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ObjectiveIn the Netherlands, the threshold for offering active treatment for spontaneous birth was lowered from 25+0 to 24+0 weeks’ gestation in 2010. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of guideline implementation on survival and causes and timing of death in the years following implementation.DesignNational cohort study, using data from the Netherlands Perinatal Registry.PatientsThe study population included all 3312 stillborn and live born infants with a gestational age (GA) between 240/7 and 266/7 weeks born between January 2011 and December 2017. Infants with the same GA born between January 2007 and December 2009 (N=1400) were used as the reference group.Main outcome measuresSurvival to discharge, as well as cause and timing of death.ResultsAfter guideline implementation, there was a significant increase in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission rate for live born infants born at 24 weeks’ GA (27%–69%, pConclusionsImplementation of the 2010 guideline resulted as expected in increased NICU admissions rate and postnatal survival of infants born at 24 weeks’ GA. In the years after implementation, a shift in cause of death was seen from respiratory insufficiency towards necrotising enterocolitis and sepsis.

The French EPIPAGE-2 study evaluated a large group of premature born children (24-34 weeks' gestational age (GA))) at age 5.5 years. Outcome information of the whole cohort was presented after careful imputation including/using the variable socio-economic-status (SES), because participation rate improved with increasing SES. Survival improved with increasing GA. Survival without moderate or severe impairment was 20% in children born at 24-26 weeks' GA, but among the survivors 75% had no or mild impairment. Mild cognitive impairment rates were comparable and common among all GA groups (25-28%) and thus frequent in prematures. School problems were also common. In addition to prematurity, SES is an important risk factor for developmental impairment. Follow-up programs for premature infants beyond 30 weeks' GA are less common and may need extra attention in low SES families. Future studies should focus on both prevention of prematurity and programs to improve outcome.

CONTEXT Prediction models can be a valuable tool in performing risk assessment of mortality in preterm infants. OBJECTIVE Summarizing prognostic models for predicting mortality in very preterm infants and assessing their quality. DATA SOURCES Medline was searched for all articles (up to June 2020). STUDY SELECTION All developed or externally validated prognostic models for mortality prediction in liveborn infants born DATA EXTRACTION Data were extracted by 2 independent authors. Risk of bias (ROB) and applicability assessment was performed by 2 independent authors using Prediction model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool. RESULTS One hundred forty-four models from 36 studies reporting on model development and 118 models from 34 studies reporting on external validation were included. ROB assessment revealed high ROB in the majority of the models, most often because of inadequate (reporting of) analysis. Internal and external validation was lacking in 42% and 94% of these models. Meta-analyses revealed an average C-statistic of 0.88 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.83–0.91) for the Clinical Risk Index for Babies score, 0.87 (95% CI: 0.81–0.92) for the Clinical Risk Index for Babies II score, 0.86 (95% CI: 0.78–0.92) for the Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology Perinatal Extension II score and 0.71 (95% CI 0.61–0.79) for the NICHD model. LIMITATIONS Occasionally, an external validation study was included, but not the development study, because studies developed in the presurfactant era or general NICU population were excluded. CONCLUSIONS Instead of developing additional mortality prediction models for preterm infants, the emphasis should be shifted toward external validation and consecutive adaption of the existing prediction models.

To assess the effect of early life nutrition on structural brain development in 2 cohorts of extremely preterm infants, before and after the implementation of a nutrition regimen containing more protein and lipid.We included 178 infants retrospectively (median gestational age, 26.6 weeks; IQR, 25.9-27.3), of whom 99 received the old nutrition regimen (cohort A, 2011-2013) and 79 the new nutrition regimen (cohort B, 2013-2015). Intake of protein, lipids, and calories was calculated for the first 28 postnatal days. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed at 30 weeks postmenstrual age (IQR, 30.3-31.4) and term-equivalent age (IQR, 40.9-41.4). Volumes of 42 (left + right) brain structures were calculated.Mean protein and caloric intake in cohort B (3.4 g/kg per day [P .001] and 109 kcal/kg per day [P = .038]) was higher than in cohort A (2.7 g/kg per day; 104 kcal/kg per day). At 30 weeks, 22 regions were significantly larger in cohort B compared with cohort A, whereas at term-equivalent age, only the caudate nucleus was significantly larger in cohort B compared with cohort A.An optimized nutrition protocol in the first 28 days of life is associated with temporarily improved early life brain volumes.