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The study of lead-free glasses for radiation shielding applications has drawn global attention. This work aimed to theoretically investigate the impact of Bi2O3 on X-ray shielding characteristics of telluro-borate-bismuth glass samples, in the 15−300 keV energy region. Sample S5 (55Bi2O3 - 5TeO2 - 20SrO - 5ZnO - 15Bi2O3 ) yielded highest LAC, MAC, and Ze f f (1.066−252.061 cm−1, 0.249−58.893 cm² /g, and 67.81−30.16), alongside the lowest HV L, TV L, and MFP (0.003− 0.650 cm, 0.009−2.160 cm, and 0.004−0.938 cm). Hence, S5 emerged as the most effective X-ray shielding glass among the samples studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, gamma-ray, fast neutron, and H1/He+2 ion shielding characteristics of xSb2O3—(35 − x)B2O3–60Bi2O3–5TeO2 ( x = 10 , 20 , and 30 in mol%) glass system were analyzed over 15 keV to 15 MeV by using Phy-X/PSD and SRIM software. The shielding properties of the aforementioned glasses were compared with those of two different bismuth–borate–tellurite glasses for the purpose of evaluation. Results indicate that the addition of Sb2O3 generally improves the overall shielding properties of the glass system enhancing the mass attenuation coefficient, linear attenuation coefficient, half-value layer, tenth-value layer, effective atomic number, etc. The obtained values of attenuation coefficients calculated by using Phy-X/PSD and XCOM(NIST) software were compared and a good agreement between them was confirmed at all selected energies. The maximum values of linear attenuation coefficients obtained at the lowest photon energy of 15 keV for samples S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5 were 590.123, 601.463, 610.986, 477.481, and 422.572 cm−1, respectively. The calculated mass stopping power and projected range values obtained through the utilization of SRIM software demonstrated superior shielding capability for H1/He+2 ions in the sample with the highest Sb2O3 content. A similar trend was observed in the fast neutron removal cross section values. Our findings strongly suggest that all of the chosen samples, especially S3 (for x = 30 ), have superior radiation shielding characteristics, and thus can be used as an alternative material to replace the conventional material: lead for radiation shielding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, glass composition based on tungsten oxide (WO3) doped tellurium, titanium glasses: (100 − x − y) TeO2–xTiO2–yWO3: where (x = 5) and (y = 5, 10, 15, 20, 25) coded as TT5W5, TT5W10, TT5W15, TT5W20, and TT5W25 were investigated for shielding properties against ionizing radiation. Gamma radiation shielding parameters such as mass attenuation coefficients (MAC) are calculated through MCNPx code and Phy-X/PSD software in the energy range of 0.015–15 MeV. Obtained MAC values are then used to calculate other gamma radiation shielding parameters such as mean free path (MFP) and effective atomic number (Zeff). Besides this, the exposure buildup factor (EBF) was also calculated by using EXABCal software at different penetration depths (PDs) in the energy range of 0.015–15 MeV. Sample TT5W25, which has a larger WO3 content of 25 mol% shows higher values of MAC and lower values of MFP among all the examined glass samples. Our investigated TeO2–TiO2–WO3 glass samples possess the lowest MFP values in comparison with the different types of concretes and commercially available shielding glasses. In addition, fast neutron shielding characteristics in light of fast neutron removal cross-section have also been computed. Glass sample TT5W25 possesses the higher values of fast neutron removal cross-section as compared to the other glass samples. The results indicate that the adding up of WO3 improves shielding against the fast neutron and gamma radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present elastic moduli, gamma radiation attenuation characteristics, and transmission factor of barium–tungstate–phosphate (BTP) glasses with the chemical formula (60-y)BaO-yWO3-40P2O5, where y = 10 (S1)–40 (S4) in steps of 10 mole%. Different types of mathematical and simulation approaches, such