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This study describes an experimental and numerical investigation on the seismic behaviour of masonry infilled hinged steel frames with openings. Experimental tests of six half-scaled, single-storey and single-bay specimens including one bare hinged steel frame, one solid infilled hinged steel frame, and four masonry infilled hinged steel frames with different opening sizes were carried out under lateral cyclic loading. The cracking patterns, failure modes, hysteretic behaviour, characteristic loads and displacements, stiffness degradation and equivalent viscous damping ratios of these specimens were compared. Furthermore, detailed three-dimensional finite element (FE) models of test specimens were developed in the commercially available FE code ABAQUS, and a series of nonlinear pushover analyses were performed. In particular, the lateral load–displacement relationships of test specimens were numerically simulated and validated against the experimental results. In addition, the mechanical behaviour of infilled walls under lateral loading was investigated.

Offshore wind turbines (OWTs) are more and more widely used to produce electrical energy nowadays. Besides the constant wind and wave loads, earthquake excitation can be another important vibration source to the OWTs since many OWTs have been/will be constructed in the seismic prone areas. Extensive research works have been carried out to understand the dynamic behaviours of OWTs when they are subjected to multi-hazards (e.g. the simultaneous wind, wave and/or earthquake loadings). However, when seismic excitations are considered, the onshore earthquake records are normally used as inputs in the analyses due to the lack of offshore data and the difficulty in synthesizing the offshore seismic motions. This practice may lead to inaccurate structural response estimations since it is well known that the seawater can significantly suppress the seafloor vertical motions near the P wave resonant frequencies of the seawater layer, which in turn results in the different characteristics of onshore and offshore earthquake recordings. Moreover, the earthquake motions along the pile of OWTs are different from those at the ground surface, i.e. the earthquake motions vary with the soil depth. Recently, a method to stochastically simulate the earthquake ground motions on the offshore site was proposed, in which the influence of seawater layer was considered and the earthquake motions at any soil depth could be obtained. This paper carries out numerical simulations on the dynamic behaviours of OWTs subjected to the combined wind, wave and earthquake loadings, and the depth-varying offshore seismic motions are used as inputs in the analyses. The seismic responses of OWTs obtained from the onshore and offshore earthquake motions are calculated and compared. The influence of depth-varying ground motions on the dynamic responses of OWTs is discussed.

Offshore wind turbines are vulnerable to external vibration sources such as wind and wave excitations due to the increasing size and flexibility. It is necessary to mitigate the excessive vibration...