, David T., Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G., Ferri, Cluesa P., Flaxman, Abraham, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle J., Fowkes, F Gerry R., Franklin, Richard C., Furst, Thoma, Futran, Neal D., Gabbe, Belinda J., Gankpe, Fortune G., Garcia-Guerra, Francisco A., Geleijnse, Johanna M., Gessner, Bradford D., Gibney, Katherine B., Gillum, Richard F., Ginawi, Ibrahim A., Giroud, Maurice, Giussani, Giorgia, Goenka, Shifalika, Goginashvili, Ketevan, Gona, Philimon, De Cosio, Teresita Gonzalez, Gosselin, Richard A., Gotay, Carolyn C., Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N., Guerrant, Richard L., Gugnani, Harish C., Gunnell, David, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Rahul, Gutierrez, Reyna A., Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hagan, Holly, Halasa, Yara, Hamadeh, Randah R., Hamavid, Hannah, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J., Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L., Haro, Josep Maria, Havmoeller, Rasmu, Hay, Roderick J., Hay, Simon, Hedayati, Mohammad T., Pi, Ileana B. Heredia, Heydarpour, Pouria, Hijar, Martha, Hoek, Hans W., Hoffman, Howard J., Hornberger, John C., Hosgood, H. Dean, Hossain, Mazeda, Hotez, Peter J., Hoy, Damian G., Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Howard, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, John J., Huang, Cheng, Huiart, Laetitia, Husseini, Abdullatif, Iannarone, Marissa, Iburg, Kim M., Innos, Kaire, Inoue, Manami, Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jassal, Simerjot K., Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jensen, Paul N., Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jonas, Jost B., Joseph, Jonathan, Juel, Knud, Kan, Haidong, Karch, Andre, Karimkhani, Chante, Karthikeyan, Ganesan, Katz, Ronit, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kazi, Dhruv S., Kemp, Andrew H., Kengne, Andre P., Khader, Yousef S., Khalifa, Shams Eldin A.H., Khan, Ejaz A., Khan, Gulfaraz, Khang, Young-Ho, Khonelidze, Irma, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Sungroul, Kimokoti, Ruth W., Kinfu, Yohanne, Kinge, Jonas M., Kissela, Brett M., Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Kramer, Alexander, Kravchenko, Michael, Krishnamurthi, Rita V., Krishnaswami, Sanjay, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kuipers, Ernst J., Kulkarni, Veena S., Kumar, Kaushalendra, Kumar, G Anil, Kwan, Gene F., Lai, Taavi, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lan, Qing, Lansingh, Van C., Larson, Heidi, Larsson, Ander, Lawrynowicz, Alicia E.B., Leasher, Janet L., Lee, Jong-Tae, Leigh, Jame, Leung, Ricky, Levi, Miriam, Li, Bin, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Liang, Juan, Lim, Stephen, Lin, Hsien-Ho, Lind, Margaret, Lindsay, M Patrice, Lipshultz, Steven E., Liu, Shiwei, Lloyd, Belinda K., Ohno, Summer Lockett, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Looker, Katharine J., Lopez, Alan D., Lopez-Olmedo, Nancy, Lortet-Tieulent, Joannie, Lotufo, Paulo A., Low, Nicola, Lucas, Robyn M., Lunevicius, Raimunda, Lyons, Ronan A., Ma, Jixiang, Ma, Stefan, Mackay, Mark T., Majdan, Marek, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Christopher C., Marcenes, Wagner, March, Lyn M., Margono, Chri, Marks, Guy B., Marzan, Melvin B., Masci, Joseph R., Mason-Jones, Amanda J., Matzopoulos, Richard G., Mayosi, Bongani M., Mazorodze, Tasara T., Mcgill, Neil W., Mcgrath, John J., Mckee, Martin, Mclain, Abby, Mcmahon, Brian J., Meaney, Peter A., Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Wubegzier, Melaku, Yohannes A., Meltzer, Michele, Memish, Ziad A., Mensah, George, Meretoja, Atte, Mhimbira, Francis A., Micha, Renata, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mitchell, Philip B., Mock, Charles N., Moffitt, Terrie E., Ibrahim, Norlinah Mohamed, Mohammad, Karzan A., Mokdad, Ali H., Mola, Glen L., Monasta, Lorenzo, Montico, Marcella, Montine, Thomas J., Moore, Ami R., Moran, Andrew E., Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Moschandreas, Joanna, Moturi, Wilkister N., Moyer, Madeline, Mozaffarian, Dariush, Mueller, Ulrich O., Mukaigawara, Mitsuru, Murdoch, Michele E., Murray, Joseph, Murthy, Kinnari S., Naghavi, Paria, Nahas, Ziad, Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S., Naldi, Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Narayan, K.M. Venkat, Nash, Deni, Nejjari, Chakib, Neupane, Sudan P., Newman, Lori M., Newton, Charles R., Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida N., Nhung, Nguyen T., Nisar, Muhammad I., Nolte, Sandra, Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Rosana E., Norrving, Bo, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Oh, In Hwan, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Omer, Saad B., Opio, John Nelson, Ortiz, Alberto, Pandian, Jeyaraj D., Panelo, Carlo Irwin A., Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Parry, Charles D., Caicedo, Angel J. Paternina, Patten, Scott B., Paul, Vinod K., Pavlin, Boris I., Pearce, Neil, Pedraza, Lilia