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This paper describes petrographically and genetically, a number of peperites, as examples of spatial and temporal coexistence of magmatism and sedimentation in Costa Rica. The cases are presented in basic igneous complexes (ophiolites), mixtures varying from incomplete (megablocks of radiolarite with diabase in the Nicoya Complex) to complete mixes in various stages of Maastrichtian-Paleocene (Golfito Formation) or Paleocene pelagic limestones with basalts (Quepos Subcomplex or Tulín Formation) to form brechoid and pillowed peperites. Within the Oligo-Miocene arc, there are examples extended along the Talamanca range and its foothills, as well as Sarapiquí's plains represented for brechoid and bulbous (fluidal) peperites in latiandesitic lavas (Pacacua Formation) or brechoid peperitic pipes in ignimbrites (Mata de Limón Member) or possible brechoid peperites in lavas in the Crucitas mining prospect (Cureña Formation), or simple brechoid peperites in andesitic flow (Pacacua Formation, in Talamanca) or as hydroclastic breccias with fragments of dacitic composition in lava flow deposits of Carbonal Guanacaste, just between the beaches Cabuyal and Naranjo. All these rocks represented proximal equivalents of the explosive, effusive and subvolcanic volcanism (endogenous domes and criptodomes) and his concomitance with the fluvial sedimentation. In Quaternary period, we have a sample in the base of Tiribí Formation in contact with Palmares Lacustrine. Also this paper included possible and potential cases. It hopes that the description and interpretation of this type of rocks helps to its identification in other regions of Costa Rica and Central America in general, as well as a potential source for the exploration of valuable metals [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive compilation of 651 (since 1968) radiometric ages determinations (415 40Ar/39Ar, 211 K/Ar, 5 U/Th, 4 Rb/Sr, 2 U/Pb, and 13 fission track thermochronology ages using zircon) provides a complete picture of the igneous stratigraphy of Costa Rica, and information about the age of the major metamorphic and metalogenic events in the region. Igneous rocks of Late Jurassic to Middle Eocene age (~ 160 to ~ 41 Ma), mainly accreted ophiolites. At the beginning of Campanian time (~ 71 Ma), the actual subduction zone was established, represented by volcanosedimentary rocks of basic to felsic composition. However, voluminous subalkaline, primary volcanic rocks appeared only after ~ 29 Ma. Intrusive to hypabyssal granitic to gabboic plutons, stocks, equivalent dykes and sills, are widely exposed in the Talamanca range (~ 12.4 - 7.8 Ma), Cerros de Escazú (~ 6.0 - 5.9 Ma), and Fila Costeña (~ 18.3 - 16.8 and ~ 14.8 - 11.1 Ma), Tapantí-Montes del Aguacate-Carpintera (~ 4.2 - 2.2 Ma) and Guacimal (~ 6.4 - 5.2 Ma). Arc rocks between 29 and 11 Ma are known in the San Carlos plains and in southern Costa Rica. The location and age of the igneous rocks indicated that there was a 20°counterclockwise rotation of the arc (termed as Proto-Volcanic Front) between 15 and 8 Ma, with a pole of rotation centered on southern Costa Rica. This rotation is attributed to deformation in the overriding plate (shortening in the south coeval with extension in the NW), accompanied by trench retreat in the south. At ~ 3.45 Ma arc-related volcanism shut off in southern part of the region, but local acid-adakite volcanism persisted in the Talamanca range (4.2 - 0.95 Ma) due to the subduction of the Cocos Ridge. The Paleo-Volcanic Front is represented by arc-related rocks (8 - 3.5 Ma) along the length of Costa Rica, parallel to but in front of the modern arc. This activity was followed by the Monteverde (2.1 - 1.1 Ma) andesitic/basaltic effusive event, which progressively retreated to the NE. Thus, the Neo-Volcanic Front was established between 2.1 and the present, in which the modern volcanoes grew mainly during the last 0,6 Ma. In general, modern volcanoes represent three volcanic episodes: ancestral cone/shield building at ~ 1,61 - 0,85 Ma (Proto-Cordillera), overlapping in part with Monteverde volcanism; a major constructive event at ~ 0,74 - ~ 0,2 Ma (Paleo-Cordillera), and a relatively small but still active volcanism at 0,25 - 0 Ma (Neo-Cordillera). Submarine volcanism in the Pacific is represented by the Fisher Ridge (30.0 and 19.2 Ma), the Cocos Ridge (14,5 – 0,6 Ma), including the sub-aerial volcanism of Cocos Island (2,2 - 1,5 Ma). The major magmatic, metamorphic and metallogenic events are clearly related to major geotectonic events, including regional unconformities, at Upper Cretaceous (~ 82 Ma), Middle Eocene (~ 45 Ma) and Upper Miocene (~ 8 Ma). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study defines the stratigraphy of Poá s volcano by using geologic, petrographic, geochrono-logic and geochemical analyses made on the Poás units. The northern flank of the volcano is comprised of the following units: Rio Sarapiquí, La Paz Andesites, Tiribi Formation (from Barva volcano, but interdigitated with Poás stratigraphy), Rio Cuarto Lavas, Von Frantzius, Cerro Congo, Bosque Alegre and Laguna Kopper. The units on the southern flank are Colima Formation, La Paz Andesites, Tiribi, Achiote, Poasito, Sabana Redonda and Poás Lapilli Tuff. The central part of the volcano is made by the Poás Summit Unit, which includes the Main and Botos craters. The composition of the rocks spans the range from basalts to dacites. These units were geochemically correlated with two magmatic components: 1. The Sabana Redonda Geochemical Component (TiO2 > 1%) enriched in HSFE and other trace elements, present in La Paz Andesites, Lavas Rio Cuarto, Poasito, Sabana Redonda, Poás Lapilli Tuff and some from Botos crater lavas. 2. The Von Frantzius Geochemical Component (TiO2 < 0.8 %) is present in lavas of the Main crater, Von Frantzius, Achiote, Bosque Alegre, Cerro Congo and some Botos crater lavas. During the last 600 ka the content of K2O and other oxides (TiO2 and P2O5) and traces (Zr, Ba) have varied significantly through time, suggesting the presence of these two geochemical end-members since the beginning of the magmatic activity of Poás. Within similar ranges of time, units with high and low values of these elements have coexisted; the latter is true for Botos lavas and the Main crater. For units that possibly shared a common vent, such as La Paz Andesites, Achiote and Main crater, the percentages of K2O and TiO2 have decreased through time. Nevertheless, more geochronological data are needed to improve the interpretations given above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a geologic map of the Tapantí quadrangle, which is located in the central region of Costa Rica and belongs to the Central Costa Rica Deformed Belt (CCRDB). The CCRDB is a consequence of the interaction of the Cocos Ridge and the Western edge of the Panama microplate. The oldest rocks mapped in this work are Miocene in age and theyvbelongs to Pacacua, Peña Negra and Coris formations, than form the western edge of the Candelaria basin. Three igneous events were distinguished. First, the Miocene volcanic arc, which is represented by the rocks of La Cruz Formation and the clasts of Pacacua Formation. Another period of igneous activity was recorded in Grifo Alto and Doán formations and the Tapantí Intrusive, with an age range of 0.6-0.03 Ma. From a geochemical point of view is remarkable a change between 10 to 6 Ma, enrichment of K and Si and changes in U, Sr, Ba and La concentrations. This change corresponds with the Cocos Ridge arriving to the Middle America Trench and it is visible because the Pliocene magmatic arc, the Pliocene intrusive of Tapantí and the nowadays volcanic arc. The structural model suggests the existence of two deformation events, the first occurred during the period of time between Late Miocene and Pliocene and it formed the Folding Zone Orosi-Patarrá, and the second one corresponds to the establishment of CCRDB, from Pliocene to present, which is constituted by left lateral faults bearing ENE and right lateral faults bearing NW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Route 27, known as Ciudad Colón-Caldera Highway, offers excellent geological sections showing much of the volcanic and sub-volcanic stratigraphy of the western part of the Central Valley and the Aguacate Mountains foothills. Here a volcaniclastic succession correlated with the Grifo Alto Formation (Pliocene) is exposed. It consists of lavas, breccias and epivolcanic deposits (hyperconcetrated fluvial and debris avalanches deposits) that locally show strong propilitic alteration. In some places the succession is slightly to moderately tilted, faulted and cut by dykes. A series of old debris avalanche deposits is also present, related to the volcanic activity in the Aguacate Mountains. Locally, a series of monomictic mesobreccias units is exposed consisting of glassy andesitic blocks in a vitro-crystalline matrix ash interpreted as block and ash-flow deposits, which is probably coeval with the volcanic Monteverde Formation (Lower Pleistocene). At least, 4 units of debris flow/debris avalanche deposits are associated with Nuestro Amo Formation. At the upper part of the succession, several porphyrytic andesitic lava-flows, correlated to the Lower Colima Formation are followed by ignimbrites of the Puente de Mulas and Tiribí Formations, of middle Pleistocene age, containing hyperconcentrated fluvial-ignimbrite deposits with decreasing thicknesses. A propagation fold deforms these ignimbrites, indicating the existence of a thin-skinned type overthrust with a SW vergency, which was active since, at least, the middle Pleistocene. The tilting of the rocks exposed along Route 27, the type of fracturing/faulting and folding, and the existence of some structural highs, is well explained with the thrust faulting model proposed in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]