as the Makishima-Mackenzie model, the Monte Carlo method, and the online Phy-X/PSD software, are utilized in terms of determining these parameters. The total packing density (Vt) is enriched from 0.607 to 0.627, while the total energy dissociation (Gt) is enriched by increasing the WO3 content (from 52.2 (kJ/cm3). In the investigated glasses, increasing tungstate trioxide (WO3) contribution enhanced Young's, shear, bulk, and longitudinal moduli. Moreover, Poisson's ratio is improved by increasing the WO3 content in the BTP glasses. The 20BaO-40WO3-40P2O5 sample possessed the highest values of both linear (µ) and mass attenuation (µm) coefficients, i.e., (µ, µm)S4 > (µ, µm)S3 > (µ, µm)S2 > (µ, µm)S1. Moreover, the 20BaO-40WO3-40P2O5 sample had the lowest values of half (HVL) and tenth (TVL) layers, i.e., (half, tenth)S4 < (half, tenth)S3 < (half, tenth)S2 < (half, tenth)S1. The effective atomic number (Zeff) of the studied glasses has the same behavior as µ and µm. Finally, the 20BaO-40WO3-40P2O5 is reported with the minimum values of transmission factor (TF) for all the BTP investigated at a thickness of 3 cm. In conclusion, the sample with composition 20BaO-40WO3-40P2O5 which has the maximum WO3 reinforcement may be a beneficial glass sample, along with its advanced mechanical and gamma ray shielding properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examined the radiation shielding characteristics as linear attenuation (LAC) and half-value layer (HVL) of barium-borotellurite glass (BBT), 20BaO-20B2O3-60TeO2, reinforced with 2.5 mol% of different heavy metal oxides (HMOs), X2O3 (X: Bi, Gd, La, Sm). For this purpose, five different glass systems (BBT: reference, BBTB: Bi2O3, BBTG: Gd2O3, BBTL: La2O3, and BBTS: Sm2O3) were explored by performing the newly developed Phy-X/PSD program for theoretical computations. The LAC and the HVL were found out in the photon energies of 0.015 to 15 MeV. Eventually, the findings were compared with some heavyweight concretes and commercial radiation shielding glasses to make a deeper sense. One can report that all HMOs addition contributed to increasing LAC while decreasing HVL thicknesses in our newly developed BBT system. In particular, the BBTB glass provided the best effectiveness in radiation shielding. Further, the BBTB glass system can compete with commercially available glasses, particularly, it could accomplish to overtake lead-oxide containing ones. This study revealed that BBT glasses with differing HMOs can effectively be used in radiation shielding applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate a specific strontium borosilicate with the form 30SiO2– 40B2O3– 30SrO– xEu2O3 (x = 0.1, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6 mol%) glasses encoded as (GE0.1-GE-0.6) in terms of their nonlinear/linear optical, mechanical characteristics as well as gamma photons attenuation capacity. The molar refractivity (Rmolar) was possessed the values 19.409, 19.440, 19.256, 19.575, and 19.819 (cm3/mol), while the molar polarizability (αmolar) was possessed the values 7.702, 7.714, 7.641, 7.768, and 7.863, (cm3) for GE0.1, GE.0.3, GE0.4, GE0.5, and GE0.6 glasses, respectively. Values of the optical susceptibility (χ3) were 4.000 × 10−12, 4.534 × 10−12, 4.640 × 10−12, 4.749 × 10−12, and 5.095 × 10−12 (esu), and values of nonlinear refractive index ( n 2 optical ) were 6.196 × 10−11, 6.931 × 10−11, 7.075 × 10−11, 7.224 × 10−11, and 7.695 × 10−11 for GE0.1, GE.0.3, GE0.4, GE0.5, and GE0.6 glasses, respectively. The mass attenuation coefficient (µm) values were obeyed the trend: (µm)GE0.6 > (µm) GE0.5 > (µm)GE0.4 > (µm) GE0.3 > (µm) GE0.1. The half value layer (T1/2) values of 0.192 cm, 0.178 cm, 0.171 cm, 0.167 cm, and 0.164 cm were recorded for GE0.1, GE0.3, GE0.4, GE0.5, and GE0.6 samples at 0.06 MeV photon energy, respectively. The findings indicated that GE0.6 had the lowest values of mean free path (λ) and the highest effective atomic numbers (Zeff) at the photon energies investigated. The GE0.1 sample was reported the maximum exposure and energy absorption buildup factors (EBF and EABF) values, while the minimum values were reported for the GE0.6 sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work explores the glass system of (50 + x)PbO–5BaO–5WO3–10Na2O–(30−x)B2O3 (x: 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mol%) for radiation shielding applications. For this purpose, five distinct glass systems (PbBaW50–PbBaW70) have been fabricated via conventional melting technique. The fabricated glass series was then investigated in terms of physical, mechanical, and photon shielding properties. According to the physical determinations, the glass density increases from 5.22881 to 6.50914 g.cm−3 as the PbO ascends from 50 to 70 mol%. On the other hand, the change of the PbO concentration in the respective samples affects the mechanical properties (Makishima and Mackenzie model) due to the change in composition and density of the samples. That is, the values of Young's, Bulk, Shear, and Longitudinal moduli are nearly the same with the slight decreasing trend for all the moduli, respectively, as the PbO increases. Further, the Poisson's ratio decreases from 0.179 to 0.171 while the value of fractural bond connectivity ranges from 3.516 to 3.624, and the hardness increases from 2.195 to 2.252 GPa with the increase in PbO concentration. For radiation shielding features, the Phy-X/PSD computations revealed that linear attenuation coefficient (LAC)@0.3029 MeV were equal to 1.627, 1.770, 1.921, 2.062, and 2.223 cm−1 for PbBaW50 to PbBaW70 samples, respectively. By considering LAC determinations, other significant parameters such as mass attenuation coefficient, half-value layer, tenth-value layer, mean free path, and effective atomic number were evaluated. As a result of these findings, one can report that the increasing doping rate of PbO leads to achieving more-performanced radiation shielding materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gamma-ray, fast neutron and charged particle shielding characteristics of Dy3＋ activated glasses with composition 15Li 2 O-25BaO-(40-x)B 2 O 3 -20P 2 O 5 -xDy 2 O 3 (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 mol %) are analyzed in a wide incident energy for the first time. For gamma-ray shielding analysis, mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), mass energy absorption coefficient (μ e n), linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), mean free path (MFP), half-value layer (HVL), atomic cross-section (ACS), electronic cross-section (ECS), effective atomic number (Z e f f), equivalent atomic number (Z e q), effective conductivity (C e f f), effective electron density (N e f f), buildup factors (EABF and EBF), and kinetic energy released per unit mass of the absorbing material (KERMA) are calculated by using Phy-X/PSD and PAGEX softwares. For fast neutrons, fast neutron removal cross-section (FNRCS) is computed for all glass samples. For charged particle shielding analysis, mass stopping power (MSP), projected range (Rp), radiation yield (Ry), Z e f f and N e f f are computed using SRIM, ESTAR and PAGEX softwares. It is found that the glasses with increasing Dy3＋ have higher shielding potential. This suggests that the LBPDy1.0 sample has a potential use as shielding material for various applied fields. • Photon and neutron protection parameters of Dy3＋ activated glasses have been calculated. • Charged particle protection parameters of Dy3＋ activated glasses have been calculated. • Dy3＋ activated glasses with a composition of 15Li 2 O-25BaO-(40-x)B 2 O 3 -20P 2 O 5 -xDy 2 O 3 can be used as shielding materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The radiation shielding properties of zinc borate glasses with lithium oxide replacing bismuth oxide were investigated using Phy-X/PSD. The glasses have a composition of (25-x)Bi2O3-60B2O3-15ZnO-xLi2O, where x = 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 mol%, and are coded as S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5 in increasing Li2O content. Phy-X/PSD was used to determine the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), half value layer (HVL), effective atomic number (Zeff), tenth value layer (TVL), and mean free path (MFP) of the investigated glasses. S1 was found to have the