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Stratigraphic evidence and extensive optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) geochronology from an 18-km-long reach of the middle Rangitata Valley, South Island, New Zealand, provide evidence for at least six distinct glacial advances during the last glacial cycle. These include four well-constrained Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 and 2 advances at ca. 38 ka, ca. 27 ka, ca. 21 ka and at 18 ka, as well as less well-constrained advances in MIS 4 and/or early MIS 3. Ice occupied a farther downvalley reach of the Rangitata from 38 ka to after 18 ka, indicating that near-full glacial conditions persisted for most of the last 20 ka of the last glaciation, though the glacier still fluctuated significantly, as reflected by the numerous distinguishable advances. Global or regional cooling alone cannot explain the persistence of near-maximum glacial conditions for this extended period, nor can it explain the occurrence of the largest advances ca. 32 ka. Instead, we invoke the northward expansion of the westerlies during MIS 3 as the cause for the early widespread glaciation, wherein enhanced westerly flow under moderate cooling maximised glacial extents. Local insolation favoured extended MIS 3 glaciation until ca. 32 ka. Increasing summer insolation gradually reduced glacial extents after ca. 28 ka. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: New Zealand glaciers reached their last glacial maximum position at or before ~25ka, and, as early as 23ka, commenced a slow and continual retreat. New cosmogenic exposure ages and field mapping from the Rakaia Valley in the South Island suggest that extensive ice survived well into the latter half of the Last Glacial–Interglacial Transition (18–11ka), with the post-15ka period inferred to have near Holocene climate conditions based on ecological proxy data. By as late as ~15.5ka, glacier termini had retreated as little as 5–10km from glacial maximum positions. Numerous minor ice still-stand positions and oscillations are recognized, but the record specifically excludes evidence for either a major climatic amelioration at ~15–16ka or a significant glacial re-advance during the Antarctic Cold Reversal (ACR) or the Younger Dryas (YD). We conclude that the currently widespread interpretation of an episodic New Zealand glacial record since the LGM is an artifact of valley-dependent retreat processes. Pro-glacial lake formation and local site conditions combined to give an apparent, but misleading, picture of glacial retreat punctuated by major, climatically driven, re-advances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]