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Water is a prerequisite for the existence of life on earth. Rapid growth in the global population and industrialization have created a dearth of freshwater resources. Escalating water scarcity suggests that the use of passive solar stills is the most suitable and viable option in the arid and semi-arid areas around the world. In this study, the yield of wick type floating solar still is experimentally investigated for different wick materials. Capillary rise and absorbency of two different absorbers are considered as performance parameters for analysis of the research. Based on results, crepe paper with absorbency (1.8s) and capillary rise (112mm/h) proved a better absorber for higher productivity of the still. The efficiency of still with crepe paper was observed to be 16.68% higher than that of glass fiber sheet when applied in still during the investigation. The maximum internal temperature and the productivity of still were 9.1°C and 0.8 L/day respectively higher when crepe paper was used instead of a glass fiber sheet as a wicking material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As is known, the propagation of cracks in a structural member is associated with local modifications of rigidity and thus possible major effects that can strongly affect its load-bearing capacity and dynamic parameters. As such, among others, the natural frequency control represents a consolidated and efficient approach for damage detection, damage severity assessment, and in situ monitoring for several structural typologies. In this paper, attention is given to typically brittle-in-tension structural glass members and to the analysis of first-crack initiation in terms of natural frequency decrease. The goal is to assess the potential and feasibility of a standardized approach for in situ structural health monitoring (SHM) assessment. To this aim, the investigation takes advantage of a literature analytical model for frequency assessment (i.e., as a function of crack position and depth), and of finite-element (FE) numerical simulations carried out to predict the cracked vibration frequency of various configurations of technical interest. As a first step of this possible methodology assessment, glass beams under an in-plane bending setup are considered, given that they are largely used as stiffeners or fins. It is shown that while glass material is typically brittle in tension and cracks can originate from edges due to several reasons, traditional frequency-based monitoring tools can be efficiently adapted for early detection and to quantify damage in existing glass structures. For the examined configurations, it is shown that frequency reductions up to ≈−20% can be expected due to first-crack initiation. Most importantly, the FE numerical analyses show that crack shape/geometry can further emphasize the expected frequency decrease, and thus additionally enforce the need of specific protocols/performance indicators for SHM purposes in existing structures, as well as for the optimal design of new systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analytical investigation of glass fiber–reinforced polymer (GFRP) reinforced concrete knee joints subjected to closing moments, with a focus on reinforcement ratio, joint geometry, and confinement stirrups. The study uses the finite-element method with a commercially available code to verify experimental tests and examines the behavior of the knee joints through a parametric study. The concrete damaged plasticity model was used to define the material behavior of concrete, and the effects of different dilation angles were also studied. The average test-to-predicted ratios between finite-element analyses and test results fall within a range of 2% for moment capacities and 5% for deflections at peak. The results indicate that the dilation angle significantly influences the moment capacity and the ultimate deflection of specimens. Proper reinforcement detailing and concrete confinement are found to be important in knee joints, as unconfined specimens failed at significantly lower strengths than their confined counterparts. Incorporating diagonal stirrups in the knee joints is shown to be more effective than utilizing lateral stirrups in enhancing both moment capacity and deflections of the specimens under closing moments. However, placement of lateral stirrups is more practical than diagonal stirrups and it is shown that lateral stirrups increase the capacity of the joints to acceptable levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the design process and successful deployment of an electrically tintable glass, known as electrochromic glazing, for a fully daylit atrium sheltering a rare books reading room at a university library. The project demanded a novel design process where analysis and simulation data from a parametric model were directly used to program the final control system, merging quantitative and qualitative design workflows to develop a daylighting solution that could meet the client's visual and metric requirements. The final daylighting design employs a dynamic "heliotropic" shading control system that follows the sun path both geometrically, as well as photometrically, maintaining illuminance levels from daylight at the task plane below a specified threshold at all times throughout the year. This solution used an electrochromic glazing product that offered four transmission levels ranging from 60% VLT to 1% VLT, providing the shading required to support the archival needs for engaging with rare and light-sensitive artifacts while maintaining as much clear or minimally tinted glazing as possible to support the visual and experiential qualities of the space. The project was designed between 2015–2016 and installed 2017–2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The comparative analysis of the cellular glass products manufactured by the non-conventional microwave heating method compared to those made on a large scale by conventional methods is presented in this paper. Applying the non-conventional method was carried out in recent years by authors of the current article. Four different testing versions were selected by the composition of the material mixture including the expanding agent as well as the operational parameters. SiC, CaCO3, and Si3N4 separately constituted the expanding agents used in the analyzed experiments. Also, fly ash, red iron oxide, borax, and MnO2 were other additional materials included into the mixture, also separately. The specific energy consumption of producing processes were very low under the conditions of using a microwave equipment at very small-scale (0.8 kW), there being the possibility of improving this parameter by up to 25 % by applying the method on an industrial-scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advancements in scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX) technologies have reached the point where rapid, fully quantitative, non-destructive and high-resolution acquisition of effectively all major element chemical information from polished sample material is possible. Here, we discuss optimisation parameters and demonstrate the data quality that can be achieved for SEM-EDX analysis of magmatic glass samples; glass represents a particular challenge due its lack of stoichiometry and potential for beam-induced element mobilisation. We test our approach through analysis of reference materials and demonstrate the advantages of SEM-EDX for several volcanic glasses that were previously investigated with electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA). SEM-EDX