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U ovoj studiji istražujemo koncept prilagođavanja klimatskim promenama iz aspekta analize uticaja promena na proizvodnju lana. Testirani su parametri kvaliteta sorti uljanog lana NS Marko i NS Primus, koje su selekcionisane u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo. Eksperimenti su izvedeni na parcelama Instituta, u tri ponavljanja, u trogodišnjem periodu. Godina istraživanja je imala značaj uticaj na ispitivane parametre proizvodnje lana. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali značajna variranja sadržaja ulja po godinama. Primenom nove poboljšane tehnologije proizvodnje uspešno možemo da se suočimo sa promenama koje su nastupile, a koje izvesno opredeljuju pravce budućeg razvoja. In this study, we explore the concept of adaptation to climate change from the aspect of analyzing the impact of changes on linseed production. The quality parameters of linseed varieties NS Marko and NS Primus were tested, which were selected at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops. The experiments were performed on the plots of the Institute, in three replications, over a three-year period. The year of research had a significant impact on the examined parameters of linseed production. The results of the research showed significant variations in oil content over the years. By applying new improved production technology we can successfully face the changes that have taken place, and which certainly determine the directions of future development.

Cilj rada bio je da se ispita da li potapanje semena može da poboljša klijavost semena soje u nepovoljnim uslovima, odnosno na nižoj temperaturi. Za istraživanje je korišćeno seme sorte soje NS Apolo, koja je selekcionisana na Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu. Seme je potapano u različite rastvore: kalijum nitrat - KNO3 (1%), askorbinska kiselina - AsA (100 mg l-1) i kalijum hlorid - KCl (1%). Nakon sušenja, seme je naklijavano na temperaturi 10°C, dok je seme naklijavano na optimalnoj temperaturi od 25°C poslužilo kao kontrola. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da je potapanje semena pre setve poboljšalo energiju klijanja, klijavost semena i brzinu klijanja u uslovima niske temperature. Upotreba rastvora KNO3 i AsA bila je efekasnija od primene rastvora KCl u uslovima niže temperature. Rastvor KNO3 i AsA su značajnije uticali na povećanje klijavosti i energije klijanja. The aim of this study was to examine whether priming seeds can improve the germination of soybean seeds in unfavorable conditions, i.e. at a lower temperature. For the research, the seeds of the NS Apolo soybean variety, which were selected at the Institute of Agriculture and Vegetables in Novi Sad, were used. The seeds were primed in different solutions: potassium nitrate - KNO3 (1%), ascorbic acid - AsA (100 mg l- 1) and potassium chloride - KCl (1%). After drying, the seeds were germinated at a temperature of 10°C, while the seeds germinated at an optimal temperature of 25°C served as a control. The research results showed that priming the seeds before sowing improved germination energy, seed germination and germination rate under low temperature conditions. The use of KNO3 and AsA solution was more effective than the use of KCl solution under lower temperature conditions. The solution of KNO3 and AsA significantly influenced the increase in germination and germination energy.

Six varieties were chosen from three different maturity groups: Galina and NS Princeza (0), Sava and NS Apolo (I), and Rubin and NS Zita (II) in order to examine the effect of priming on germination energy depending on soybean seed age. The seeds were produced in the period from 2012 to 2014, i.e., one- to three-year-old seeds were used. The following treatments were used for priming: distilled water - hydropriming (H2O), ascorbic acid 250 mg/l (ASA), folic acid 15 mg/l (Fol.), hydrogen peroxide 1% (H2O2), and control - non-treated seeds (C). Results showed that the effects of priming depended on the variety, seed age, as well as on the applied treatment. Some varieties reacted to priming very well, while others had an inhibited reaction, so germination energy was significantly reduced. Rubin variety had the most favourable reaction, whereby all treatments of this variety led to an increase of quality, with an average increase of 2-8%. The application of primers on one-year-old soybean seeds had a weaker effect than on two- and three -year-old seeds. However, one-year-old seeds had minor oscillations in quality due to priming. The application of priming on one-year-old seeds can lead to an increase or decrease of germination energy by 3%, while two- and three-year-old seeds reached 7%. The results showed that seed priming in ascorbic acid had a positive effect, while the application of other primers did not affect the value of germination energy, nor did it lead to a decrease of its value. Ascorbic acid activity led to the largest increase in the quality of three-year-old soybean seeds by 2.83%, while the increase in the quality of two- and three-year-old seeds was 1.87%. Therefore, we can conclude that there is no universal use of one single primer, as it might not be suitable for each particular variety and can ultimately result in the seed quality decrease. Da bi se ispitao efekat potapanja na energiju klijanja starog semena soje, za analizu je odabrano šest sorti iz tri različite grupe zrenja: Galina i NS Princeza (0 grupa), Sava i NS Apolo (I grupa), Rubin i NS Zita (II grupa zrenja). Seme je proizvedeno u periodu od 2012. do 2014. godine, odnosno seme starosti tri, dve i jednu godinu. Za potapanje su korišćeni sledeći tretmani: destilovana voda (H2O), askorbinska kiselina 250 mg/l (ASA), folna kiselina 15 mg/l (Fol.), vodonik-peroksid 1% (H2O2) i kontrola - netretirano seme (C). Rezultati su pokazali da efekat potapanja zavisi od sorte, starosti semena, ali i tretmana koji se koristi. Neke sorte veoma dobro reaguju na potapanje, dok kod drugih dolazi do inhibitornog delovanja, pa se energija klijanja semena značajno smanjuje. Sorta Rubin je najbolje reagovala i jedino su kod ove sorte svi tretmani doveli do povećanja kvaliteta, u proseku od 2% do 8%. Primena prajmera kod jednogodišnjeg semena soje ostvarila je slabiji efekat nego kod dvogodišnjeg i trogodišnjeg semena. Međutim, kod jednogodišnjeg semena manje su oscilacije u kvalitetu usled potapanja. Kod jednogodišnjeg semena dejstvom prajmera energija klijanja može da se poveća odnosno smanji za 3%, dok se kod dvogodišnjeg i trogodišnjeg ta vrednost kreće do 7%. Rezultati pokazuju da je potapanje semena u askorbinsku kiselinu ostvarilo pozitivan efekat, dok primena ostalih prajmera nije uticala na vrednost energije klijanja ili je dovela do pada njene vrednosti. U proseku, dejstvom askorbinske kiseline najviše je došlo do povećanja kvaliteta trogodišnjeg semena soje - 2,83%, dok je povećanje dvogodišnjeg i trogodišnjeg bilo isto i iznosilo je 1.87%. Zbog toga se ne može govoriti o univerzalnoj primeni samo jednog prajmera, jer se može dogoditi da on ne odgovara određenoj sorti, ali i starosti semena, pa može doći do pada kvaliteta semena.