S., Pellegrini, Carlos A., Pereira, David M., Perez-Ruiz, Fernando P., Perico, Norberto, Pervaiz, Aslam, Pesudovs, Konrad, Peterson, Carrie B., Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael R., Phillips, David, Phillips, Bryan, Piel, Frederic B., Plass, Dietrich, Poenaru, Dan, Polanczyk, Guilherme V., Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, C.A., Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G., Pourmalek, Farshad, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Prasad, Noela M., Qato, Dima, Quistberg, D.A., Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Raju, Murugesan, Rakovac, Ivo, Rana, Saleem M., Razavi, Homie, Refaat, Amany, Rehm, Jurgen, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Ribeiro, Antonio L., Riccio, Patricia M., Richardson, Lee, Richardus, Jan Hendrik, Riederer, Anne M., Robinson, Margot, Roca, Anna, Rodriguez, Alina, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Nobhojit, Ruhago, George M., Sabin, Nsanzimana, Sacco, Ralph L., Ksoreide, Kjetil, Saha, Sukanta, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sampson, Uchechukwu, Sanabria, Juan R., Sanchez-Riera, Lidia, Santos, Itamar S., Satpathy, Maheswar, Saunders, James E., Sawhney, Monika, Saylan, Mete I., Scarborough, Peter, Schoettker, Ben, Schneider, Ione J.C., Schwebel, David C., Scott, James G., Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Serdar, Berrin, Servan-Mori, Edson E., Shackelford, Katya, Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Levy, Teresa Shamah, Shangguan, Siyi, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shepard, Donald S., Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shinohara, Yukito, Shiri, Rahman, Shishani, Kawkab, Shiue, Ivy, Shrime, Mark G., Sigfusdottir, Inga D., Silberberg, Donald H., Simard, Edgar P., Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Lavanya, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Soljak, Michael, Soneji, Samir, Soshnikov, Sergey S., Speyer, Peter, Sposato, Luciano A., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stoeckl, Heidi, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki Kalliopi, Steckling, Nadine, Stein, Murray B., Stein, Dan J., Steiner, Timothy J., Stewart, Andrea, Stork, Eden, Stovner, Lars J., Stroumpoulis, Konstantino, Sturua, Lela, Sunguya, Bruno F., Swaroop, Mamta, Sykes, Bryan L., Tabb, Karen M., Takahashi, Ken, Tan, Feng, Tandon, Nikhil, Tanne, David, Tanner, Marcel, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taylor, Hugh R., Te Ao, Braden J., Temesgen, Awoke Misganaw, Have, Margreet Ten, Tenkorang, Eric Yeboah, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Theadom, Alice M., Thomas, Elissa, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L., Thrift, Amanda G., Tleyjeh, Imad M., Tonelli, Marcello, Topouzis, Foti, Towbin, Jeffrey A., Toyoshima, Hideaki, Traebert, Jefferson, Tran, Bach X., Trasande, Leonardo, Trillini, Matia, Truelsen, Thoma, Trujillo, Ulise, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadi, Tuzcu, Emin M., Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Undurraga, Eduardo A., Uzun, Selen B., Van Brakel, Wim H., Van De Vijver, Steven, Dingenen, Rita Van, Van Gool, Coen H., Varakin, Yuri Y., Vasankari, Tommi J., Vavilala, Monica S., Veerman, Lennert J., Velasquez-Melendez, Gustavo, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vijayakumar, Lakshmi, Villalpando, Salvador, Violante, Francesco S., Vlassov, Vasiliy V., Waller, Stephen, Wallin, Mitchell T., Wan, Xia, Wang, Linhong, Wang, Jianli, Wang, Yanping, Warouw, Tati S., Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Werdecker, Andrea, Wessells, K. Ryan, Westerman, Ronny, Wilkinson, James D., Williams, Hywel C., Williams, Thomas N., Woldeyohannes, Solomon M., Wolfe, Charles D.A., Wong, John Q., Wong, Haidong, Woolf, Anthony D., Wright, Jonathan L., Wurtz, Brittany, Xu, Gelin, Yang, Gonghuan, Yano, Yuichiro, Yenesew, Muluken A., Yentur, Gokalp K., Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa, Yu, Chuanhua, Kim, Kim Yun, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zhang, Yong, Zhao, Zheng, Zhao, Yong, Zhu, Jun, Zonies, David, Zunt, Joseph R., Salomon, Joshua A., Murray, Christopher J.L., Cell biology, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Epidemiology, Health Technology Assessment (HTA), and Public Health