analysis is typically undertaken at a much lower beam current than EPMA, allowing for non-destructive analysis of geologic material that are sensitive to a higher beam current, such as sodium-rich glass. With careful instrument set-up, robust standardisation, and optimal experiment parameters, SEM-EDX analysis can achieve major and minor element data comparable with that collected via EPMA, with the exception of low abundance elements (those below 0.2 wt%). In addition, SEM-EDX analysis typically uses a smaller beam diameter and so permits analysis of smaller features than EPMA. Our results show that this technique can be potentially used as a quantitative tool on a wide range of geological materials with faster analysis, improved spatial resolution and cost advantages making it a complementary or alternative analytical method to EPMA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaeological evidence as well as textual sources leave no doubt about Alwa's (Alodia's) intense transcultural connections, further corroborated by understudied overseas glass bead imports found there. This paper presents results of an analysis of 23 glass beads from Soba, the most prosperous capital of medieval Nubia. Compositional analyses using laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) have identified glass belonging to a number of broad compositional groups. Three samples were made of soda lime low‐alumina glass produced in the Middle East (v‐Na‐Ca) and Egypt (m/v‐Na‐Ca). The remaining beads were made of two types of mineral–soda high‐alumina glass (m‐Na‐Al) North Indian in origin. The results of this study provide new evidence for the provenance and chronology of glass beads available in medieval Soba and Northeast Africa, and contribute new data to research on trade contacts of that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper glass/chicken feathers reinforced epoxy composite and glass/chicken feathers reinforced polyester composite was prepared in the laboratory at different percentage of the glass and chicken feathers. Tensile properties, flexural properties, shore hardness and impact strength of the glass/chicken feathers reinforced epoxy composite and glass/chicken feathers reinforced polyester composite was studied experimentally and compared at different percentage of the glass and chicken feathers. The composite will be used in humid and corrosive environment; therefore, water absorption and acid corrosion test were performed. To understand the degradation behaviour of the composite, soil test was performed. Scanning electron microscopy analysis was carried out to find the fracture and interfacial characteristics of the composites after tensile test. This hybrid composite can be used in automobile, structural and defense sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper gives an insight to formation of ablation craters on float glass samples due to irradiation by high energetic nanosecond laser pulses and its optimisation for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) analysis. Use of such lasers is less common for material processing, therefore ablation and eventual degradation of the samples has not been in the focus technical studies. Meanwhile high energy pulses can be optimal for certain applications, such as LIBS. Here the properties of ablation craters on common float glass samples after high energetic laser pulse irradiation were investigated. LIBS spectra were obtained and their quality was compared against the irradiation parameters such as wavelength and focusing conditions. It was found that these have a significant effect on crater formation, but parameters can be set to allow ablation without major degradation of the sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As construction waste, waste glass has great harm to the environment. It is essential to find an effective method to reuse waste glass. In this paper, the effect of glass powder on the performance of concrete is studied. The results show that the addition of glass powder leads to the increase of friction and the deterioration of working performance. ICP and TG show that the early volcanic ash effect of glass powder is not obvious. The addition of glass powder reduces the early compressive strength, but with the increase of age, the compressive strength of concrete increases. Through MIP, UPV and SEM-EDS, it is shown that with ageing, the addition of glass powder improves durability and no significant difference in hydration products is observed. Thus, the addition of glass powder can provide good economic and environmental benefits. Therefore, glass powder can be mixed according to actual engineering needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the finite element analysis of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP)-reinforced concrete beams. The research focuses on refining and validating concrete constitutive modelling within the commercial software ABAQUS. The accuracy of the proposed models is evaluated against a set of experimentally tested GFRP-reinforced concrete beams with, and without, GFRP shear reinforcement. The validated models are then used to conduct a parametric study on the influence of slenderness and shear reinforcement on the behaviour of GFRP-reinforced beams, the results of which are compared to the CSA S806-12 and ACI440.1R-15 design provisions. A discussion is provided on the effectiveness of the current design methods in predicting strength and failure modes of the GFRP-reinforced beams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The weathering of ancient glass relics has long been a concerned. Therefore, a systematic and more comprehensive mathematical model with which to correctly judge the category of ancient glass products whose chemical composition changes due to weathering should be established. This paper systematically analyzes and studies the changes in the composition of ancient glass products as a result of weathering of. We first analyze the surface weathering of glass relics and its correlation with three properties and establish a multivariable time-series model to predict the chemical-composition content before weathering. Next, we use one-way analysis of variance for subclassification and, finally, we use a principal component analysis of the rationality, and change the significance level to determine its sensitivity, for the reasonable prediction of the chemical-composition content and classification to provide a theoretical basis for improving the model. This allows the model to provide reference values, which can be used in the protection of cultural relics, historical research, and other fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper will describe how glass defects are analyzed, and how the identification of the defect composition can assist the glass manufacturer to identify the source of the problem. Glass defects, whether in the form of stones and cords, or other solid inclusions, or gaseous bubbles are a big issue for glass manufacturers. Even with increasing technical improvements in the glass melting processes, these glass defects still occur and are a big impact to good glass quality, which can sometimes lead to significant losses in production. For solid inclusions, determination of the chemical and phase composition of the defect and the information on its microstructure is necessary for the identification of their origin. Classification of some typical defects is proposed based on their chemical composition and microstructure determined using SEM-EDX microanalysis. For gaseous defects the composition of the gases, the size and internal pressures, or the presence of deposits assists in potential source of the problem. A Mass Spectrometer is utilized. Additional laboratory services, such as a High Temperature Observation Furnace, can assist is comparing different melting processes. This paper will review several case studies. Application of all the information gained during the process of identification to successfully isolate their sources is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