Endivija (Cichorium endivia L.) je povrtna vrsta čije se potrebite količine sjemena u Hrvatskoj svake godine povećavaju zbog sve većeg broja vrtlara hobista. Posljednjih nekoliko godina u laboratorijima za kontrolu kvalitete poljoprivrednog sjemena zapaženo je da sjeme endivije neovisno o sorti ima nisku energiju klijanja i klijavost. Cilj ovog istraživanja je ispitati navedene pokazatelje kvalitete sjemena endivije različitim metodama koje se koriste kod ispitivanja klijavosti povrtnih kultura. Korištena je metoda na filtar- papiru s četiri tretmana 1) vlaženje podloge destiliranom vodom, 2) vlaženje podloge 0,2%-tnom otopinom KNO3, 3) prethodno hlađenje + vlaženje podloge destiliranom vodom, 4) prethodno hlađenje + vlaženje podloge 0,2%-tnom otopinom KNO3. Ispitivanje je provedeno u laboratoriju za kontrolu kvalitete poljoprivrednog reprodukcijskog materijala Visokog gospodarskoga učilišta u Križevcima. Nakon provedenog ispitivanja rezultati pokazuju da su najvišu energiju klijanja i klijavost sjemena imali uzorci kod kojih je korišten predtretman prethodno hlađenje i destilirana voda, a značajno nižu energiju i klijavost sjemena imali su uzorci kod kojih je korištena metoda vlaženja podloge s 0,2%-tnom otopinom KNO3., Endive (Cichorium endivia L.) is a vegetable species whose needs for seed quantity increase each year due to the growing number of hobby gardeners. Furthermore, in the last few years, it has been observed in control laboratories for seed quality that endive, regardless of its variety, has low germination energy and seed germination. The aim of this study is to examine the germination energy and seed germination of endive applying various methods used in the examination of vegetable species. The study was conducted in the laboratory for quality control of agricultural reproductive material at Križevci College of Agriculture. Energy and seed germination were tested by a four-treatment paper filter method. The first two treatments were comprised of wetting the substrate with distilled water and 0,2% KNO3, while the other two treatments were a combination of both, along with a prior pre-cooling treatment. The highest seed germination and germination energy was evidenced in samples using pretreatment pre-cooling and distilled water, while samples that were treated with a 0,2% KNO3 wetting method, as prescribed by the Ordinance of sampling methods and seed quality testing (OG 99/08) showed significantly lower energy and seed germination. Based on the results of the research, it was found that the best method for testing germination energy and seed germination was the paper filter method with wetting of the substrate with distilled water and applying precooling as a pre-treatment.

Istraživanje utjecaja temperature (konstantna 20°C i izmjenljiva 20-30°C) i tretmana sjemena (NaOCl, M-metalaksil, karboksin+tiram i netretirano sjeme kao kontrola) na energiju klijanja, klijavost i zdravstveno stanje sjemena provedeno je u laboratorijskim uvjetima na sjemenu paprike sorte Slavonka. Rezultati su pokazali statistički značajan učinak temperature, tretmana i njihove interakcije na energiju klijanja sjemena paprike, dok kod klijavosti sjemena tretmani nisu pokazali signifikantne razlike. Najveća energija klijanja bila je u karboksin+tiram tretmanu kod izmjenljive temperature (76%). Statistički značajan učinak temperature, tretmana i njihove interakcije utvrđen je za razvoj fitopatogenih gljiva Alternaria spp, Cladosporium sp. i Penicillium sp. Za razvoj Fusarium spp. temperature nisu pokazale statistički značajnu razliku, kao niti interakcija temperature i tretmana za razvoj Aspergillus spp. Na temelju naših rezultata možemo zaključiti da se učinkovitim tretmanima može poboljšati kvaliteta sjemena i smanjiti količina fungicida potrebnih za suzbijanje bolesti sjemena., A study of the influence of temperature (constant 20°C and changeable 20-30°C) and seed treatment (NaOCl, M-metalaxyl and carboxine + thiram and untreated seed as control) on germination energy, germination and health status of seeds was carried out in laboratory conditions on seed pepper variety Slavonka. The results showed a statistically significant effect of temperature, treatment and their interaction on the germination energy of pepper seeds, while seed germination treatments did not show significant differences at all. The highest germination energy was in the carboxine + thiram treatment at changeable temperature (76%). A statistically significant effect of temperature, treatment and interaction was determined on the development of phytopathogenic fungi Alternaria spp, Cladosporium sp. and Penicillium sp. Temperatures did not show any statistically significant difference in the development of Fusarium spp., nor the interaction of temperature and treatment in the development of Aspergillus spp. Based on our results we can conclude that effective treatments can improve seed quality and reduce the amount of pesticides needed to control the disease.