greatest MAC and LAC values, 0.415 cm2/g and 1.868 cm−1 at 0.2447 MeV respectively, while S5 had the least, 0.115 cm2/g and 0.301 cm−1 respectively at the same energy. The maximum HVL values was found at 1.46 MeV and are equal to 2.926 cm, 3.427 cm, 3.766 cm, 4.159 cm, and 5.222 cm for S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5 glasses, respectively. The minimum HVL values occurred at the lowest tested energy, 0.2447 MeV, and increased with increasing energy, meaning that the glasses are more effective at lower energies. The Zeff values inversely correlated with the Li2O content in the glasses, following the order of S1 > S2 > S3 > S4 > S5 at all energies. At 0.41 MeV, the Zeff values are equal to 25.15, 21.52, 17.42, 12.75, and 7.35 for S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5 respectively. At all energies, TVL decreased with increasing density; for instance, decreasing from 17.347 cm to 9.718 cm when density increased from 2.613 g/cm3 to 4.503 g/cm3 at 1.458 MeV. The MFP of the zinc borate glasses were compared against other shielding glasses and it was found that the S1 glass outperformed five of the other glasses at 0.2447 MeV and six of the others at 1.458 MeV. The results proved that the S1 glass, the glass with the greatest Bi2O3 content and density, has the greatest potential for radiation shielding applications.

The radiation shielding properties of xPbO-(100-x)TeO 2 , x = 10, 20, and 30 mol% binary glasses and y[ZnO]-(100-y)[70(TeO 2)-30(PbO)] y = 15, 20, and 25 mol% ternary glasses were investigated using Geant4 simulations and the newly developed Phy-X/PSD program. The glasses' gamma shielding abilities were assessed using their mass attenuation coefficient (μ/ρ), mean free path (MFP), effective atomic number (Z eff), and half value layer (HVL) values. The neutron shielding ability was evaluated by determining the removal cross-section (RCS) values, which were 0.097, 0.101, and 0.103 cm-1 for binary PbO-TeO 2 (PT) glasses and 0.118, 0.116, and 0.114 cm-1 for ternary ZnO-PbO-TeO 2 (PTZ) glasses. The gamma and neutron shielding features of the glasses were compared with those of various ordinary concretes and Pb-free, Pb-based, and commercial glasses. The addition of PbO changed the gamma and neutron properties of the PT glasses, while the addition of ZnO demonstrated a different trend in the gamma properties of the PTZ glass system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the effect of Bi 2 O 3 content (up to 80 mol%) on mechanical features and radiation shielding characteristics of boro-tellurite glasses within TeO 2 –B 2 O 3 –Bi 2 O 3 system. The basic mechanical parameters such as oxygen molar volume, packing density, hardness, and elastic moduli were studied based on Makishima–Mackenzie's theory. The shielding studies of the TeO 2 –B 2 O 3 –Bi 2 O 3 glasses included gamma, electron and neutron radiations. The newly developed Phy-X/PSD program and Geant4 simulation were used to calculate the shielding parameters such as mass attenuation coefficient (μ/ρ), tenth value layer (TVL), mean free path (MFP), stopping power (ψ e)), removal cross section (RCS), CSDA range, effective atomic number (Z eff), and half value layer (HVL). The concentration of Bi 2 O 3 content had a significant effect on the gamma shielding competence of the investigated glasses. Form the results of gamma shielding studies, the highest μ/ρ (99.845 cm2/g) occurred at 0.015 MeV for TBB80 and the lowest μ/ρ (0.039 m2/g) occurred at 4 MeV for TBB40. The maximum values of Z eff for gamma interaction occurred at 0.02 MeV and they were 77.26, 78.81, 79.94, 80.80, and 81.48 for TBB40, TBB50, TBB50, TBB60, TBB70, and TBB80, respectively. The gamma shielding features of the investigated glasses were compared with those of various ordinary concretes, and Pb-free, Pb-based, and commercial glasses. The Bi 2 O 3 content had also a considerable influence on the electron shielding competence of the tested glasses. The maximum values of Z eff for electron interaction occurred at 14 MeV and they were 44.58, 47.72, 50.41, 52.75, and 53.73 for TBB40, TBB50, TBB50, TBB60, TBB70, and TBB80, respectively. The results revealed that the bismuth boro-tellurite glasses could be useful for the shielding against gamma, electron, and neutron radiations, wherein the Bi 2 O 3 content can be balanced according to the type and energy of radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a study on the characteristics of the radiation attenuating behavior of oxy-fluoro borotellurite glasses with general formula TeO2–B2O3–LiF–BaO–Bi2O3. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) decreases pointedly as the energy goes up from 15 keV–0.15 MeV. The MAC for the tested samples lies within the range 40.032–50.170 cm2/g at 15 keV. We examined the effective atomic number (Zeff), and the results revealed that initially Zeff reaches the maximum values up to around 0.1 MeV and then Zeff decreases and reaches the minimum values between around 1 and 4 MeV. The Zeff lies within the range of 56.11–57.85 (at 15 keV). The Zeff of the tested samples increases with the increasing content of TeO2. The half value layer (HVL) was evaluated, and the effect of TeO2 and the energy on this parameter was discussed. The minimum HVL was reported at 15 keV and varied between 0.00463–0.00226 cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phy-X/PSD software was applied to understand the gamma photon shielding characteristics of SeO2–Ag2O–TeO2 glass systems. The highest attenuation coefficients occurred at 15 keV (between 39.576 and 48.978 cm2/g) and the lowest at 15 MeV (between 0.0369 and 0.0392 cm2/g). The results showed that the attenuation factors highly depended on the concentration of TeO 2 , and μ/ρ increased as TeO 2 changed from 28 to 70 mol%. The maximum effective atomic number values were between 15 keV and 0.08 MeV and the values at 0.04 MeV were 45.81, 46.55, 47.23, 47.84, 48.91, and 49.38 for SeAgTe1, SeAgTe2, SeAgTe3, SeAgTe4, SeAgTe5, and SeAgTe6, respectively. From the half value thickness results, the SeAgTe6 had the lowest HVT, and thus the best attenuation. The worst attenuation was found for the SeAgTe1, which had the least amount of TeO 2 and the lowest density (ρ = 5.66 g cm-3). The results also revealed that there was a rapid increase in the tenth value layer (TVL) for all of the glasses up to 1 MeV as the energy increased, and then the TVL increased at a slower rate. The TVL also confirmed that the attenuation competence of the glasses increased when the TeO 2 content increased from 28 mol% to 70 mol%. The attenuation of the SeAgTe1–SeAgTe6 glasses was much better than that of ilmenite, steel-magnetite concrete, and RS-360 glass, since these glasses had lower mean free paths, whereas the attenuation properties of the RS-520 glass were comparable to the SeAgTe3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The important gamma and neutron radiation shielding parameters of the Dy3+ doped (65-x)Na 2 B 4 O 7 –15SiO 2 –20MoO 3 -xDy 2 O 3 (x = 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 mol%) glass quaternary system were investigated to provide decisive information for their application in radiation environment. Gamma and neutron attenuation properties of the glass systems studied here were evaluated in terms of the mass attenuation coefficient (μ m), transmission fraction (TF), half value layer (HVL), mean free path (MFP), effective atomic number (Z eff), exposure buildup factors (EBF) and fast neutron removal cross-section (∑ R) parameters. Investigation of the each aforementioned parameter was performed thanks to the utilization of Monte Carlo simulations along with the Phy-X/PSD database. The photon attenuation characteristics were evaluated for gamma ray energies varying between 0.284 and 5.0 MeV. This study indicated that increase of the Dy 2 O 3 content from 0% to 20% mole, enhances the gamma shielding capability due to the increase of the parameters μ m and Z eff. In this study it was also observed that ∑ R increases from 0.099 to 0.107 cm−1 as the molar fraction of Dy 2 O 3 increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phy-X/PSD was applied to evaluate the properties of gamma and neutron attenuation of TeO 2 –B 2 O 3 –R n O (R = Mg, K, and Zn) glass systems which is fabricated successfully by