British glass has often been valued as much for its design as for the quality of its glass 'metal' and its workmanship. It was not always that way. In the first half of the 17th century there was no distinct British style and drinking glass production was mainly limited to out-dated copies of Venetian or Dutch designs. All this changed 350 years ago with the granting of a Royal Charter to the Glass-sellers Company of London. Fortunately we know a lot about one of these founding Glass-sellers, John Greene, and his innovative glass designs from the Sloane 857 manuscripts now preserved in the British Library. This paper aims to explore how drinking glass designs evolved around 1670 by tracing one thread through Greene's designs, looking at how a style of beer glass developed to satisfy what quickly became a dynamic fashion-conscious market. This is illustrated by a surviving complete glass and excavated fragments. Of particular interest is that the recently-discovered complete glass matches a design ordered by John Greene from Venice on 10th February 1670/1. However, the glass 'metal' does not appear Venetian and there are other similar Greene drawings that do not relate to any Venetian order, so the paper considers the evidence for it being English-made. In any discussion of glass design around 1670 there is an important 'chicken and egg' question. Which came first: lead crystal glass, or the market-need for lead-crystal glass? The paper argues that the market need came first and that the technical developments to satisfy this followed. The paper concludes by highlighting the importance of the Glass-sellers as designers at this critical stage in the development of the English and Irish glass industries and showing that these classic designs quickly became iconic, evoking the taverns described in Samuel Pepys' diaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The paper presents an unconventional technique for manufacturing foam glass gravel. The numerous experimental results obtained by the authors in the last year using various manufacturing recipes common in the world industrial production by conventional techniques were selected and subjected to a qualitative and energy efficiency comparative analysis, aiming to determine the best foam glass gravel manufacturing procedure under the conditions of the use of the microwave energy. The optimum recipe was composed of 83% glass waste, 1% glycerol, 8% sodium silicate and 8 % water. The maximum heating temperature reached 823C with a very economical energy consumption of 0.88 kWh/kg. The sample characteristics were apparent density-0.24 g/cm3, porosity-89.1% with pore size between 0.3 - 0.6 mm, thermal conductivity-0.063 W/m·K and compressive strength - 5.9 MPa, almost similar to those industrially obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to simulate and investigate the relationship of shell structural characteristics and ultimate bearing capacity (UBC) on glass fiber reinforced mortar (GRP) mortar pipes. In this paper, numerical simulation technology is used to analyze the ultimate strength which is very concerned about the scheme design of GRP mortar pipe. Combined with the static load experiment, the developed finite element numerical model of GRP mortar pipe is validated. The variations of UBC versus ply scheme are investigated for the optimum shell structure as [0/30/90/-30]s. The influence of three main parameters as laying layer, fiber volume ratio and volume ratio of spiral wound are investigated. It is observed that UBC of pipeline increase with increasing the fiber volume ratio and volume ratio of spiral wound layer; however the UBC increases with the pipe layers when the shell structure is within 6 plies and decreases when it is larger than 6 plies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical analysis of glass from African archaeological sites has become a standard research tool over the past decades. Despite the multiplication of studies, the continent still exhibits vast unexplored regions. One of these is the surroundings of Lake Chad. This paper discusses the results of LA‐ICP‐MS analysis of recently excavated glass beads from the late medieval Chadian site of Tié. We demonstrate that the composition of those glass beads largely matches assemblages from along the East African coast. This indicates that most of the beads examined entered the region via a hitherto undocumented east–west Sudanic route linking Northeast Africa with Lake Chad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a systemic calibration methodology to efficiently simulate progressive damage evolution in four different pultruded glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites using the strain-based COMposite DAMage Model (CODAM2) in the commercial finite element software LS-DYNA. In particular, Compact Tension (CT), scaled-up CT, and wide CT tests are simulated to find the best set of input parameters by considering four distinct indicators obtained from experimental and numerical load vs displacement data. By combining these indicators into a physically meaningful equivalent deviation value via a linear weighted-sum method, the results show that the most suited input damage variables yield physically accurate crack length predictions which underlines the robustness and accuracy of the proposed method. Furthermore, it is shown that the incorporation of bi-linear softening laws improves CODAM2 simulation results by up to 90%, however it also increases the number of parameters to be calibrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the concept of an operational reference glass database, specifically designed for broken glass fragments from ATM attacks, jewelry store robberies, and ramraids on high-end clothing stores. The database, initiated in 2014, is used to compare glass traces from organized crews involved said criminal activities. Utilizing LA-ICPMS, this study establishes a methodology for collecting reference glass samples from the scenes of the aforementioned crimes, thus creating a comprehensive database containing over 3500 reference glass samples from crime scenes. The operational database is employed to match trace elemental profiles of glass fragments from suspected items to known reference samples, offering specificity and accuracy. Analysis of results, while ongoing due to the nature of active cases, find matches of trace materials in over 50 % of case requests since 2019. Challenges such as database scalability and continuous updating are acknowledged, and future directions include technological advancements to enhance precision and the application into other areas of forensic material analysis. The paper emphasizes the efficacy of this specialized approach in chemical profiling, providing a potent tool for linking glass traces to specific criminal contexts and providing intelligence and investigative leads into individuals involved in ATM-related crimes. [Display omitted] • Introduction of the concept of an operational glass database by means of chemical profiling. • Glass fragments can be matched to reference glass that was received months prior. • Over 50 % of case requests since 2019 yield matches with earlier