The aim of this study was to examine optimal time of soybean seed priming and effect of primers under salt stress conditions. Testing was performed at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, on Galina seed variety. Optimal priming time was determined by immersing seed into: KNO3 (1%), H2O2 (0.1%), and H2O with the duration of 6 h, 12 h, 18 h, and 24 h. After drying until the initial moisture, the seed was placed for germination and after eight days germination was determined. In the second part of the experiment, the seed was immersed into: KNO3 (1%), H2O2 (0,1%), and H2O after which their effect on germination energy and seed germination under simulated salinity conditions was examined. Simulated salinity conditions represented substrate for germination to which NaCl in different concentrations was added (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mM). Results of the research showed that the six-hour priming of seed was the best with all primers. The percentage of seed germination linearly reduced with the increase of priming time. The research has shown that seed priming represents a favorable technique for the reduction of a negative effect of NaCl on germination energy and soybean seed germination, and the best effect is accomplished with the use of KNO3. Cilj rada bio je da se ispita optimalno vreme potapanja semena soje i njegov efekat u uslovima sonog stresa. Testiranje je sprovedeno u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu na semenu sorte Galina. Optimalno vreme utvrđeno je potapanjem semena u prajmere: KNO3 (1%), H2O2 (0,1%) i H2O u trajanju od 6 h, 12 h, 18 h i 24 h. Posle sušenja do prvobitne vlage, seme je stavljeno na naklijavanje, a nakon 8 dana utvrđena je klijavost. U drugom ogledu seme je potapano u prajmere: KNO3 (1%), H2O2 (0,1%) i H2O, a nakon toga ispitivan je njihov efekat na energiju klijanja i klijavost semena u uslovima simulirane zaslanjenosti. Simulirane uslove zaslanjenosti predstavljale su podloge za naklijavanje kojima je dodat rastvor NaCl u različitim koncentracijama (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mM). Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da je najbolje šestočasovno potapanje semena kod svih prajmera. Sa povećanjem vremena potapanja linearno se smanjuje procenat klijavosti semena. Istraživanja su pokazala i da potapanje semena predstavlja povoljnu tehniku za smanjenje negativnog uticaja NaCl na energiju klijanja i klijavost semena soje, a najbolji efekat ostvaren je upotrebom KNO3.

Cilj ovog rada je bio utvrditi utjecaj LED i FLUO osvjetljenja na klijavost i energiju klijanja matovilca i kres salate, te na masu i visinu njihovih klijanaca. U istraživanju je korištena sorta matovilca Verte de Cambrai i naturalno sjeme kres salate. Sjeme je posijano te postavljeno na naklijavanje u komoru opremljenu s LED i FLUO osvjetljenjem. LED lampe su bile opremljene crvenim (650-670 nm) i plavim (440-460 nm) LED diodama. Istraživanje je provedeno u Laboratoriju za povrćarstvo, cvjećarstvo, ljekovito i začinsko bilje Poljoprivrednog fakulteta u Osijeku. Kod matovilca je nakon statističke obrade podataka utvrđen značajan utjecaj vrste osvjetljenja na energiju klijanja i klijavost koje su bile više pod LED lampama te na visinu i masu klijanaca gdje su veće vrijednosti zabilježene pod FLUO lampama. Kod kres salate je utvrđena značajno veća visina klijanaca pod FLUO osvjetljenjem, dok vrsta osvjetljenja nije značajno djelovala na ostale ispitivane parametre., The aim of this paper was to determine the influence of LED and FLUO on the germination and germination energy of lamb's lettuce and garden cress as well as on weight and height of their seedlings. In this study seeds of lamb’s lettuce cv. Verte de Cambrai and natural seed of garden cress were used. Seeds were sown according to standard laboratory procedure. Germination testing was conducted in plant growth chamber which was illuminated with LED and FLUO lamps. The LED lamps were equipped with red (650-670 nm) and blue (440-460 nm) LED diodes. The research was conducted in a Laboratory for Vegetable, Flowers, Medicinal and Spice Herbs at the Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek. According to data statistical analysis lighting type had significant influence on the germination and germination energy of lamb’s lettuce which were higher under LED lamps, as well as on height and weight of lamb’s lettuce seedlings which were recorded to be higher under FLUO lamps. Seedlings of garden cress were significantly higher under the FLUO lamps, whereas there were no significant differences between seedlings weight, germination energy and germination.

Cilj ovog rada je bio utvrditi utjecaj LED i FLUO osvjetljenja na klijavost i energiju klijanja krastavca, te njihovu masu i visinu klijanaca. U istraživanju je korišteno dvije sorte krastavca Zita F1 i Joker F1, te su one istovremeno postavljene na naklijavanje u komoru opremljenu s LED i FLUO osvjetljenjem. Istraživanje je provedeno u laboratoriju za Povrćarstvo, cvjećarstvo, ljekovito i začinsko bilje Poljoprivrednog fakulteta u Osijeku. Utvrđen je značajan utjecaj vrste osvjetljenja na visinu klijanaca krastavca Joker F1. Značajno veća visina je izmjerena kod klijanaca koji su bili pod FLUO osvjetljenjem. LED lampe su bile opremljene crvenim (650-670 nm) i plavim (440-460 nm) LED diodama., The aim of this paper was to determine the influence of LED and FLUO on the germination and germinating energy of cucumber, their mass and height of seedlings. Two varieties of cucumbers Zita F1 and Joker F1 were used in the study, and they were simultaneously placed in the growth chamber equipped with LED and FLUO lighting. The research was conducted in a laboratory for Vegetable, Flowering, Medicinal and Herbal Medicines at the Agricultural Faculty in Osijek. Significant influence of the luminance type on the height of the Joker F1 cucumber seedlings was determined. Significantly higher height was measured in the FLUO luminaires. The LED lamps were equipped with red (650-670 nm) and blue (440-460 nm) LED diodes

Coriander seed yield (Coriandrum sativum L.) depends of many factors during vegetation period, and also depend of seed quality. Coriander fruit (Coriandri fructus) which is used like spice and in medicinal purpose, and also in food and pharmacy, in the same time is and seed material. Because of that, it is very important to take care about its quality. In this paper is analyzed seed material obtained from field experiments village Mošorin, in 2011, and investigated was conducted in harvest year, and one year later. In harvest year, germination energy in average was 38,21%, and total germination 72,75%. After one year, germination energy was statistically significant smaller - 16,50%, as like total germination which was 67,42%. Prinos korijandra (Coriandrum sativum L.) zavisi od mnogo faktora tokom vegetacionog perioda, ali i od kvaliteta semenskog materijala. Plod korijandra (Coriandri fructus) koristi se kao začin u prehrambenoj industriji, u narodnoj medicini, homeopatiji, ali i kao sirovina u farmaceutskoj industriji, istovremeno je i seme. Stoga je vrlo bitno voditi računa o njegovom kvalitetu. U ovom radu je analiziran semenski materijal dobijen sa oglednog polja u Mošorinu iz 2011. godine, a ispitivanja kvaliteta semena su rađena u godini žetve i nakon godinu dana čuvanja. U godini žetve je energija klijanja korijandra u proseku iznosila 38,21%, a ukupna klijavost 72,75%, a nakon čuvanja od godinu dana energija klijanja je pala na 16,50%, a ukupna klijavost na 67,42%.