Subjects: Male, Gerontology, Nutrition and Disease, Epidemiology, years lived with disability, Global burden of disease, acute and chronic diseases, countries, Prevalence, Disease, Global Health, Medical and Health Sciences, Conduct disorder, Otitis-media, Cost of Illness, Residence Characteristics, Voeding en Ziekte, 80 and over, Global health, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, countries, Aetiology, Child, Aged, 80 and over, Medicine(all), education.field_of_study, ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER, Incidence, Mortality rate, Incidence (epidemiology), Pain Research, Neglected Diseases, Alcohol dependence, General Medicine, Middle Aged, Global burden of disease, Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators, Mental Health, Infectious Diseases, Attention deficit/Hyperactivity disorder, Burden of Illness, Child, Preschool, Acute Disease, Female, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, GBD 2013, Population, acute and chronic diseases, Young Adult, Mental-disorders, Age Distribution, Medicine, General & Internal, Weights, General & Internal Medicine, medicine, Humans, Life Science, Disabled Persons, Sex Distribution, Preschool, education, Developing Countries, VLAG, Aged, Science & Technology, business.industry, Developed Countries, Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Health outcomes, Newborn, medicine.disease, Comorbidity, Brain Disorders, years lived with disability, Good Health and Well Being, Disease, injury, incidence, prevalence, YLDs, GBD 2010, Chronic Disease, Wounds and Injuries, business, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, Iron-deficiency, Demography
Abstract: Summary Background Up-to-date evidence about levels and trends in disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) is an essential input into global, regional, and national health policies. In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013), we estimated these quantities for acute and chronic diseases and injuries for 188 countries between 1990 and 2013. Methods Estimates were calculated for disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and YLDs using GBD 2010 methods with some important refinements. Results for incidence of acute disorders and prevalence of chronic disorders are new additions to the analysis. Key improvements include expansion to the cause and sequelae list, updated systematic reviews, use of detailed injury codes, improvements to the Bayesian meta-regression method (DisMod-MR), and use of severity splits for various causes. An index of data representativeness, showing data availability, was calculated for each cause and impairment during three periods globally and at the country level for 2013. In total, 35 620 distinct sources of data were used and documented to calculated estimates for 301 diseases and injuries and 2337 sequelae. The comorbidity simulation provides estimates for the number of sequelae, concurrently, by individuals by country, year, age, and sex. Disability weights were updated with the addition of new population-based survey data from four countries. Findings Disease and injury were highly prevalent; only a small fraction of individuals had no sequelae. Comorbidity rose substantially with age and in absolute terms from 1990 to 2013. Incidence of acute sequelae were predominantly infectious diseases and short-term injuries, with over 2 billion cases of upper respiratory infections and diarrhoeal disease episodes in 2013, with the notable exception of tooth pain due to permanent caries with more than 200 million incident cases in 2013. Conversely, leading chronic sequelae were largely attributable to non-communicable diseases, with prevalence estimates for asymptomatic permanent caries and tension-type headache of 2·4 billion and 1·6 billion, respectively. The distribution of the number of sequelae in populations varied widely across regions, with an expected relation between age and disease prevalence. YLDs for both sexes increased from 537·6 million in 1990 to 764·8 million in 2013 due to population growth and ageing, whereas the age-standardised rate decreased little from 114·87 per 1000 people to 110·31 per 1000 people between 1990 and 2013. Leading causes of YLDs included low back pain and major depressive disorder among the top ten causes of YLDs in every country. YLD rates per person, by major cause groups, indicated the main drivers of increases were due to musculoskeletal, mental, and substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and chronic respiratory diseases; however HIV/AIDS was a notable driver of increasing YLDs in sub-Saharan Africa. Also, the proportion of disability-adjusted life years due to YLDs increased globally from 21·1% in 1990 to 31·2% in 2013. Interpretation Ageing of the world's population is leading to a substantial increase in the numbers of individuals with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Rates of YLDs are declining much more slowly than mortality rates. The non-fatal dimensions of disease and injury will require more and more attention from health systems. The transition to non-fatal outcomes as the dominant source of burden of disease is occurring rapidly outside of sub-Saharan Africa. Our results can guide future health initiatives through examination of epidemiological trends and a better understanding of variation across countries. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Background Up-to-date evidence about levels and trends in disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) is an essential input into global, regional, and national health policies. In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013), we estimated these quantities for acute and chronic diseases and injuries for 188 countries between 1990 and 2013. Methods Estimates were calculated for disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and YLDs using GBD 2010 methods with some important refinements. Results for incidence of acute disorders and prevalence of chronic disorders are new additions to the analysis. Key improvements include expansion to the cause and sequelae list, updated systematic reviews, use of detailed injury codes, improvements to the Bayesian meta-regression method (DisMod-MR), and use of severity splits for various causes. An index of data representativeness, showing data availability, was calculated for each cause and impairment during three periods globally and at the country level for 2013. In total, 35 620 distinct sources of data were used and documented to calculated estimates for 301 diseases and injuries and 2337 sequelae. The comorbidity simulation provides estimates for the number of sequelae, concurrently, by individuals by country, year, age, and sex. Disability weights were updated with the addition of new population-based survey data from four countries. Findings Disease and injury were highly prevalent; only a small fraction of individuals had no sequelae. Comorbidity rose substantially with age and in absolute terms from 1990 to 2013. Incidence of acute sequelae were predominantly infectious diseases and short-term injuries, with over 2 billion cases of upper respiratory infections and diarrhoeal disease episodes in 2013, with the notable exception of tooth pain due to permanent caries with more than 200 million incident cases in 2013. Conversely, leading chronic sequelae were largely attributable to non-communicable diseases, with prevalence estimates for asymptomatic permanent caries and tension-type headache of 2·4 billion and 1·6 billion, respectively. The distribution of the number of sequelae in populations varied widely across regions, with an expected relation between age and disease prevalence. YLDs for both sexes increased from 537·6 million in 1990 to 764·8 million in 2013 due to population growth and ageing, whereas the age-standardised rate decreased little from 114·87 per 1000 people to 110·31 per 1000 people between 1990 and 2013. Leading causes of YLDs included low back pain and major depressive disorder among the top ten causes of YLDs in every country. YLD rates per person, by major cause groups, indicated the main drivers of increases were due to musculoskeletal, mental, and substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and chronic respiratory diseases; however HIV/AIDS was a notable driver of increasing YLDs in sub-Saharan Africa. Also, the proportion of disability-adjusted life years due to YLDs increased globally from 21·1% in 1990 to 31·2% in 2013. Interpretation Ageing of the world's population is leading to a substantial increase in the numbers of individuals with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Rates of YLDs are declining much more slowly than mortality rates. The non-fatal dimensions of disease and injury will require more and more attention from health systems. The transition to non-fatal outcomes as the dominant source of burden of disease is occurring rapidly outside of sub-Saharan Africa. Our results can guide future health initiatives through examination of epidemiological trends and a better understanding of variation across countries. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2015

7. Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Author: Soumya Swaminathan, Berrak Bora Basara, Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan Khalifa, Nadim E. Karam, Jongmin Lee, Roberto Tchio Talongwa, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Yang Yang, Stein Emil Vollset, Joseph R. Masci, Daniel Dicker, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Shiwei Liu, Valentina Arsić Arsenijević, Ting Wu Chuang, Linhong Wang, Xiao Rong Wang, Bryan K. Phillips, Don C. Des Jarlais, Vasco Manuel Pedro Machado, Vasiliki Stathopoulou, David Phillips, Luke Nyakarahuka, Leslie T. Cooper, Sandra Nolte, Charles R. Newton, Christina Papachristou, Stephen G. Waller, Carlos Magis-Rodriguez, D. Allen Roberts, Elisabete Weiderpass, Aliya Naheed, Andre Keren, Amanda J. Mason-Jones, Karen J. Courville, Ted R. Miller, Kinnari S. Murthy, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Tommi Vasankari, Kyle J Foreman, Gabriel Alcalá-Cerra, Yousef Khader, Lorenzo Monasta, Austine Olufemi Adeyemo, Rakhi Dandona, Sanjay Basu, Samir Soneji, Rana J. Asghar, Yohannes Adama Melaku, Rafael Alfonso-Cristancho, John Q. Wong, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Young-Ho Khang, Dhruv S. Kazi, Tom Achoki, Homie Razavi, Uche S. Uchendu, Ashish Bhalla, Ferrán Catalá-López, Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang, Kim Moesgaard Iburg, Kaire Innos, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Zacharie Tsala Dimbuene, Elena Alvarez, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Qing Lan, Simon