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Alluvial paleosol–sedimentary sequences containing animal fossils, and paleobotanical and paleopedological archives have a potential for reconstructing Quaternary paleoenvironments in Southern Mexico and for understanding the paleoecology of Pleistocene megafauna. In the section of Axamilpa river four pedostratigraphic units were recognized. The lower Gleyic and Vertic pedological Units are at the end of marine isotopic stage (MIS) 3 while the upper Humic and (most probably) Calcic Units correspond to MIS 2 according to the radiocarbon dates of humus. The micromorphological analysis indicates an incipient development and syn-sedimentary character of paleopedogenesis in the periodically water-saturated environment (indicated by redoximorphic features, hydrogenic carbonates and low values of magnetic susceptibility in most strata). The δ 13 C values of the paleosol humus range from − 22.6 to − 24.7, indicating a C3 vegetation, whereas in the modern soil it is higher (− 15.2) pointing to an abundance of the C4 and CAM plants. The δ 13 C signature of the vegetation inferred from the teeth enamel of the fossil fauna appeared to be less negative than that of humus from corresponding paleosols. The alimentary preferences of the paleofauna which fed on grasses with high proportion of C4 plants explain this difference. The phytolith analysis shows dominance in conifer forms, followed by C4 and C3 grasses. The content of conifer phytoliths is progressively reduced towards the top of the sequence. We interpret the Late Pleistocene landscape of this area as a heterogeneous forest–grassland landscape with the forest shrinking through time and the grass areas increasing. Swampy floodplain meadows (inferred from paleopedological results) could provide a habitat for grassy vegetation. Both isotope and phytolith records demonstrate a contrasting difference between Pleistocene and recent vegetation dominated by xerophytic shrubs and succulents. This vegetation change could play important role in the extinction of Pleistocene megafauna.

"El estudio de los paleosuelos, junto con la sedimentología, son herramientas útiles en la reconstrucción ambiental de los paisajes antiguos; asimismo han sido utilizados como marcadores estratigráficos para hacer correlaciones locales o para conocer tasas de sedimentación. Los paleosuelos más antiguos corresponden al Precámbrico, sin embargo han sido más estudiados los del Cuaternario. El objetivo del presente trabajo es dar una revisión acerca del uso y aplicaciones de los paleosuelos, con un mayor énfasis en el estudio de las calcretas pedogenéticas y presentar un estudio de caso perteneciente a la barranca Los Bonetes, Michoacán. La barranca Los Bonetes, localizada en el sur-centro de México, contiene sedimentos volcaniclásticos de edad Cretácico Tardío y los hadrosaurios más antiguos conocidos en México. Dentro de esta sucesión volcaniclástica se localizan paquetes de calcretas que, debido a sus características macro- y microestructurales, como son la presencia de raíces y las texturas alfa y beta, fueron reconocidas como de origen pedogenético. Con base en los requerimientos ambientales para la formación de este tipo de paleosuelos, interpretamos que el clima en la región debió ser árido o semiárido durante los periodos de no depósito durante el Cretácico. La importancia de este estudio radica en que es uno de los pocos trabajos en México en el cual se estudian paleosuelos precuaternarios para hacer inferencias climáticas."

During the Late Pleistocene, Mexico had a richer fauna than today with many different forms of megafauna that are now extinct. However, the ecosystems they inhabited and the particular ecological niches that they occupied are still poorly understood. Most of the findings of Pleistocene megafauna have been in alluvial deposits that present rich opportunities for paleoecological studies using paleopedological records. Floodplain paleosols commonly are poorly developed. However, micromorphological analysis provides information about the grade of development of the soil at a microscale, discriminating between genetic and sedimentary processes; thus helping in the identification of the environmental setting in which they formed. We analyzed the micromorphology of six pedogenetic units in the sequences of Santa Cruz Nuevo and Axamilpa, in the south of Puebla, and Huexoyucan, in the state of Tlaxcala. These pedosequences correspond to the second half of marine isotopic stage 3 (MIS3), MIS2 and the early Holocene. All studied units are characterized by strong pigmentation with dark humus. The micromorphological analysis of MIS3 paleosols reveals aquatic conditions with evidence of freshwater biota and microlamination as well as pedogenetic features of hydrogenic carbonate precipitation and redoximorphic processes. The dark paleosols of MIS2 and the early Holocene demonstrate signs of stronger coprogenic aggregation, weathering and fewer gleyic features. Comparison with modern soils shows that the latter were formed under better-drained, aerated conditions that exclude redoximorphic processes. We conclude that the dark colored Pleistocene paleosol units are indicative of different paleo-landscapes: wetlands in the MIS3 and moist meadows in MIS2 – early Holocene. The swampy ecosystems could play an important role as a megafauna habitat.