stored reference glass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on a finite element numerical investigation for pointed fixed laminated glass panels (PFLGP). The study focused on the influence of the fixing elements and interlayer material. Two mechanical point fixing solutions were studied: i) embedded and ii) countersunk bolt fixings. Two types of interlayers were considered: EVASAFE and PVB. The numerical models were developed with FE software Abaqus. Results are validated with ongoing experimental research, considering a selection of single PFLGP subjected to wind loads. The different numerical modelling techniques for each fixing type are described and detailed, allowing further developments on the characterization of these systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vibration serviceability assessment of slender and/or lightweight pedestrian systems with high sensitivity to walk-induced effects is rather challenging. In the same way, laminated glass (LG) is used in buildings for structural applications but still represents a not well known and vulnerable material. For pedestrian LG systems, the characterization of dynamic and mechanical parameters may require specific procedures which do not adapt from other constructional typologies. Among others, the mass of pedestrians is generally high compared with LG structural components. Size and restraints in LG may also lead to more pronounced vibration effects. For existing LG systems, moreover, knowledge of residual capacity may be rather difficult. In this paper, an original uncoupled experimental investigation is proposed to numerically address the accuracy and potential of low-cost laboratory body measures for vibration analysis of LG slabs to support (or even replace) field tests or more complex calculation approaches. A total of 40 experimental records are taken into account, in the form of body center of mass (CoM) acceleration time histories for an adult volunteer walking on a rigid concrete slab and equipped with a single high-precision, Wi-Fi triaxial sensor based on micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) technology. Body CoM records are elaborated and used as input for finite element (FE) nonlinear dynamic analysis in the time domain (WL1) of two LG slab configurations (GS1 and GS2) with identical geometry but different boundaries. A third reinforced concrete slab of literature (CS3) is also investigated for further assessment. Numerical parametric results from a total of 120 WL1-based nonlinear dynamic analyses are compared with FE numerical results based on a conventional deterministic approach (WL2) to describe walk-induced effects, as well as towards past field experiments (GS2). The accuracy and potential of the proposed procedure are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precise and accurate determination of major components in alkali silicate glasses provides critical information concerning element distribution, petrogenesis and magmatic evolution. However, as one of the most important in situ microanalytical technologies, the application of electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) was limited by the time-dependent loss of X-ray intensity of alkali ions (especially Na) during electron beam bombardment on alkali silicate glasses. In this study, an optimized analytical method was developed using a JEOL JXA 8100 EPMA, aiming to get a long enough incubation duration suitable for accurate analysis of major element mass fractions. The optimal analytical conditions were determined as follows: 15 kV accelerating voltage, 2 nA beam current, 20 μm beam diameter, 40 s peak counting time, Na and K analyzed with top priority, time-saving mode with no additional detector movement and no peak search functioned. The availability of this low beam current density condition (6.37 × 10−3 nA μm−2) to 24 anhydrous reference glasses, with their compositions covering the entire spectrum from the ultramafic to highly siliceous range, was verified by the good agreement of the EPMA measured data with their GeoReM preferred values. Similarly, the methodology presented here is also suitable for analysis of hydrous glasses with H2O contents up to approximately 9 wt%, accompanied by no obvious Na loss found and no complicated mathematical corrections needed, and therefore can be used for the estimation of H2O contents in H2O-rich (>1 wt%) geological glasses by the difference method. Despite its analytical accuracy and precision (>0.5 wt%) not better than those of SIMS and FTIR, EPMA can be used as a substitute technique for H2O determination with its main advantages of excellent spatial resolution (down to 5–10 μm) and analytical convenience, especially for small melt inclusions or tiny experimental quench products, and the case with no appropriate calibration standards or no reported extinction coefficients available for those compositions of interest. In daily application, our optimized method is low cost and easy to implement and can achieve comparable precision and detection limits with acceptable efficiency (∼4–5 min/point for ten major elements) relative to routine analysis conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate Li isotope analysis of silicate glasses using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is challenging due to the matrix effect, which causes instrumental mass fractionation (IMF). The characteristics of the matrix effect vary for each element, necessitating empirical correction methods. Here, we present Li isotopic measurements on a set of silicate glasses spanning a broad compositional range from ultramafic to highly siliceous using a Cameca NanoSIMS 50L. A radio-frequency (RF)-O primary beam with an intensity of 1 nA was rastered over a 5 × 5 μm2 area on the sample, and the secondary ions 6Li, 7Li and 30Si were simultaneously detected. We observed a significant matrix effect on δ7Li in the silicate glasses, which yielded an IMF of up to 19‰, exceeding the analytical precision of <2.5‰ (1SD). The IMF is strongly correlated with the chemical compositions of the silicate glasses. To correct the matrix effect, we employed various correction schemes, including univariate and multivariable compositions. All results consistently indicated that silica exerted a dominant influence on the IMF. We then propose a straightforward "online" method to correct this silica-related matrix effect by utilizing simultaneously measured 30Si signals. This strategy improves the accuracy of the Li isotope measurements to within 3‰ and can be widely applied to anhydrous subalkaline magmatic glasses with compositions ranging from ultramafic to highly siliceous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation of failure analysis of the explosion impact strength of glass fiber-reinforced composite tubes was presented in this paper. Scanning electron microscopy was used to perform morphological observation and analysis of the failure cracks of a composite tube under ultra-high-pressure explosion impact. The main failure mode was brittle fiber fracture. Theoretical calculations and numerical simulations were used to analyze the deformation displacement and stress and strain of the composite tube under the impact of ultra-high pressure explosion. The boundary conditions obtained were 49.9 MPa as the minimum failure internal pressure and 0.0782 mm as the radial limit displacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) is a powerful technique for trace elemental analysis of various liquid samples. A small volume of the liquid sample is dropped onto a flat substrate, and the dried residue is measured using