I. Hay, Kaushalendra Kumar, Ubai Alsharif, Scott B. Patten, Gelin Xu, Theo Vos, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Raghib Ali, Marcella Montico, Andrea P. Silva, Robert G. Weintraub, Timothy M. Wolock, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Heidi J. Larson, Kingsley N. Ukwaja, Saad B. Omer, Scott Weichenthal, D. Alex Quistberg, Justin Beardsley, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Jennifer H MacLachlan, Hsien-Ho Lin, H. Dean Hosgood, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Ryan M Barber, Ibrahim Abubakar, Irma Khonelidze, Ileana B. Heredia Pi, Cyrus Cooper, Hilton Lam, Urbano Fra Paleo, Joshua A. Salomon, Ricky Leung, Farshad Pourmalek, Robert G. Nelson, Konstantinos Stroumpoulis, Megan Coggeshall, Mazin J. Al Kahbouri, Richard G. Ellenbogen, Hwashin Hyun Shin, Ida Kankindi, Guohong Jiang, Yanping Wang, Daniel Obadare Fijabi, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Chakib Nejjari, Diego De Leo, Rashmi Gupta, Gene F. Kwan, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Kenji Shibuya, Hassan Amini, Nsanzimana Sabin, Benjamin C Cowie, Karen M. Tabb, Chanda Kulkarni, Jed D. Blore, Amado D Quezada, Norito Kawakami, Walid Ammar, Van C. Lansingh, François Alla, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Yichong Li, Vineet K. Chadha, Jasvinder A. Singh, Agnes Binagwaho, Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman, Denis Nash, Palwasha Anwari, Mohammad T Mashal, Kim Yun Jin, Steven E. Lipshultz, Veena S. Kulkarni, Amitava Banerjee, Naohiro Yonemoto, James D. Wilkinson, Aslam Pervaiz, Emilie Agardh, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Alan D. Lopez, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Abraham D. Flaxman, Boris I. Pavlin, Karen Sliwa, Dima M. Qato, G Anil Kumar, Lynne Gaffikin, K.M. Venkat Narayan, Luca Ronfani, Kazem Rahimi, Vivekanand Jha, Gokalp Kadri Yentur, Wagner Marcenes, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Anwar Rafay, Anand Dayama, Robert Quentin Reilly, Alaa Badawi, Selen Begüm Uzun, James Leigh, Vinay Nangia, Ivy Shiue, J Brown, Nobhojit Roy, Genesis May J. Samonte, Edward J Mills, Soewarta Kosen, Atsushi Goto, Sajjad Ur Rahman, Jose C. Adsuar, Semaw Ferede Abera, Jefferson Traebert, Amiran Gamkrelidze, Andrew H. Kemp, Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov, André Karch, Edgar P. Simard, Aref A. Bin Abdulhak, Samath D Dharmaratne, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Andre Pascal Kengne, Corine Karema, Harish Chander Gugnani, Reza Assadi, Glen Mola, Paulo A. Lotufo, Christopher J L Murray, Rajeev Gupta, Philimon Gona, Mustafa Z. Younis, Herbert C. Duber, Mitchell T. Wallin, Arjun Lakshmana Balaji, Max Petzold, Francesco Saverio Violante, Monika Sawhney, Kovin Naidoo, Mercedes Colomar, Chuanhua Yu, Mitsuru Mukaigawara, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Jung-Chen Chang, A Artaman, Muhammad Imran Nisar, Dickens Akena, Xiao Nong Zou, Knud Juel, Mohammed I. Albittar, Mohammad Yahya Saeedi, Sergey Petrovich Ermakov, Ole Frithjof Norheim, Graeme J. Hankey, Jerry Puthenpurakal Abraham, Mouhanad Hammami, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Rintaro Mori, Maia Kereselidze, Josep Maria Haro, Emily Dansereau, Michael Brainin, Elizabeth Glaser, Ziad A. Memish, Anders Larsson, Solomon Meseret Woldeyohannes, Azmeraw T. Amare, Louisa Degenhardt, Yuichiro Yano, Luke D. Knibbs, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Hilda L Harb, In-Hwan Oh, Katherine B Gibney, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, Adansi A. Amankwaa, Nicholas Graetz, Fortuné Gbètoho Gankpé, Vincent Nowaseb, David M. Pereira, Alan J Thomson, Miguel Angel Alegretti, Rupak Shivakoti, Adnan M. Durrani, Dipan Bose, Saleem M Rana, Mohammad Taghi Hedayati, Mohsen Naghavi, Vegard Skirbekk, Walter Mendoza, Ali H. Mokdad, Soraya Seedat, Zewdie Aderaw Alemu, Edson Serván-Mori, Anil Kaul, Foad Abd-Allah, Paul S. F. Yip, Marek Majdan, Peter A. Meaney, Kebede Deribe, Paul N. Jensen, Fabiola Mejía-Rodríguez, Bradford D. Gessner, Ami R. Moore, Marie Ng, Maigeng Zhou, Mohammad H. Forouzanfar, John J Huang, Tim Driscoll, Samia Alhabib, Jun Zhu, Michael H. Criqui, Eduardo Bernabé, Lalit Dandona, Miltiadis K. Tsilimbaris, Borja del Pozo-Cruz, Johan Ärnlöv, Luigi Naldi, Tariku Jibat Beyene, Rasmus Havmoeller, Bongani M. Mayosi, Konrad Pesudovs, Richard A. White, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Orish Ebere Orisakwe, Graça Maria Ferreira De Lima, Yang Liu, Haidong Wang, Yongmei Li, Bryan L. Sykes, Ronny Westerman, Vinod K. Paul, Angel J Paternina Caicedo, Abigail C. McKay, Eric L. Ding, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Uur Dilmen, Stephen S Lim, Andrew Vallely, Alireza Esteghamati, Seok Jun Yoon, John Hornberger, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Yong Zhao, Thomas D. Fleming, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Damian G Hoy, Hebe N. Gouda, Mall Leinsalu, Elizabeth Johnson, Wilkister N. Moturi, Bach Xuan Tran, Donald H. Silberberg, Yingfeng Zheng, Lydia