Results for yield and quality of echinacea purpurea seed obtained from age of plants one, two, three, four and five year are presented. In the laboratory experiments germination energy (GE), total germination (TG) and weight seed was examined. The highest yield of seed was achieved in three-year echinacea purpurea plants, and the lowest yield was achieved in one-year plants. Age of planted established influence significant on total germination. This parametar the highest of seed in three-year plants and the lowest of seed in five-year echinacea purpurea plants. The highest of germination energy of seed established for the seed deriving from three-year echinacea purpurea planted, and the lowest in one-year plants. The absolute mass of seeds the highest in one-year plants, and the lowest for the seed deriving from five-year echinacea purpurea planted. Dati su rezultati ispitivanja prinosa i kvaliteta semena ehinacee sakupljenog sa zasada starog jednu, dve, tri, četiri i pet godina. Pored ukupne klijavosti (UK) ispitivane su i energija klijanja (EK) i masa semena. Najveći prinos semena ostvaren je na zasadu starom tri godine, a najmanji na zasadu starosti jedne godine. Starost zasada imala je značajnog uticaja na ukupnu klijavost, tako da je ovaj parametar bio najveći kod semena sa trogodišnjeg zasada a najmanji kod semena sa petogodišnjeg zasada. Najbolju energiju klijanja imalo je seme trogodišnjeg zasada, a najslabiju jednogodišnjeg. U pogledu apsolutne mase seme jednogodišnjeg zasada imalo je najbolju vrednost, a najslabiju seme petogodišnjeg zasada.

Cilj ovog istraživanja bilo je utvrditi utjecaj LED rasvjete i fluorescentne rasvjete na klijavost, energiju klijanja, kao i na masu i visinu klijanaca . U ovom pokusu korišteno je sjeme mrkve (Flakke 2) i sjeme špinata (Viroflay). Klijanje i energija klijanja ispitani su pomoću standardnog laboratorijskog postupka. Masa i visina klijanaca zabilježeni su na kraju testiranja klijanja. Statistička analiza podataka pokazala je da FLUO rasvjeta znatno povećala visinu klijanaca mrkve. Međutim, LED rasvjeta je znatno povećala klijanje, masu klijanaca i visinu kod špinata. Dakle, može se zaključiti da su različite vrste rasvjete manje ili više pogodne za različiti uzgoj povrća. Sukladno rezultatima, LED rasvjeta može se preporučiti kao izvor svjetlosti za sporo klijajuće sjeme kao kod špinata., The aim of this study was to determine the influence of LED lighting and fluorescent lighting on germination, germination energy as well as on seedlings fresh weight and height. In this trial the carrot (cv. Flakke 2) and spinach seeds (cv. Viroflay) were used. Germination and germination energy were tested using standard laboratory procedure. Seedlings weight and height were recorded at the end of germination testing. Statistical analysis of data showed that FLUO lighting significantly increased carrot seedlings height. However, LED lighting significantly increased germination, seedlings weight and height in spinach. Therefore, it can be concluded that different types of lighting are more or less suitable for different vegetable specie. Also, according to these results, LED lighting can be advised to have as a light source when testing slow germinating seeds like in spinach.

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of foliar application of molybdenum on the germination energy and share of hard alfalfa seeds. Climatic conditions during the year had the greatest impact on the germination energy and share of hard seeds. Energy of germination was influenced by climatic conditions during the development of crops, ranging from 68.5 % to 84.1 %. Minimum germination energy was generated in the year with the most rainfall during seed formation, and the highest germination energy was achieved in the year with less rainfall during seed formation. The share of hard seeds ranged from 5.1 % to 6.7 %. Treatments with molybdenum in our research did not realize the difference in the germination energy and share of hard seeds that is statistically justified in any year of study. Molibden je veoma važan u simbiotskoj fiksaciji azota i lucerka spada u grupu biljaka koja je osetljiva na nedostatak molibdena. U trogodišnjem periodu obavljena su ispitivanja na oglednom polju Instituta za krmno bilje u Kruševcu. Cilj ovih istraživanja bio je ispitati uticaj folijarne primene molibdena na energiju klijanja semena lucerke i udeo trvdih semena. Folijarana prihrana molibdenom (0,1% amonijum molibdata (NH4)6 Mo7O4 x 4H2O je obavljena preko dve aplikacije (prva aplikacija je obavljena u fazi intezivnog porasta, a druga aplikacija u fazi butonizacije i početka cvetanja useva) sa količinom vode 1000 l ha-1. Energija klijanja je bila pod uticajem klimatskih uslova u toku razvoja useva i kretala se od 68,5% do 84,1%. Najmanja energija klijanja je ostvarena u godini sa najviše padavina u periodu formiranja semena. Energija klijanja se razlikuje po godinama ali je prosečna energija klijanja na kontrolni i varijatni tretiranoj molibdenom ujedančena. Udeo tvrdih semena se kretao od 5,1% do 6,7%. Najmanji udeo tvrdih semena je ostvaren u godini sa najviše padavina u letnjem peridu a najveći u godini sa manje padavina u periodu formiranja semena. Prosečni udeo tvrdih semena na kontrolnoj i tretiranoj varijanti nije ostvario značajne razlike. Tretmani sa molibdenom u našim istraživanjima nisu ostvarili razliku u energiji klijanja i udelu tvrdih semena koja je i statistički opravdana ni u jednoj godini ispitivanja.