TXRF. Usually, the substrate surface is treated with a silicone solution to make it hydrophobic. Such hydrophobic substrates are useful to concentrate the analyte at a small point, leading to a dot-type residue. However, the solution sample will provide a residue with a height of several tens of μm depending on the matrix of the solution, in which self-absorption is a serious problem. In this paper, the authors applied a He atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) treatment to a glass substrate to obtain a hydrophilic surface. The chemical properties of the glass substrate surface were drastically changed by the application of the He APPJ. The contact angle of the liquid droplet was 5.2° on the APPJ-treated glass, while it was 88.8° on the glass with a silicone layer. A droplet of the liquid solution smoothly spread over the APPJ-treated glass substrate, leading to a thin film-like residue. The recovery and detection limits for TXRF analysis of a standard solution sample were improved especially for low-Z elements by using the APPJ-treated glass substrates. This new sample preparation technique was also applied for TXRF analysis of a red wine sample. We found that this hydrophilic glass substrate gave a film-like residue from a small droplet of the red wine. Reasonable TXRF quantitative results were obtained by the Ga internal standard method. The preliminary experimental results suggested that the film-type residue produced on the APPJ-treated substrate was effective in decreasing the matrix effect especially for low-Z elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Sustained progress in the development of optical fibers has led to the present state where further improvements in performance are limited by intrinsic optical nonlinearities. In order to circumvent such limitations, the user community has adopted two general approaches: (i) engineer the enabled systems accordingly; and/or (ii) microstructure the fiber to shift nonlinear thresholds to high optical power levels. In both cases, the nonlinearities are accepted as they are and performance is enhanced through added system or fiber design complexity. This paper, the first in a trilogy, along with two companion articles (in 3 parts) (Int J Appl Glass Sci. 2018;9:278‐287; Int J Appl Glass Sci. 2018 (in press); Int J Appl Glass Sci. 2018 (in press)), treats a third option, which is to mitigate optical nonlinearities at their fundamental origin: the materials with which the light interacts. As will be shown, such a materials approach permits greater reductions to nonlinearities including, in some cases, their complete elimination, than do the two present methods. Simpler fiber geometries and ease of manufacturing are additional benefits of this unified materials approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The purpose of this paper, Part IIA in the trilogy (Int J Appl Glass Sci. 2018;9:263‐277; Int J Appl Glass Sci. 2018 (in press); Int J Appl Glass Sci. 2018 (in press)), is to describe the continuum models employed to deduce the physical, acoustic, and optical properties of optical fibers that exhibit intrinsically low optical nonlinearities. The continuum models described herein are based on the additivity approaches of Winklemann and Schott (W‐S). Initially developed over 120 years ago, W‐S additivity works well for predicting the basic properties of bulk silicate glasses. While high‐silica‐content glasses are still the gold‐standard for telecommunication and high energy laser fibers, the models have been systematically expanded to include deduction of the physical, thermophysical, and acoustic constants and coefficients that bear on parasitic nonlinearities. The state‐of‐the‐art in W‐S‐based continuum materials models is reviewed here with specific examples provided based on canonical material systems suggested from the findings of Part I and treated in detail in Part III. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of chip calorimetry has enabled an unprecedented extension of the capability of differential scanning calorimetry to explore new domains of materials behavior. In this paper, we highlight some of our recent work: the application of heating and cooling rates above 104 K/s allows for the clear determination of the glass transition temperature, Tg, in systems where Tg and the onset temperature for crystallization, Tx, overlap; the evaluation of the delay time for crystal nucleation; the discovery of new polyamorphous materials; and the in-situ formation of glass in liquid crystals. From these application examples, it is evident that chip calorimetry has the potential to reveal new reaction and transformation behavior and to develop a new understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The forensic analysis of glass fragments is often limited by the size of objects found during investigation. Many of the glass fragments found on suspects are too small to be analysed with the established laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) method, and alternative methods like refractive index measurements show significantly higher error rates. This work builds on a previous method which used resolved laser pulses and a time of flight mass spectrometer (single pulse ICP-TOFMS) to analyse glass fragments pulse by pulse and get more information from one sample while requiring 25× less material. Resolved signals of individual laser pulses are achieved by using low dispersion ablation cells, of which two were compared: The parallel flow ablation cell (PFAC) designed for fast washouts using small spot sizes and a modified version (MPFAC) specifically made for using larger spot sizes. The signal durations of each laser pulse showed a narrow Gaussian distribution for the MPFAC compared to a wide bimodal distribution of the PFAC. Due to the significantly improved aerosol transport using the MPFAC, smaller and more reproducible relative standard deviations were observed. When applying standard interval matching procedures for forensic glass fragments, the PFAC achieved a success rate of up to 95%, while the MPFAC achieved 98%, which are comparable to the established LA-ICPMS method used by forensic institutes. Using multivariate statistics for matching requires significantly higher amounts of data points than dimensions, which previous methods did not allow. Using single pulse LA-ICP-TOFMS data, it was possible to use Hotelling's T2-test for matching. Direct application of the statistical tests resulted in unusable high amounts of error rates. However, closer investigation into the resulting F-values revealed a significant difference between the values of matching pairs and mismatching pairs. Increasing the F-value threshold for matching resulted in success rates around 99% for both ablation cell designs. This work validates the value of single pulse LA-ICP-TOFMS for the analysis of small samples which are commonly found in forensic applications. Furthermore, it showed the advantages of multivariate statistics and the necessary corrections that are required when used with real case samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the market of the mobile cover glass, the development of chemically strengthened glass is focused on the drop resistance improvement. The cover glass which protects the display panel is a typical brittle material that the micro cracks tends to be occurred underneath a glass surface by physical impacts. The micro cracks tends to be propagated by tensile stress and it is known as a general procedures on glass breakage. In purpose of the cover glass strength improvement, compressive stress is applied to the glass surface