S. Atkins, Hans W. Hoek, Muluken Dessalegn, David C. Schwebel, Christopher C. Mapoma, Jost B. Jonas, Tolesa Bekele, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed Ginawi, Bulat Idrisov, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Thomas N. Williams, Jeffrey A. Towbin, Caterina Guinovart, Jeyaraj D Pandian, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Taavi Lai, Haidong Kan, Tasara T. Mazorodze, Murugesan Raju, Randah R. Hamadeh, Neil Pearce, Melvin Barrientos Marzan, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, John Nelson Opio, Deena Alasfoor, Peter J. Hotez, Jonas Minet Kinge, Peter J. Allen, Eric Y. Tenkorang, Sudan Prasad Neupane, Laith J. Abu-Raddad, Katrina F Ortblad, Arsène Kouablan Adou, Farshad Farzadfar, Sergey Soshnikov, Neeraj Bhala, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Kyle R. Heuton, Michelle L. Bell, Yohannes Kinfu, Takayoshi Ohkubo, Belinda K Lloyd, R. Kumar, Jan Hendrik Richardus, Benjamin O. Anderson, Cell biology, Epidemiology, Public Health, Erasmus MC other, Pathology, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Murray, Christopher J.L, Ortblad, Katrina F., Guinovart, Caterina, Lim, Stephen S., Wolock, Timothy M., Roberts, D. Allen, Dansereau, Emily A., Graetz, Nichola, Barber, Ryan M., Brown, Jonathan C., Wang, Haidong, Duber, Herbert C., Naghavi, Mohsen, Dicker, Daniel, Dandona, Lalit, Salomon, Joshua A., Heuton, Kyle R., Foreman, Kyle, Phillips, David E., Fleming, Thomas D., Flaxman, Abraham D., Phillips, Bryan K., Johnson, Elizabeth K., Coggeshall, Megan S., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abraham, Jerry P., Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen Me, Achoki, Tom, Adeyemo, Austine Olufemi, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Adsuar, José C., Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Akena, Dicken, Al Kahbouri, Mazin J., Alasfoor, Deena, Albittar, Mohammed I., Alcalá-Cerra, Gabriel, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alla, Francoi, Allen, Peter J., Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amankwaa, Adansi A., Amare, Azmeraw T., Amini, Hassan, Ammar, Walid, Anderson, Benjamin O., Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arsic Arsenijevic, Valentina S., Artaman, Ali, Asghar, Rana J., Assadi, Reza, Atkins, Lydia S., Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Basu, Sanjay, Beardsley, Justin, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L., Bernabe, Eduardo, Beyene, Tariku Jibat, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Bin Abdulhak, Aref, Binagwaho, Agne, Blore, Jed D., Bora Basara, Berrak, Bose, Dipan, Brainin, Michael, Breitborde, Nichola, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chadha, Vineet K., Chang, Jung-Chen, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chuang, Ting-Wu, Colomar, Mercede, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cooper, Cyru, Courville, Karen J., Cowie, Benjamin C., Criqui, Michael H., Dandona, Rakhi, Dayama, Anand, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Del Pozo-Cruz, Borja, Deribe, Kebede, Des Jarlais, Don C., Dessalegn, Muluken, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dilmen, Uur, Ding, Eric L., Driscoll, Tim R., Durrani, Adnan M., Ellenbogen, Richard G., Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faraon, Emerito Jose A., Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fijabi, Daniel Obadare, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H., Paleo, Urbano Fra., Gaffikin, Lynne, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Gankpé, Fortuné Gbètoho, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Gessner, Bradford D., Gibney, Katherine B., Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Glaser, Elizabeth L., Gona, Philimon, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N., Gugnani, Harish Chander, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Rahul, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J., Harb, Hilda L., Haro, Josep Maria, Havmoeller, Rasmu, Hay, Simon I., Hedayati, Mohammad T., Heredia Pi, Ileana B., Hoek, Hans W., Hornberger, John C., Hosgood, H. Dean, Hotez, Peter J., Hoy, Damian G., Huang, John J., Iburg, Kim M., Idrisov, Bulat T., Innos, Kaire, Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jensen, Paul N., Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jonas, Jost B., Juel, Knud, Kan, Haidong, Kankindi, Ida, Karam, Nadim E., Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kazi, Dhruv S., Kemp, Andrew H., Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kereselidze, Maia, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalifa, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan, Khan, Ejaz Ahmed, Khang, Young-Ho, Khonelidze, Irma, Kinfu, Yohanne, Kinge, Jonas M., Knibbs, Luke, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, S., Kuate Defo, Barthelemy, Kulkarni, Veena S., Kulkarni, Chanda, Kumar, Kaushalendra, Kumar, Ravi B., Kumar, G. Anil, Kwan, Gene F., Lai, Taavi, Lakshmana Balaji, Arjun, Lam, Hilton, Lan, Qing, Lansingh, Van