The aim of this paper was to examine the influence of biostimulators, with or without the use of fungicides, on seed quality parameters and early growth of sunflower seedling. Testing was conducted at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad on cytoplasmic male sterile sunflower line HA-26-PR. The experiment included six treatments: Slavol S (25%), Slavol S (25%) + fungicide (a.m. metalaxyl-M), Bioplant Flora (2%), Bioplant Flora (2%) + fungicide (a.m. metalaxyl-M), Slavol S (25%) + Bioplant Flora (2%), Slavol S (25%) + Bioplant Flora (2%) + fungicide (a. m. metalaxyl-M) and control. Results of the research showed that treating the seed with biostimulators prior to sowing has a significant influence on seed germination parameters and early growth of sunflower seedling. The individual application of fertilizers, with or without the use of fungicide, gave a positive effect, while their combination led to a negative effect. The individual application of fertilizers, with or without combination with fungicide, may increase germination energy by 5%, germinability by 6%, but may also reduce the time of seed germination. Likewise, their use has a positive effect on early growth of sunflower seedling. Cilj rada bio je da se ispita uticaj biostimulatora, sa ili bez upotrebe fungicida, na parametre kvaliteta semena i rani porast klijanca suncokreta. Testiranje je sprovedeno u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu na citoplazmatski muško sterilnoj liniji suncokreta HA-26-PR. U ogled je bilo uključeno šest tretmana: Slavol S (25%), Slavol S (25%) + fungicid (a.m. metalaksil-m), Bioplant Flora (2%), Bioplant Flora (2%) + fungicid (a.m. metalaksil-m), Slavol S (25%) + Bioplant Flora (2%), Slavol S (25%) + Bioplant Flora (2%) + fungicid (a. m. metalaksil-m) i kontrola. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da tretiranje semena biostimulatorima pre setve ima značajan uticaj na parametre klijanja semena i rani porast klijanca suncokreta. Pojedinačna primena preparata, sa ili bez upotrebe fungicida, dala je pozitivan efekat, dok je njihova kombinacija dovela do negativnog dejstva. Pojedinačnom primenom preparata, sa ili bez kombinacije sa fungicidom, može se povećati energija klijanja za 5%, klijavost za 6%, ali i skratiti vreme klijanja semena. Takođe, njihovom upotrebom ostvaruje se pozitivan efekat i na rani porast klijanca suncokreta.

The effect of sowing dates and harvest dates on yield and quality of white mustard seed been investigated in this study. During the experiment two sowing dates have been tested the first one based on the crops in March, and the other one when the direct sowing was carried out in late May, after the harvest of camomile crops. The harvest of the seed crops in the first seeding date was performed on 1st July, and the second on 15th September. Seed fractioning extracted the following fractions: large (3mm), medium (2 mm) and small (1mm). I he objective of the laboratory' experiments was to observe the effect of the seed fraction size on the most important parameters of its quality (germination energy, total germination and absolute mass) according to the stipulated terms. Based on the data obtained in the survey, it can be concluded that the seed yield is significantly affected by the varied seeding dates. Earlier seeding date produced significantly increased seed yield (1920 kg/ha) than the later seeding date (1160 kg/ha). According to the seed quality parameters, the best characteristics are found in the seed fraction of 3 mm, in both seeding and harvest dates. Praćenje uticaj rokova setve i žetve na prinos i kvalitet semena bele slačice. Poljski ogledi obavljeni su u vegetacionoj sezoni 1999. godine na parcelama Instituta za lekovito bilje Dr Josif Pančić na lokalitetu Pančevo. U eksperimentu su testirana dva roka setve, prvi sa zasnivanjem useva u mesecu martu i drugi rok kada je direktna setva obavljena krajem maja, nakon skidanja useva kamilice. Tokom vegetacionog perioda primenjena je uobičajena tehnologija proizvodnje semenskog useva bele slačice. žetva semenskog useva kod prvog roka setve obavljena je i. jula, a kod druge setve 15. septembra. Dobijeni naturalni semenski materijal nakon žetve, prevashodno je dorađen a potom je vršeno njegovo mehaničko ujednačavanje, Frakcionisanje semena je izdvojilo frakcije sledeće veličine: krupna (3 mm), srednje krupna (2 mm) i sitna frakcija (1 mm). II laboratorijskom delu ovih ispitivanja posmatrano je kako veličina frakcije semena može uticati na najhitnije parametre njegovog kvaliteta (energiju klijanja, ukupnu klijavost i apsolutnu masu) shodno zakonski propisanim uslovima. Na osnovu dobijenih podataka istraživanja može se konstatovati daje ispaljen značajan efekat različitog roka setve na prinos semena. Raniji rok setve dao je znatno veći prinos semena (1920 kg/ha) u odnosu na kasniji rok (1160 kg/ha). Posmatrajući parametre kvaliteta semena, najbolje osobine pokazala je veličina frakcije semena od 3 mm, u oba roka setve i žetve.

The examination results on threshing ten wheat varieties on the reconstructed mobile thresher 'Ernet' type V-08 in small experimental plots in the village Globoder are presented in this paper. The threshing process is an integral part of the collection of seed wheat and was conducted on experimental plots immediately after the manual mowing of the crops. During the testing the following qualitative characteristics of each variety were determined: seed moisture, weight of 1000 grains, hectoliter mass, germination energy and germination. The thresher's cleaning quality was determined by taking the average sample from the bags in which the seeds were collected after threshing. The samples were taken in the process of threshing wheat in the experimental fields, and then in the laboratory of the Institute for Forage Crops in Globoder-Krusevac clean and broken seed, other varieties, inert matter and weed were subsequently separated for each cultivar. The study aim was to examine the quality of different varieties wheat seed, as well as practical application and evaluation of the operating quality of the reconstructed mobile thresher, 'Ernet' type V-08. U radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja pri vršidbi deset sorata pšenice na rekonstruisanoj mobilnoj vršalici 'Ernet' tip V-08 na malim oglednim parcelama u ataru sela Globoder. Proces vršidbe je sastavni deo ubiranja semenske pšenice i obavljen je na oglednim parcelama odmah nakon ručnog košenja useva. Pri ispitivanju za svaku sortu određena su sledeća kvalitativna svojstva: vlažnost semena, masa 1000 zrna, hektolitarska masa, energija klijanja i klijavost. Kvalitet čišćenja vršalice određivan je uzimanjem prosečnog uzorka iz kesica u koje je seme prikupljeno nakon vršidbe. Uzorci su uzimani u procesu vršidbe pšenice na oglednim poljima, a zatim u laboratoriji Instituta za krmno bilje u Globoderu-Kruševcu naknadno je za svaku sortu izdvojeno čisto i polomljeno seme, druge vrste, inertne materije i korov. Cilj ispitivanja bio je ispitivanje kvaliteta semena pšenice različitih sorata, kao ipraktičnaprimena i ocena kvaliteta rada vršidbenog uređaja rekonstruisane mobilne vršalice 'Ernet' tip V-08.