high temperature melting method. The abilities of gamma ray shielding were investigated by the relative parameters effective atomic number (Z eff), half-value layer (HVL), tenth value layer (TVL), mean free path (MFP), and fast neutrons (Σ R) which are crucial gamma shielding parameters. Meanwhile, the parameter of Σ R plays an essential role for evaluating the abilities of the neutron shielding. The study results revealed a phenomenon that the improving of TeO 2 fraction from 11 mol% to 61 mol% decreases the parameters of gamma shielding μ , μ/ρ , Z eff , and Σ R , and also increases HVL , TVL , and MFP parameters, which based on the high atomic number of tellurium. Furthermore, the prepared glasses were effective shielding material which can reduce fast neutrons as well as gamma rays, illustrating that prepared glass system possesses excellent properties of gamma shielding. • Glass system with gamma and neutron attenuation properties has been fabricated. • A series of relative radiation parameters are derived by Phy-X/PSD. • Value of neutron shielding factor Σ R are carried out in the range of 0.118–0.097cm-1. • HKMTZ system is a superior shielding material contrast reported glass and concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper addresses the influence of Rb 2 O in the lithium-borotellurite (LBT) glass system for the first time. For this, the glass system (25-x)Li 2 O–15B 2 O 3 –60TeO 2 -xRb 2 O was designed where x: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mol %. An extensive investigation was carried out to understand the alterations in physical, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties with the use of theoretical calculations. The user-friendly Phy-X/PSD software was employed to demonstrate the nuclear radiation protection properties. From physical property calculations, the addition of Rb 2 O from 0 to 25 mol% increased average molecular weight (AMW) from 113.68 to 152.94 g mol−1 and glass density (ρ glass) from 4.2743 to 4.7710 g cm−3. Likewise, molar volume (V m), oxygen molar volume (V O), oxygen packing density (OPD), and number of bonds per unit volume (n b) were considerably changed by the increasing Rb 2 O concentration. According to the optical calculations, the refractive index (n) increased from 2.3348 to 2.6104, while the dielectric constant (ε) increased from 5.45 to 6.81. Moreover, the metallization criterion (M) showed a decreasing trend, and implied increasing insulation with the increase in Rb 2 O in the glass system. For thermal property estimations, viscosity versus temperature profiles clearly indicated that all R-series have the ability to form glass, but decreasing the Li 2 O caused an increment in glass melting temperature. The mechanical moduli determinations via the Mackenzi-Makishima model demonstrated that Young's (E), bulk (B), shear (S), and longitudinal (L) moduli were gradually decreased by introducing Rb 2 O into the glass network. From the perspective of radiation shielding calculations, the essential parameter, linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), effectively improved by increasing the doping rate of Rb 2 O. Based upon the LAC values, the other critical parameters such as mean free path (MFP), half-value layer (HVL), and effective atomic number (Z eff) were successfully evaluated. Additionally, build-up factors such as exposure (EBF) and energy absorption (EABF) were assessed with the implementation of G-P progression. They showed that sample-R25 ensured better gamma-ray shielding properties compared to the other samples. Lastly, fast neutron removal cross-section (FNRCS) determinations displayed decreasing behaviour with the increasing Rb 2 O content, which is not convenient for effective neutron shielding abilities. All in all, the Rb 2 O-reinforced borotellurite glass can serve as an alternative radiation shielding material. • The first Rb 2 O-added Li 2 O–B 2 O 3 –TeO 2 glass was evaluated. • The ρ glass increased from 4.2743 to 4.7710 g cm−3 for R0 to R25 series, respectively. • The highest LAC values for the sample-R25 were clearly reported in all photon energies. • The lowest HVL is achievable for R25 as 