using chemical strengthening method by ion exchange. However, since the central area of the glass is relatively subjected to tensile stress, the glass is instantly broken when the propagated cracks are reached on the tensile stress exerted area. The glass specifications have been managed for maintaining the strength using parameters of compressive stress (CS), depth of compression (DOC), and central tension (CT). However, there was no method to judge the most effective factor for impact drop resistance. In order to solve this problem, we developed a machine learning program for cover glass that can predict the breakage height based on stress and mapped evaluation data based on the measured stress profile data and the actual drop breakage simulated evaluation. Especially, eXplainable AI (XAI) method is used to identify the effective factors on drop breakage height. And the test and measurement data were applied to various chemically strengthened glass for analysis. In this study, it was possible to predict the drop breakage height only by measuring the stress profile of chemically strengthened glass. The feature value of chemically strengthened that has the most effect on the drop breakage resistance on rough surfaces was identified to be stress value at 30um in the case of alkali aluminosilicate glass. And it was proved that the drop breakage height was improved by 25% only by increasing the compressive stress at 30um depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we studied magnetic properties of Heusler-type glass-covered microwires and thin films. The results have shown that we succeeded to prepare Ni–Mn–In thin films and Ni–Mn–Ga and Ni–Mn–In microwires that have martensitic and austenitic phases at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a monolingual comparable corpus made up of judgments delivered by the Spanish Supreme Court and by the Court of Justice of the European Union, this paper presents a case study on complex prepositions considered as a specific discourse feature of these two varieties. In spite of the initial hypothesis, according to which a higher percentage of these phraseological units was expected to be found in national texts, the results of the analysis show that EU judgments contain a higher percentage of complex prepositions, in line with the results obtained by Biel on a number of different legal genres in Polish. From a qualitative perspective, the study also compares similarities and differences in the phraseological patterns used in the two subcorpora, and hints at the untypical use of some units in the EU subcorpus, traditionally considered as traces of 'translationese', but functionally interpreted in this study as examples of contact-induced features characterising Spanish Eurolect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within multiple design challenges, the lateral torsional buckling (LTB) analysis and stability check of structural glass members is a well-known issue for design. Typical examples can be found not only in glass slabs with slender bracing members but also in facades and walls, where glass fins are used to brace the vertical panels against input pressures. Design loads such as wind suction give place to possible LTB of fins with LR at the tensioned edge and thus require dedicated tools. In the present investigation, the LTB analysis of structural glass fins that are intended to act as bracers for facade panels and restrained via continuous, flexible joints acting as lateral restraints (LRs) is addressed. Geometrically simplified but refined numerical models developed in Abaqus are used to perform a wide parametric study and validate the proposed analytical formulations. Special care is spent for the prediction of the elastic critical buckling moment with LRs, given that it represents the first fundamental parameter for buckling design. However, the LR stiffness and resistance on the one side and the geometrical/mechanical features of the LR glass members on the other side are mutually affected in the final LTB prediction. In the case of laminated glass (LG) members composed of two or more glass panels, moreover, further design challenges arise from the bonding level of the constituent layers. A simplified but rational analytical procedure is thus presented in this paper to support the development of a conservative and standardized LTB stability check for glass fins with LR at the tensioned edge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The main aim of this study was a preparation development of dopant solution (DS) which can be deposited by a spray-on method and subsequently allows obtaining the n+ emitter layer with surface resistance in the range of 65-80 Ω−1. The intention of chosen spray-on method was to gain a cheaper way of dopant source deposition, compared to the commonly used methods, which is of particular importance for the new low-cost production processes.Design/methodology/approach This paper presents the sequence in producing a spray-on glass solution (DS) with very high concentration of phosphorus, which allows to perform diffusion doping at relatively low temperatures. DS contained deionized water, ethyl alcohol, tetraethoxysilane and othophosphoric acid.Findings The sequence in producing a DS was performed with respect to enabling the application to silicon wafers by spray-on method. Furthermore, the equations defined density and viscosity of DS in term of storage time were referred to determine the possibility of applying this solution by spray-on method. Besides, the dependence of the emitter surface resistance on the doping (diffusion) time was determined. Accordingly, optimal process conditions were specified.Originality/value The paper presents a new, so far unpublished composition of DS with very high concentration of phosphorus, which can be applied using a spray-on method. Moreover, original are also investigations respecting some properties of obtained DS relative to storage time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the limited experimental evidence on slab-column edge connections reinforced with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars, the FRP design codes call for further experiments to examine the ultimate punching capacity equations. This paper summarizes the test results of four full-scale edge slab-column connections reinforced with glass FRP (GFRP) bars. The main investigated parameters were the flexural reinforcement ratio, moment-to-shear ratio (M/V), and concrete strength. In addition, nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) was used to perform an in-depth investigation with ANSYS software. Then, a comprehensive parametric study was conducted to cover a wide range of the investigated parameters and assess their influence on the punching strength and performance of such connections. The numerical FEA results were quite consistent with the experimental results in terms of ultimate load, cracking patterns, reinforcement strains, and load-deflection relationships. The FEA and test results confirm the significant detrimental effect of M/V on punching-shear strength and behavior, increasing the likelihood of brittle punching-shear failure. The test results as well as the results from other investigations were employed to assess the accuracy of the available design provisions in Canada, the United States, and Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous analytical studies show that most of Northern Italian glass has been heavily recycled and that mixing of natron and plant ash glass was occurring (Verità and Toninato 1990; Verità et al. 2002; Uboldi and Verità 2003; Andreescu-Treadgold