In this research we have determined germination energy and germination of seeds of sunflower hybrids ‘Luka’ and ‘Apolon’, at the beginning of storage and 6, 12 and 18 months after of storage period (2011-2012) in the floor concrete storage at two different air temperatures and humidity (S-1: air temperature 15-18°C and relative air humidity 65-70%) as well as in climate chamber (S-2: air temperature 10-12°C and relative air humidity 60-65%), stored in four treatments (Control: processed-untreated seed; T-1: treated with A.I. metalaxyl-M; T-2: treated with A.I. metalaxyl-M + A.I. imidacloprid and T-3: treated with A.I. metalaxyl-M + A.I. clothianidin). Based on the obtained results we have determined that sunflower hybrid ‘Luka’, compared to hybrid ‘Apolon’, in the given storage conditions and with the same seed treatment has 5-8% higher germination energy and seed germination and that in climate chamber both hybrids have 5-7% higher germination energy. Seed treatment of both sunflower hybrids with A.I. imidacloprid maximally reduced initial germination energy and seed germination in all tested periods and conditions of storage. On the average, natural seed, after 18 months of storage did not have better seed quality compared to seed treated with A.I. metalaxyl-M while other treatments had more significant influence on reduction of germination energy and seed germination, 6-15%. On the average, compared to other variants, seeds treated with A.I. metalaxyl-M after 18 months of storage in both storage conditions had higher germination energy by 4-15%, and seed germination by 2-12%., Istraživanjem je utvrđena energija klijanja i klijavost sjemena hibrida suncokreta Luka i Apolon nakon skladištenja od 18 mjeseci (2011.-2012.) u podno-betonskome skladištu (S-1; temperatura zraka 15-18°C i relativna vlaga zraka 65-70%) i klima komori (S-2; temperatura zraka 10-12°C i relativna vlaga zraka 60-65%),skladišteno u četiri tretmana (Kontrola; dorađeno-netretirano sjeme, T-1; tretirano s a.t. metalaksil-M, T-2; tretirano s a.t. metalaksil-M + a.t. imidakloprid i T-3; tretirano s a.t. metalaksil-M + a.t. klotianidin). Na osnovi dobivenih rezultata istraživanja, utvrđeno je da hibrid suncokreta Luka u odnosu na hibrid Apolon u danim uvjetima skladištenja i pri istome tretmanu sjemena ima 5-8% veću energiju klijanja i klijavost sjemena te daje u klima komori kod oba hibrida kvaliteta sjemena veća za 5-7%. Tretiranje sjemena oba hibrida suncokreta s a.t. imidakloprid najviše smanjuje početnu energiju klijanja i klijavost sjemena kao i u svim dužinama i uvjetima skladištenja sjemena. U prosjeku, nakon skladištenja od 18 mjeseci naturalno sjeme i sjeme tretirano s a.t. metalaksil-M nisu se razlikovali u kvaliteti, dok su ostali tretmani značajno više utjecali na smanjenje energije i klijavosti sjemena 6-15%. U prosjeku, tretirano je sjeme s a.t. metalaksil-M poslije skladištenja od 18 mjeseci pri oba uvjeta imalo veću energiju klijanja za 4-15%, a klijavost sjemena za 2-12% u odnosu na druge varijante.

Suma temperatura u vrijeme rasta i razvoja najvažniji je činitelj za dozrijevanje sjemena. Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi utjecaj vremena berbe i stupnja zrelosti na klijavost sjemena duhana. Za provedbu postavljenog cilja obavljena je u isto vrijeme umjetna oplodnja po 20 – 30 cvjetova na pet biljaka. Nakon oplodnje sa svake biljke ubrano je po 3 - 5 tobolaca u sljedećim intervalima: 12 dana, 16 dana, 20 dana i 25 dana nakon oprašivanja. Prilikom berbe opisani su stupanj zrelosti i boja pokožice tobolca. Samo su tobolci ubrani u četvrtom roku berbe po vanjskim obilježjima izgledali zreli, dok su tobolci iz ostala tri roka berbe izgledali fiziološki nedozreli. Nakon završetka berbe i sušenja izvršeno je ispitivanje klijavosti. Klijavost sjemena ubranog 12 dana nakon oplodnje iznosila je 69%, a klijavost sjemena ostalih varijanti kretala se od 82% do 91%, što znači da sjeme po postotku klijavosti spada u prvu klasu komercijalnog sjemena. Premda je sjeme po vanjskim obilježjima izgledalo nedozrelo imalo je zadovoljavajuću klijavost. Za razvoj i dozrijevanje sjeme mora akumulirati određenu sumu toplote, što se predstavlja kao suma toplotnih jedinica. Za fiziološko dozrijevanje sjemena u ovom radu bilo je dovoljno 300 – 350 toplotnih jedinica i 200 - 250 sunčanih sati. Analiza varijance pokazala je da je samo klijavost u prvom roku berbe bila statistički značajno slabija od klijavosti kontrole. Klijavost sjemena ostalih rokova berbe bila je niža od kontrole, ali razlike nisu bile statistički opravdane., The sum of the temperatures during growth and development is the most important factor for the ripening of seeds. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of harvest time and maturity grade on tobacco seed germination. To implement a set goal, at the same time was performed an artificial pollination at 20-30 flowers on five plants. After fertilization, 3-5 capsules at each plant were harvested in the intervals of 12, 16, 20 and 25 days after pollination. The level of ripening and color of capsule epidermis during harvest were described. Only capsules picked in the fourth harvest time looked as mature, while the capsules of other three harvest times seemed physiologically immature. After completion of harvesting and drying, germination was tested. Germination of seeds harvested 12 days after pollination was 69%, and germination of seeds of other variants ranged from 82% to 91% respectively, meaning that according to the percentage of germination those seed belong to the first class of commercial seed. Although the seeds by the visual characteristics seem unripe, it had a satisfactory germination. For the development and ripening, the seed need to accumulate a certain amount of heat, which is denoted as the sum of heat units. For the physiological ripening of the seeds in this study 300 to 350 heat units and 200 to 250 hours of sunshine was sufficient. Analysis of variance showed that only the seed of first harvest time had statistically reliable lower germination than the germination of control. Germination of the other harvest dates was lower than control, but differences were not statistically significant.