1.84 cm at 0.662 MeV. • EBF and EABF indicated that sample-R25 ensured better gamma-rays shielding properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiation shielding materials are of prime importance for weighing the benefit-to-risk of ionizing radiation. In this perspective, a lanthanum-barium-borovanadate (BVBL) glass containing varying amounts of bismuth oxide (Bi 2 O 3) is studied in this work. The glass composition of 5La 2 O 3 –10BaO-(65-x)B 2 O 3 –20V 2 O 5 -xBi 2 O 3 where x: 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 mol% has been purposed, and thus six different glass series with BVBL0 to BVBL15 coded were investigated for the physical, mechanical, and radiation shielding features. Physical property calculations revealed that the glass density increase from 3.1685 to 4.1345 g cm-3 with the insertion of Bi 2 O 3 from 0 to 15 mol%. Furthermore, mechanical properties in terms of the Mackenzie-Makishima model demonstrated that Young's, bulk, shear, and longitudinal moduli were reduced following the concentration of Bi 2 O 3. In particular, the BVBL0 sample showed the best mechanical moduli amongst others. Radiation shielding competencies were ascertained by using Phy-X/PSD and Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code (MCNP-5). The theoretical computations via Phy-X/PSD clearly indicated that the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) showed enhanced characteristics with the increasing content of Bi 2 O 3. Based upon the determined LAC, the other essential parameters such as half-value layer (HVL), effective atomic number (Z eff), and transmission factor (TF) were also assessed. Moreover, the MCNP-5 simulation demonstrated that the BVBL15 sample provided the best radiation attenuation compared to the undoped BVBL0. Moreover, both Phy-X/PSD and MCNP5 studies displayed good agreement with each other. Overall, we concluded that Bi 2 O 3 seems to be a strong candidate for improving radiation attenuation coefficients in the BVBL glass system. • The ascending doping rate in Bi 2 O 3 leads to the increment of the overall ρ glass from 3.1685 to 4.1345 g/cm3. • The highest LAC values are relevant to the BVBL15. • MCNP-5 and Phy-X/PSD computations revealed a good agreement with each other. • Mechanical moduli decreased as the Bi 2 O 3 content increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, a series of glasses in the Bi 2 O 3 –PbCl 2 –TeO 2 system are synthesized by conventional melt quenching technique. Glass forming region of the specially designed glass system is determined. Thermal properties of glasses – glass transition (T g) and crystallization (T c / T p) temperatures and glass stability against crystallization (∆ T) – are determined. Density and refractive index values are measured to interpret various physical properties of glasses. Optical and structural properties are studied through visible transmittance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. Mechanical properties are investigated by Vickers hardness measurements. The radiation shielding competence of glasses is evaluated in the energy range from 0.161 MeV to 2.51 MeV using Phy-X/PSD simulation program. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), effective atomic number (Z eff), half value layer (HVL), tenth value layer (TVL) and mean free path (MFP) are calculated. Glasses in the Bi 2 O 3 –PbCl 2 –TeO 2 system possess superior shielding effectiveness than other commercially available radiation shielding glasses owing to higher MAC and lower HVL and MFP values. • Glass forming region of the Bi 2 O 3 -PbCl 2 -TeO 2 system is determined. • 9 compositions are obtained as glass with high optical transparency (above 70%). • Glasses in this work show relatively high-density values (5.85–6.55 g/cm3). • The mass attenuation coefficients are calculated between 0.161 MeV and 2.51 MeV. • Increasing the PbCl 2 and Bi 2 O 3 leads to enhance the radiation shielding ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Radiation shielding properties of zinc borate glasses with lithium oxide replacing bismuth oxide were investigated using Phy-X/PSD. • S1 was found to have the greatest