and Henderson 2006; Silvestri and Marcante 2011). The re-use of “old Roman glass” has been interpreted as stagnation in glass trade from the primary production areas. However, the reintroduction of plant ash glass on sites such as Torcello, Nogara, and in Lombardy at the same time as it was reintroduced in the Levant, strongly indicates long-distance contacts with the Levant at least from the eighth century CE. This paper addresses the key issue of recycling by focusing on the compositional nature of glass traded and reworked in Northern Italy after the seventh century CE set in a broad Mediterranean context by analysing major, minor, and trace elements in eighty-nine glass samples (seventh to the eleventh century AD) from the glass workshop of Piazza XX Settembre, Comacchio. Five major previously proposed compositional groups of glass have been identified from Comacchio (Levantine Apollonia and Jalame types, HIMT, Foy-2, and plant ash glass). The impact of recycling and mixing practices in Comacchio glass is also discussed with the help of known recycling markers and selected ratios (major and trace elements). The mixing between Levantine, HIMT, and plant ash glass is highlighted and end-members of potential natron to natron mixing compositional groups have been identified. The compositional nature of plant ash glass from Northern Italy is discussed in light of their trace element content and production areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All safety equipment used in various working environments should comply with specific standards. This scientific paper is about research and analyses of the compulsory standards for eye-protection in working environment. It includes methods for mechanical tests according to the standard further explained and virtual testing by using a numerical model. A physical reference model was used that complies with the aforementioned standard. The main purpose of this scientific paper is showing the behaviour of safety glasses during their mechanical test but in virtual environment. The standard EN166:2001-"Personal eye protection equipment" describes the test and the requirements that should be fulfilled for granting confirmation. The aim of this paper is the conduction of the mechanical test described in the standard EN166 by using virtual simulation, analyzing the results and suggesting possible modifications on the safety equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents and discusses the results of the instrumented indentation test of the samples of the system Bix(As2S3)100-x, x = 1:5, 3, 5, and 7 at.%. Measurements of mechanical parameters were performed using a Fischerscope HM2000 S nanoindentation device. The experimental data obtained by measuring the microhardness parameters were used to determine some other mechanical quantities that are important for the characterization of the examined materials in terms of their potential applications. For the first three compositions, the results indicated an increase in the microhardness with the increase in the content of doping atoms, which can be interpreted as an enhancement of the strength and stiffness of the structural network. The lower value of microhardness of the sample with the maximum content of Bi can BE associated with the specific structure of this composition. The pronounced indentation size effect was also detected on the indentation curve in the range of smaller loads. According to the model of elastic-plastic deformation, applied for the description of indentation size effect measured for the investigated chalcogenides, the largest value of the elastic recovery was observed for the sample Bi7(As2S3)93. The calculated values of the elasticity modulus show that the glass with x = 5 at.% Bi is characterized with the highest atomic packing density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Façades represent complex and vulnerable components for buildings, due to the intrinsic fragility and brittleness of glass, and require specific design and calculation tools, both for ordinary and extreme design loads. In this context, the availability of consolidated and strategic modelling strategies is of utmost importance for structural safety considerations and optimal decisions. In this paper, the attention is focused on the assessment of different modelling strategies for the global and local behaviour analysis of Glass Curtain Walls (GCWs) under in-plane seismic loads. Benefits and limitations are discussed for a more refined (but expensive, "MREF") and a simplified (and computationally efficient, but weak in capturing local phenomena, "MSIMP") model assemblies developed in ABAQUS and SAP2000, respectively. Careful consideration is given for typical mechanisms, local responses, key performance indicators for the façade components (i.e., stress and deformation peaks) for a reference GCW under monotonic and cyclic loads, as well as for major effects due to general input parameters (i.e., contact mechanisms, clearance, friction, bare frame features, secondary components, etc.), based on a parametric sensitivity investigation. The parametric comparative results are critically discussed, with the support of an experimental prototype test from literature, and the most influencing parameters are emphasized, to improve and facilitate the development of further design and modelling optimization strategies. • The in-plane seismic performance of glass curtain walls is investigated. • Different numerical modelling strategies are presented to account for global and local mechanisms. • The accuracy of numerical models is validated towards literature experiments. • An extended sensitivity study is carried out under monotonic and cyclic loads. • Influencing parameters and key performance indicators are critically discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-breakage strength and residual mechanical capacity improvements are important tasks for load-bearing structural components in general, and even more for glass elements, in order to protect people from injury in case of breakage. For this reason, among others, the design of glass components and structures is based on key concepts that are generally summarized in structural safety, robustness and redundancy. With regard to the last fundamental requirement, nowadays the use of laminated glass (LG) sections is spread for many applications and new projects, such as automotive or aircraft windshields, but especially curtain walls and many other load-bearing applications in buildings. This strategy derives from the intrinsic safety and security levels of LG sections after possible glass breakage. When LGs are not available (i.e., existing components), anti-shatter safety films (ASF) for the retrofit of monolithic glass elements are expected to provide very similar post-breakage structural performances against bending and impact actions, by reducing the possible spread of glass shards. Besides, the residual load-bearing capacity of glass components retrofitted by ASF is still challenging to quantify. In this paper, the Cohesive Zone Model (CZM) theory is considered to investigate, with the support of experiments and Finite Element (FE) numerical models, the performance of small-scale monolithic glass specimens retrofitted by ASF under bending loads. Different ageing procedures and imposed displacement-rates are considered to evaluate the influence of basic operational parameters, such as temperature and humidity, on the mechanical efficiency of common ASF layers. In doing so, the sensitivity of fundamental input parameters (i.e., maximum tensile strength of glass and fracture energy