Istraživanjem je analizirana energija klijanja i klijavost sjemena hibrida kukuruza OS 499 i OSSK 617 nakon skladištenja od 36 mjeseci (2006.- 2009.) u podno betonskom skladištu (temperatura zraka 15°C i relativna vlaga zraka 70%). Na temelju dobivenih rezultata istraživanja utvrđeno je da hibrid OS 499 u odnosu na hibrid OSSK 617 u istim uvjetima skladištenja bolje održava energiju klijanja i klijavost sjemena. Tretman sjemena značajno je utjecao na smanjenje energije i klijavost sjemena. Sjeme tretirano Vitavax XL 035 u odnosu na kontrolu kod oba hibrida je imao najveće smanjenje energije i klijavosti. U prosjeku tretirano sjeme nakon skladištenja od 36 mjeseci imalo je u odnosu na kontrolu smanjenje energije klijanja kod hibrida OS 499 za 10%, a kod hibrida OSSK 617 za 17%, te klijavosti sjemena kod hibrida OS 499 za 12% i hibrida OSSK 617 za 10%., The aim this research was to analyse germination energy and germination of maize hybrids OS 499 and OSSK 617 after storage period of 36 month in the floor concrete storage. Based on the obtained results determined was that hybrid OS 499 compared to hybrid OSSK 617 in the same storage conditions had better germination energy and germination of seed. Seed tretment significantly reduced germination energy and seed germination. Treatment with Vitavax XL 035 (karboksin+tiram) 500 ml/100 kg + Gaucho FS 600 (imidaklopirid) 0,6 l/100 kg of bot hybrids, compared to control the most reduced germination energy and seed germination. After storage period of 36 months germination energy of hybrid OS 499 was reduced for 10% and of hybrids OSSK 617 for 17% while seed germination of hybrid OS 499 was reduced for 12% and of hybrid OSSK 617 for 10%.

It is very important to keep the quality of the sunflower seed, which must be kept in the warehouses. The standard treatment of sunflower seed was treatment with the fungicide. New trend for the seed quality improvement is treatment with the insecticides as well. Seed germination energy of hybrid NS-H-111 that was kept in cooling chamber was higher then the energy of seed that was kept in the warehouse for the 4.31 %. This difference was statistically significant. Seed treated with fludioxonil + metalaxil + imidakloprid that was kept in the cooling chamber, has the higher germination energy for 13.5 % the then the seed kept in the warehouse. The difference was highly significant. Seed kept in the cooling chamber had, in average, higher germination for the 3.94 % in relation of the seed kept in the warehouse. In average, for Sremac hybrid, the highest values of seed germination were when the seed was kept in the warehouse. This difference wasn't statistically significant in relation to the other two examinations. The germination energy was higher at fludioxonil + metalaxil + tiametoxam treatment (93.75 %). Investigation of Sremac seed germination in different storage conditions, in average, hasn't any statistically significant effects. The highest germination was at treatment fludioxonil + metalaxil + tiametoxam and its amount was 94.92 %. This is statistically significant difference in relation to fludioxonil + metalaxil + imidakloprid treatment (for 5.09 %). Seed without treatment, which is kept in the cooling chamber, had the highest germination energy. Hibridno seme suncokreta, koje je proizvedeno u jednoj godini, često se ne utroši za setvu u narednoj vegetaciji. U svim ovim slučajevima ono se mora čuvati u skladištima, pri tome treba očuvati kvalitete semena. Suncokret se standardno nakon dorade tretira fungicidima. Novi pravac u poboljšanju kvaliteta semenske robe je tretiranje hibridnog semena insekticidima. Energija klijanja semena hibrida NS-H-111 koje je čuvano u hladnoj komori bila je statistički značajno veća u odnosu seme iz skladišta za 4.31 %. Visoko signifikantna razlika ispoljila se kod tretmana fludioxonil+metalaxil+imidakloprid, gde je seme čuvano u hladnoj komori imalo energiju klijavosti veću za 13.5 % u odnosu na seme čuvano u skladištu. Seme čuvano u hladnoj komori imalo je, u proseku, veću klijavost za 3.94 % u odnosu na skladište. Kod hibrida Sremac, u proseku, najveća vrednost energije klijanja bila je pri čuvanju semena u skladištu, međutim ona nije bila statistički značajna u odnosu na druga dva ispitivanja. Kod ispitivanih tretmana najveća vrednost energije klijanja, u proseku, bila je najveća kod varijante fludioxonil+metalax- il+tiametoxam (93.75 %). Ispitivanje klijavosti semena hibrida Sremac u različitim uslovima čuvanja, u proseku nije pokazalo statistički značajne efekte. Najveća klijavost bila je kod tretmana fludioxonil+metalaxil+tiametoxam i iznosila je 94.92 %. Ova vrednost ispoljila je statistički visoko signifikantnu vrednost u odnosu na tretman fludioxonil+metalaxil+imidakloprid (za 5.09 %). Netretirano seme čuvano u hladnoj komori imalo je najveću klijavost.

U ovom istraživanju ispitan je učinak biostimulatora na energiju klijanja, klijavost, masu svježe i suhe tvari klijanaca kod prkosa, slamnatog cvijeta, kadife i cinije. Energija klijanja i klijavost su ispitane laboratorijski, a po završetku ispitivanja obavljeno je mjerenje svježe i suhe tvari klijanaca. Statističkom obradom podataka analizom varijance utvrđeno je da tretman biostimulatorima pozitivno utječe na poboljšanje energije klijanja, a kod nekih vrsta i na klijavost. Mase svježe i suhe tvari klijanaca su uglavnom bile na strani tretmana sa biostimulatorom, pogotovo kada je u pitanju masa svježe tvari što govori u prilog pojačanom usvajanju vode i boljoj aktivnosti korijena u fazi klijanja koje može biti od presudnog značaja za preživljavanje klijanaca. Na kraju istraživanja može se zaključiti da je tretman biostimulatorima u fazi klijanja ispitivanih vrsta dao pozitivan učinak na ispitivana svojstva., In this research influence of biostimulant on germination energy, germination, seedlings fresh matter content and dry matter content of Moss rose, Strawflower, Mexican marigold and Zinnia was investigated. Germination energy and germination were tested in laboratory and by finishing the testing seedlings fresh matter content and dry matter content were recorded. Statistical analysis of data using analysis of variance method showed that treatment with biostimulant positively affects on germination energy and by some species on germination as well. Seedlings fresh and dry matter content were mostly higher in treated plants, especially in case of fresh matter content. This leads to assumption of higher water absorption and higher root activity in germination phase which can be of crucial significance for seedlings survival. At the end of investigation it can be concluded that treatment with biostimulant in germination phase of mentioned species gave positive results in the first place by increasing germination energy and seedlings fresh matter content.