C., Larson, Heidi J., Larsson, Ander, Lee, Jong-Tae, Leigh, Jame, Leinsalu, Mall, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, De Lima, Graça Maria Ferreira, Lin, Hsien-Ho, Lipshultz, Steven E., Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K., Lotufo, Paulo A., Machado, Vasco Manuel Pedro, Maclachlan, Jennifer H., Magis-Rodriguez, Carlo, Majdan, Marek, Mapoma, Christopher Chabila, Marcenes, Wagner, Marzan, Melvin Barriento, Masci, Joseph R., Mashal, Mohammad Taufiq, Mason-Jones, Amanda J., Mayosi, Bongani M., Mazorodze, Tasara T., Mckay, Abigail Cecilia, Meaney, Peter A., Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mokdad, Ali H., Mola, Glen Liddell, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montico, Marcella, Moore, Ami R., Mori, Rintaro, Moturi, Wilkister Nyaora, Mukaigawara, Mitsuru, Murthy, Kinnari S., Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S., Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Narayan, K.M. Venkat, Nash, Deni, Nejjari, Chakib, Nelson, Robert G., Neupane, Sudan Prasad, Newton, Charles R., Ng, Marie, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Nolte, Sandra, Norheim, Ole F., Nowaseb, Vincent, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Oh, In-Hwan, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Olusanya, Bolajoko O., Omer, Saad B., Opio, John Nelson, Orisakwe, Orish Ebere, Pandian, Jeyaraj D., Papachristou, Christina, Paternina Caicedo, Angel J., Patten, Scott B., Paul, Vinod K., Pavlin, Boris Igor, Pearce, Neil, Pereira, David M., Pervaiz, Aslam, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qato, Dima, Quezada, Amado D., Quistberg, D. Alex, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Raju, Murugesan, Rana, Saleem M., Razavi, Homie, Reilly, Robert Quentin, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Richardus, Jan Hendrik, Ronfani, Luca, Roy, Nobhojit, Sabin, Nsanzimana, Saeedi, Mohammad Yahya, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Samonte, Genesis May J., Sawhney, Monika, Schneider, Ione J.C., Schwebel, David C., Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Servan-Mori, Edson E., Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin Hyun, Shiue, Ivy, Shivakoti, Rupak, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silberberg, Donald H., Silva, Andrea P., Simard, Edgar P., Singh, Jasvinder A., Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Soneji, Samir, Soshnikov, Sergey S., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stathopoulou, Vasiliki Kalliopi, Stroumpoulis, Konstantino, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L., Tabb, Karen M., Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tenkorang, Eric Yeboah, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thomson, Alan J., Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L., Towbin, Jeffrey A., Traebert, Jefferson, Tran, Bach X., Tsala Dimbuene, Zacharie, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadi, Uchendu, Uche S., Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Uzun, Selen Begüm, Vallely, Andrew J., Vasankari, Tommi J., Venketasubramanian, N., Violante, Francesco S., Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Waller, Stephen, Wallin, Mitchell T., Wang, Linhong, Wang, Xiao Rong, Wang, Yanping, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Westerman, Ronny, White, Richard A., Wilkinson, James D., Williams, Thomas Neil, Woldeyohannes, Solomon Meseret, Wong, John Q., Xu, Gelin, Yang, Yang C., Yano, Yuichiro, Yentur, Gokalp Kadri, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa, Yu, Chuanhua, Jin, Kim Yun, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Zhao, Yong, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Jun, Zou, Xiao Nong, Lopez, Alan D., and Vos, Theo
Subjects: Gerontology, SEVERE FEBRILE ILLNESS, Male, verbal autopsy, Nutrition and Disease, Cost effectiveness, MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS, HIV Infections, active antiretroviral therapy, Global Health, COST-EFFECTIVENESS, 0302 clinical medicine, Voeding en Ziekte, Global health, HIV Infection, 030212 general & internal medicine, 0303 health sciences, ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, Incidence (epidemiology), Medicine (all), Incidence, General Medicine, Millennium Development Goals, 3. Good health, middle-income countries, projection package, World Health, VERBAL AUTOPSY, Female, Human, Tuberculosis, Tuberculosi, PROJECTION PACKAGE, prospective cohort, Epidemic, millennium development goals, 03 medical and health sciences, Age Distribution, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, medicine, Organizational Objective, Humans, Organizational Objectives, FEMALE SEX WORKERS, Mortality, Sex Distribution, Epidemics, cost-effectiveness, female sex workers, 030304 developmental biology, VLAG, business.industry, plasmodium-falciparum malaria, PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM MALARIA, medicine.disease, Verbal autopsy, Malaria, PROSPECTIVE COHORT, severe febrile illness, business, Demography