of the ASF adhesive) on the mechanical performance at pre- and post-breakage stages of retrofitted monolithic glass elements is explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glass laminates consist of stiff glass plies permanently shear-coupled by polymeric interposed layers. When an external temperature rise occurs, the interlayers undergo a dramatic stiffness decay. As a consequence, not only the sectional warping typical of alternating stiff/soft composites is intensified, but also the overall behavior may evolve counter-intuitively. When slender elements prone to geometric nonlinearities are involved, even small thermal variations in intensity or distribution may act as uncertainty factors, strongly affecting the outcome. This paper proposes an efficient, robust, and accurate numerical framework to perform the sensitivity analysis to thermo-mechanical actions in glass plates. A large deformation isogeometric Kirchhoff-Love shell model enriched with through-the-thickness warping is employed, together with a generalized arc-length method involving a suitable temperature parameter as an additional unknown, namely the thermal amplifier or a spatial distribution coefficient. Numerical experiments are presented to highlight the effects that even small temperature variations produce on the equilibrium paths and the influence of the stiffness loss in the interlayer on the structural behavior and the accuracy of the models. • Sensitivity analysis to thermo-mechanical actions in glass plates. • Uncertainty in intensity and spatial distribution of the temperature. • Temperature dependent material properties. • Generalized arc-length method involving a temperature parameter. • An isogeometric hierarchic approach is used for large deformations, including transverse shear strains and zigzag effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper numerically investigates the behavior of glass fiberreinforced polymer (GFRP) bar-reinforced concrete beams (GFRP-RC beams) under low-velocity impact loads. A finite element model has been developed and calibrated against the experimental investigation results of six GFRP-RC beams. The results of the numerical analysis have been found in very good agreement with the experimental investigation results. The finite element model captured the failure modes, crack profiles, midspan deflection, impact and reaction forces, and dynamic strain of the GFRP-RC beams. Moreover, a parametric study has been carried out to investigate the influence of the reinforcement ratio, compressive strength of concrete, drop mass, drop velocity, and impact energy on the response of GFRP-RC beams under low-velocity impact loads. It was found that the drop mass and velocity significantly influenced the damage profiles of the beams, and the reinforcement ratio signifi- cantly influenced the midspan deflection and reactions at the support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cytoplasm of anhydrobiotes (organisms that persist in the absence of water) solidifies during drying. Despite this stabilization, anhydrobiotes vary in how long they persist while dry. In this paper, we call upon concepts currently used to explain stability of amorphous solids (also known as glasses) in synthetic polymers, foods, and pharmaceuticals to the understand variation in longevity of biological systems. We use embryonic axes of pea (Pisum sativum) and soybean (Glycine max) seeds as test systems that have relatively long and short survival times, respectively, but similar geometries and water sorption behaviors. We used dynamic mechanical analysis to gain insights on structural and mobility properties that relate to stability of other organic systems with controlled composition. Changes of elastic and loss moduli, and the dissipation function, tan δ, in response to moisture and temperature were compared in pea and soybean axes containing less than 0.2 g H2O g–1 dry mass. The work shows high complexity of structure-regulated molecular mobility within dried seed matrices. As was previously observed for pea cotyledons, there were multiple relaxations of structural constraints to molecular movement, which demonstrate substantial localized, "fast" motions within solidified cytoplasm. There was detected variation in the coordination among long-range slow, diffusive and short-range fast, vibrational motions in glasses of pea compared to soybean, which suggest higher constraints to motion in pea and greater "fragility" in soybean. We are suggesting that differences in fragility contribute to variation of seed longevity. Indeed, fragility and coordination of short and long range motions are linked to stability and physical aging of synthetic polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a reliability analysis framework for glass fiber-reinforced polymer- (GFRP-) reinforced concrete systems with uncertain capacities and demands over time. Unfortunately, there has been limited discussion or research done related to the potential change of failure modes over time. Therefore, a rational approach is needed to integrate multiple failure modes in a single analysis framework, considering uncertainties of time-variant demands and capacities. To account for multiple failure modes, this study proposes the limit state function to estimate the safety margin, based on strain values of GFRP-reinforcing bars. A proposed limit state function can capture the likelihood of both shear and flexural failure modes, simultaneously. In this study, seven typical bridge deck configurations (e.g., varied deck thickness, girder spacing, and bar size) were exposed to various ambient temperatures. Simulation results show that reliability indices of 100-year exposure exhibit significant variance, ranging from 2.35 to 0.93, with exposure temperatures ranging from 13 to 33°C. Exposure temperature and time are the dominant factors influencing the reliability indices, so are the ones that need to be changed. As exposure time and/or exposure temperature increase, the flexural capacity model plays an important role to determine the reliability indices. When flexural and shear failure modes are equally dominant, reliability indices can capture risks of both failures, using the proposed strain-based approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interfacial interaction between host matrix and nanofillers is a determinative parameter on the mechanical and thermal properties of nanocomposites. In this paper, we first investigated interaction between carbon nanotube (CNT) and montmorillonite clay (MMT) absorbing on epoxy surface in a theoretical study based on the density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Results showed the interaction energy of -1.93 and -0.11 eV for MMT/epoxy and CNT/epoxy, respectively. Therefore, the interaction between epoxy polymer and MMT is of the chemisorptions type, while epoxy physically interacts with CNT. In addition, thermal and mechanical analyses were conducted on nanocomposites. In DSC analysis the glass transition temperature which was 70°C in neat epoxy composite showed an improvement to about 90°C in MMT nanocomposites while it was about 70°C for CNT nanocomposites. Finally, mechanical properties were investigated and MMT nanocomposite showed a change in compressive strength which increased from 52.60 Mpa to 72.07 and 92.98 Mpa in CNT and MMT nanocomposites, respectively. Also tensile strength improved to the value of 1250.69 Mpa MMT nanocomposites while it was about 890 Mpa in both CNT nanocomposite and neat epoxy composite which corresponds to the calculation result prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]