Results of the laboratory study of the germination ability of gentiana seed collected from two locations (Zlatibor and South Kučaj) during two periods (15.07.2005 and 24.08.2005) were analyzed. The effect of cooling (90 days on 40C) and moistening and cooling (90 days on 40C) on germination energy (EK) and total germination (UK) of seed was observed. Location had significant effect on germination energy and total germination. Seed collected from location on Zlatibor had significantly higher germination energy and total germination. Time of collecting also had significant effect on germination ability of the seed (EK and UK). Moistening and cooling of seed had significant effect, seed that was moistened and cooled had higher germination energy and total germination, regardless of the location and time of collecting, compared to seed which was only cooled, and especially compared to not cooled seed (control). Cooled seed had better germination energy and total germination than the control material. Analizirani su rezultati laboratorijskog ispitivanja klijavosti semena lincure sakupljenog sa dva lokaliteta (Zlatibor i Južni Kučaj) u dva perioda (15.07.2005. i 24.08.2005). Posmatran je uticaj hlađenja (90 dana na 40C) i kvašenja i hlađenja (90 dana na 40C) na energiju klijanja (EK) i ukupno klijanje (UK) semena. Lokalitet je ispoljio značajan uticaj na energiju klijanja i ukupnu klijavost. Seme sakupljeno sa lokaliteta Zlatibor imalo je znatno veću energiju klijanja i ukupno klijanje. Vreme sakupljanja semena takođe je ispoljilo značajan uticaj na klijavost semena (EK i UK). Kvašenje i hlađenje semena imalo je znatan uticaj, pa je takvo seme imalo veću energiju klijanja i ukupnu klijavost, bez obzira na lokalitet i vreme sakupljanja, u odnosu na seme koje je samo hlađeno, i naročito u odnosu na nehlađeno seme (kontrolu). Hlađeno seme imalo je energiju klijanja i ukupnu klijavost bolju u odnosu na kontrolni materijal.

U ispitivanju utjecaja runjenja na kakvoću sjemena, odabrane su dvije samooplodne linije kukuruza koje se razlikuju po građi, obliku i dubini zrna (Mo 17, Os 84-44). U procesu dorade, poslije sušenja i runjenja uzeti su prosječni uzorci klipa ispitivanih linija. Kakvoća sjemena utvrđena je standardnim laboratorijskim metodama. U obje godine ispitivanja, kod ispitanih linija kukuruza u odnosu na fazu sušenja (standard), poslije runjenja suhog klipa povećana je oštećenost zrna (18,2 do 29,6%), smanjenja energija klijanja (3,6 do 18,6%) te smanjena klijavost sjemena (1,6 do 6,4%). Linija Mo 17 u obje godine ispitivanja, poslije faze runjenja ima u odnosu na liniju Os 84-44 veću oštećenost zrna (9,8 do 11,2%),manju energiju klijanja (2,8 do 5,6%) i manju klijavost sjemena (0,2 do 6,4). Na povećanje oštećenost zrna, smanjenju energije klijanja i klijavosti sjemena utječe oblik, dubina i građa zrna., Two self-pollinated maize lines differing in structure, shape and depth were chosen for testing for the effects of shelling and seed quality. After shelling it was found that seed injury was increased (18,2 - 29,6%), the germination energy (3,6 - 18,6%) and germinability were reduced (1,6 - 12,2%) in both lines in both years of the investigation, compared to drying (standard). In comparison to the Os 84-44 line, the Mo 17 line had larger seed injury (9,8- 11,2%),weaker germination energy (2,8 - 5,6%) and germinability (0,2 – 6,4%) after shelling in both years of the investigation. It was found that the shape, depth and structure of kernels increase the seed injury, reduce germination energy and germinability.

In three year study, the influence of foliar application of zinc on seed germination energy and share of hard alfalfa seeds was examined. The experiment was conducted at the experimental field of the Institute of Forage Crops, Kruševac. The soil on which the trial was conducted is of weakly acidic reaction and zinc content which is considered adequate. Zinc fertilization was performed by foliar split application. In the investigation years, meteorological factors showed large variations. Treatment with zinc achieved on average slightly higher germination energy, but differences were not statistically significant. Zinc fertilization had no effect on the number of hard seeds. Climatic conditions had impact on the germination energy and the proportion of hard seeds. Cink je jedan od mikroelementa koji se često nalazi u nedostatku kod gajenih biljaka. Cilj ovih istraživanja bio je ispitati uticaj folijarne primene cinka na energiju klijanja semena lucerke i udeo tvrdih semena. U trogodišnjem periodu obavljena su ispitivanja na oglednom polju Instituta za krmno bilje u Kruševcu. Zemljište na kome je izveden ogled je slabo kisele reakcije a sadržaj cinka u zemljištu je za lucerku bio u adekvatnom rangu. Folijarna primena cinka (1% cink sulfata (ZnSO4 x 7H2O) je obavljena u podeljenoj aplikaciji. Prosečna energija klijanja je iznosila 78.0% sa velikim variranjem po godinama od 68,5% do 84,8%. Velika ukupna količina padavina u 2005. godini (808 mm), odnosno velika količina padavina u junu, julu i avgustu je dovela do poleganja useva još na početku cvetanja i do kasnije loše oplodnje i prorastanja semenskog otkosa što je uticalo da energija klijanja u toj godini bude znatno niža (68,7%) u odnosu na ostvarenu energiju klijanja u 2006. (84,5%) i 2007. godini (80,8%). Tretman sa cinkom je u proseku ostvario nešto veću energiju klijanja (78,2%) u odnosu na kontrolu (77,7%), ali razlike nisu i statistički opravdane. Energija klijanja je pokazala jaku negativnu korelacionu zavisnost sa ukupnom količinom padavina i količinom padavina u junu, julu i avgustu a srednju negativnu korelaciju sa brojem kišnih dana. Najveći udeo tvrdih semena ustanovljen je u sušnoj i toploj godini (6,2%), a najmanji u godini sa dosta padavina (5,1%). Đubrenje cinkom nije imalo uticaja na broj tvrdih zrna.