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The Millennium Declaration in 2000 brought special global attention to HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria through the formulation of Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 6. The Global Burden of Disease 2013 study provides a consistent and comprehensive approach to disease estimation for between 1990 and 2013, and an opportunity to assess whether accelerated progress has occured since the Millennium Declaration.METHODS: To estimate incidence and mortality for HIV, we used the UNAIDS Spectrum model appropriately modified based on a systematic review of available studies of mortality with and without antiretroviral therapy (ART). For concentrated epidemics, we calibrated Spectrum models to fit vital registration data corrected for misclassification of HIV deaths. In generalised epidemics, we minimised a loss function to select epidemic curves most consistent with prevalence data and demographic data for all-cause mortality. We analysed counterfactual scenarios for HIV to assess years of life saved through prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and ART. For tuberculosis, we analysed vital registration and verbal autopsy data to estimate mortality using cause of death ensemble modelling. We analysed data for corrected case-notifications, expert opinions on the case-detection rate, prevalence surveys, and estimated cause-specific mortality using Bayesian meta-regression to generate consistent trends in all parameters. We analysed malaria mortality and incidence using an updated cause of death database, a systematic analysis of verbal autopsy validation studies for malaria, and recent studies (2010-13) of incidence, drug resistance, and coverage of insecticide-treated bednets.FINDINGS: Globally in 2013, there were 1·8 million new HIV infections (95% uncertainty interval 1·7 million to 2·1 million), 29·2 million prevalent HIV cases (28·1 to 31·7), and 1·3 million HIV deaths (1·3 to 1·5). At the peak of the epidemic in 2005, HIV caused 1·7 million deaths (1·6 million to 1·9 million). Concentrated epidemics in Latin America and eastern Europe are substantially smaller than previously estimated. Through interventions including PMTCT and ART, 19·1 million life-years (16·6 million to 21·5 million) have been saved, 70·3% (65·4 to 76·1) in developing countries. From 2000 to 2011, the ratio of development assistance for health for HIV to years of life saved through intervention was US$4498 in developing countries. Including in HIV-positive individuals, all-form tuberculosis incidence was 7·5 million (7·4 million to 7·7 million), prevalence was 11·9 million (11·6 million to 12·2 million), and number of deaths was 1·4 million (1·3 million to 1·5 million) in 2013. In the same year and in only individuals who were HIV-negative, all-form tuberculosis incidence was 7·1 million (6·9 million to 7·3 million), prevalence was 11·2 million (10·8 million to 11·6 million), and number of deaths was 1·3 million (1·2 million to 1·4 million). Annualised rates of change (ARC) for incidence, prevalence, and death became negative after 2000. Tuberculosis in HIV-negative individuals disproportionately occurs in men and boys (versus women and girls); 64·0% of cases (63·6 to 64·3) and 64·7% of deaths (60·8 to 70·3). Globally, malaria cases and deaths grew rapidly from 1990 reaching a peak of 232 million cases (143 million to 387 million) in 2003 and 1·2 million deaths (1·1 million to 1·4 million) in 2004. Since 2004, child deaths from malaria in sub-Saharan Africa have decreased by 31·5% (15·7 to 44·1). Outside of Africa, malaria mortality has been steadily decreasing since 1990.INTERPRETATION: Our estimates of the number of people living with HIV are 18·7% smaller than UNAIDS's estimates in 2012. The number of people living with malaria is larger than estimated by WHO. The number of people living with HIV, tuberculosis, or malaria have all decreased since 2000. At the global level, upward trends for malaria and HIV deaths have been reversed and declines in tuberculosis deaths have accelerated. 101 countries (74 of which are developing) still have increasing HIV incidence. Substantial progress since the Millennium Declaration is an encouraging sign of the effect of global action.FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2014

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7 results on '"Phillips, Bryan"'

1. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990-2013: quantifying the epidemiological transition.

2. Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.

3. Global, regional, and national levels of neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.

4. Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

5. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990-2013

6. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

7. Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

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