MAC and LAC values, 0.415 cm2/g and 1.868 cm−1 at 0.2447 MeV. • Maximum HVL values was found at 1.46 MeV and are equal to 2.926 cm, 3.427 cm, 3.766 cm, 4.159 cm, and 5.222 cm for S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5 glasses. • Minimum HVL values occurred at the lowest tested energy, 0.2447 MeV, and increased with increasing energy, • The Z eff values inversely correlated with the Li 2 O content. The radiation shielding properties of zinc borate glasses with lithium oxide replacing bismuth oxide were investigated using Phy-X/PSD. The glasses have a composition of (25- x)Bi 2 O 3 -60B 2 O 3 -15ZnO- x Li 2 O, where x = 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 mol%, and are coded as S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5 in increasing Li 2 O content. Phy-X/PSD was used to determine the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), half value layer (HVL), effective atomic number (Z eff), tenth value layer (TVL), and mean free path (MFP) of the investigated glasses. S1 was found to have the greatest MAC and LAC values, 0.415 cm2/g and 1.868 cm−1 at 0.2447 MeV respectively, while S5 had the least, 0.115 cm2/g and 0.301 cm−1 respectively at the same energy. The maximum HVL values was found at 1.46 MeV and are equal to 2.926 cm, 3.427 cm, 3.766 cm, 4.159 cm, and 5.222 cm for S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5 glasses, respectively. The minimum HVL values occurred at the lowest tested energy, 0.2447 MeV, and increased with increasing energy, meaning that the glasses are more effective at lower energies. The Z eff values inversely correlated with the Li 2 O content in the glasses, following the order of S1 > S2 > S3 > S4 > S5 at all energies. At 0.41 MeV, the Z eff values are equal to 25.15, 21.52, 17.42, 12.75, and 7.35 for S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5 respectively. At all energies, TVL decreased with increasing density; for instance, decreasing from 17.347 cm to 9.718 cm when density increased from 2.613 g/cm3 to 4.503 g/cm3 at 1.458 MeV. The MFP of the zinc borate glasses were compared against other shielding glasses and it was found that the S1 glass outperformed five of the other glasses at 0.2447 MeV and six of the others at 1.458 MeV. The results proved that the S1 glass, the glass with the greatest Bi 2 O 3 content and density, has the greatest potential for radiation shielding applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiation protection has become more popular thanks to the growing interest in applications using higher energies. Glass materials have been extensively investigated for radiation shielding purposes. In the present study, the usability of waste soda-lime-silica (SLS) glass containing varying amounts of SrO was explored for shielding material. Physical properties such as average molecular weight (AMW), density (ρ), molar volume (Vm), molar oxygen volume (Vo), and oxygen packaging density (OPD) of seven different glass systems (0, Sr1 to Sr6) were determined. The radiation shielding parameters, mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), and half-value layer (HVL) were computed in the photon energy range of 0.015 to 15 MeV via the newly developed Phy-X/PSD software. Further, the calculated HVL thicknesses were compared with some concrete materials and commercially available radiation shielding glasses. Additionally, the assessment of glass properties via the BatchMaker software paved the way for a broader perspective regarding the glass systems. More importantly, a cost analysis was performed to point out the feasibility of the glass systems. The results showed that the sample- Sr6 having the highest content of SrO (15 wt%) provided higher MAC and lower HVL values while achieving a better glass formation ability and low production costs. • SLS glass can provide better radiation shielding characteristics as SrO contribution increases. • μ m increases while HVL decreases with the increment of SrO. • Glass properties can be improved thanks to the SrO addition. • The overall glass cost can be reduced when SrO concentration increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]