Search

Simple Summary: Glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive brain tumors, with poor survival and early recurrence rates. The development of effective immunotherapy treatments has been limited by the infiltration-resistant and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments of these tumors. γδ T cells are unconventional T cells that have the potential to overcome these challenges through their unique recognition of molecular targets on glioblastoma cells. Nonetheless, challenges exist in the utilization of these cells, including their isolation, expansion, and potential for protumor activity. In this review, we discuss the biology of γδ T cells and their role in immunotherapy for glioblastoma and propose several research avenues for future studies. Cell-based immunotherapy for glioblastoma (GBM) encounters major challenges due to the infiltration-resistant and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). γδ T cells, unconventional T cells expressing the characteristic γδ T cell receptor, have demonstrated promise in overcoming these challenges, suggesting great immunotherapeutic potential. This review presents the role of γδ T cells in GBM and proposes several research avenues for future studies. Using the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and JSTOR databases, we performed a review of the literature studying the biology of γδ T cells and their role in GBM treatment. We identified 15 studies focused on γδ T cells in human GBM. Infiltrative γδ T cells can incite antitumor immune responses in certain TMEs, though rapid tumor progression and TME hypoxia may impact the extent of tumor suppression. In the studies, available findings have shown both the potential for robust antitumor activity and the risk of protumor activity. While γδ T cells have potential as a therapeutic agent against GBM, the technical challenges of extracting, isolating, and expanding γδ T cells, and the activation of antitumoral versus protumoral cascades, remain barriers to their application. Overcoming these limitations may transform γδ T cells into a promising immunotherapy in GBM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Perirolandic motor area gliomas present invasive eloquent region tumors within the precentral gyrus that are difficult to resect without causing neurologic deficits. Study Aims This study evaluates the role of awake craniotomy andmotormapping on neurologic outcome and extent of resection (EOR) of tumor in the perirolandic motor region. It also analyzes preoperative risk factors for intraoperative seizures. Methods: We evaluated 57 patients who underwent an awake craniotomy for a perirolandic motor area eloquent region glioma. Patients who had positive mapping (PM) or intraoperative identification of motor regions in the cortex using direct cortical stimulation were compared with patients with no positive motor mapping following direct cortical stimulation and negative mapping (NM). Preoperative risks, intraoperative seizures, perioperativeoutcomes, tumor characteristics, andEORwerealso compared. Alogistic regression model was used to evaluate the predictors for intraoperative seizures in this patient cohort. Results: Overall, 33 patients were in the PM cohort; 24 were in the NM cohort. Our study showed an 8.8% incidence of intraoperative seizures during cortical and subcortical mapping for awake craniotomies in the perirolandic motor area, none of which aborted the case. PM patients had significantly more intraoperative and postoperative seizures (15.5%and 30.3%, respectively) compared with theNMpatients (0% and 8.3%, respectively; p = 0.046 and 0.044). New transient postoperativemotor deficits were found more often in the PM group (51.5%) versus the NM group (12.5%; p = 0.002). A univariate logistic regression showed that PM(odds ratio [OR]: 1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.34; p = 0.035) and preoperative tumor volume (OR: 0.998; 95% CI, 0.996-0.999; p = 0.049) were significant predictors for intraoperative seizures in patients with perirolandic gliomas. Conclusion: Awake craniotomies in the perirolandic motor region can be safely performed with a similar incidence of intraoperative seizures as reported for the language cortex. PM in this regionmay increase the likelihood of perioperative seizures or motor deficits compared with NM. Craniotomies that minimize cortical exposure for perirolandic gliomas that may not localize motor regions can still allow for extensive tumor resection with a good postoperative outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]