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Competing Interests: Declaration of interests HH reports her role as President of the World Psychiatric Association during the period of preparing and submitting the Commission for publication, and support from an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Practitioner Fellowship. VP reports being a co-founder of Librum, a mental health consulting firm, and has consulted with Johnson & Johnson, with no fees received related to the submitted work. His research on depression is supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) and the Wellcome Trust. CK is a researcher from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brazil, and a UK Academy of Medical Sciences Newton Advanced Fellow. MB reports grants from the NHMRC as Senior Principal Research Fellow, during the conduct of the study; personal fees from Servier, Lundbeck, Livanova, Grunbiotics, Otsuka, RANZCP, ANZJP, and Medisquire India, outside of the submitted work; and three issued patents (Modulation of Physiological processes and agents useful for same, Modulation of diseases of the central nervous system and related disorders, and Xanthone-rich plant extracts or compounds therefrom for modulating diseases of the central nervous system and related disorders issued). CB reports travel support from the Wellcome Trust and personal fees from the University of Melbourne and the World Psychiatric Association, during the conduct of the study. PC reports support for unrelated grants from the European Commission and ZonMw, and receives royalties for books and for occasional workshops and invited addresses. TAF reports grants and personal fees from Mitsubishi-Tanabe and Shionogi, and personal fees from Sony, outside of the submitted work. TAF also has a patent 2020-548587 concerning smartphone cognitive behavioural therapy applications pending, and intellectual properties for Kokoro-application licensed to Tanabe-Mitsubishi. RCK was a consultant for Datastat, Holmusk, RallyPoint Networks, and Sage Pharmaceuticals. He has stock options in Cerebral, Mirah, PYM, and Roga Sciences. CFR reports consultant fees from the Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance, Weill Cornell School of Medicine, UpToDate, The University of Maryland School of Public Health, Psychopharmacology Institute, and Merck; and an honorarium from the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, outside of the submitted work; and royalties from the University of Pittsburgh and Oxford University Press. Since 2018, MMW has received research funding from NIMH, Brain and Behavior Foundation, Templeton Foundation, and the Sackler Foundation, and has received book royalties from Perseus Press, Oxford University Press, and APA Publishing and royalties on the social adjustment scale from Multihealth Systems. DC is funded by the African Academy of Sciences and is a founder of Friendship Bench, which is supported by Boehringer Ingelheim, Draper Richards Kaplan Foundation, Mulago Foundation, Africa Visionary Fund, David Weekley Foundation, Grand Challenges Africa, Grand Challenges Canada, Schooner Foundation and Zoom Cares. CD reports grants from National Institute for Health and Social Care (England), personal fees from World Organisation of Family Doctors, personal fees from iheed—Accredited Medical Education Online (Ireland), outside of the submitted work; and as Chair of the Working Party for Mental Health of the World Organisation for Family Doctors, CD advocates for the central role of family doctors in the assessment and management of depression in primary care settings. LMH reports funding from the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust/King's College London Biomedical Research Centre; the UKRI Collaborative Mental Health Network plus: Violence, Abuse and Mental Health: Opportunities for change (ES/S004424/1); National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) HS&DR ESMI II: The Effectiveness and cost effectiveness of community perinatal Mental health services (17/49/38); and salary support from the South London NIHR Applied Research Collaboration. CWH reports funding from NIMH, National Institute of Drug Abuse, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Fogarty International Center, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. HSM reports personal fees from Abbott Laboratories, outside of the submitted work; and a patent US 2005/0033379A1 licensed to Abbott Laboratories. BWJHP reports grants from Jansen Research and Boehringer Ingelheim, outside of the submitted work. MT reports personal fees from Acadia Pharmaceuticals, Allergan, Alto Neuroscience, Axsome Therapeutics, Engage Health Media, GreenLight VitalSign6, Janssen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Myriad Neuroscience, Navitor Pharmaceutical, Otsuka, Perception Neuroscience, SAGE Therapeutics, Signant Health, Academy Health, Akili Interactive, Health Research Associates, Jazz Pharmaceutical, Lundbeck Research USA, Perception Neuroscience Holdings, and Pharmerit International, outside of the submitted work. All other authors declare no competing interests.