Search

Centimeter level GPS positioning is based on the very precise carrier beat phase measurements. However, this observable is ambiguous by a number of whole cycles between the satellite and receiver antenna at the first epoch of data collecting, which is called the ambiguity. GPS ambiguities are introduced as parameters to be estimated in the observation equations. However, since they are integer numbers there is no standard techniques for solve them. One of the ways is to apply sequential conditional least-squares estimation together with integer search techniques. The ambiguity resolution can be divided in two steps: estimation and validation. The estimation is concerned with the computation of the ambiguities values. The validation step is used to infer if the estimated value can be accepted or not. From the last decade until nowadays ambiguity resolution has been one of the most important research topic in geodetic positioning and a several methods have been proposed. Special attention has been made about the fast ambiguity resolution. The aim of this paper is to investigate the ambiguity resolution in the context of relative kinematic positioning and its implementation in the GPSeq software, which is a GPS data processing software developed in academic environment. In this paper some experiments about kinematic processing are presented, whose results shown that the GPSeq solution is compatible on the centimeter level with Reliance software. The results also shown an inefficiency of the ratio and the difference between the quadratic form of the residuals of the second best and best solution tests in validating the ambiguity resolution in time limits of solution of the baselines processed.

El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar los efectos a largo plazo producidos por las ocupaciones prehispánicas agroalfareras del valle de Tafí, Noroeste Argentino, realizando una síntesis de los procesos degradativos generados por tales poblaciones y su repercusión en la configuración actual del paisaje desde una perspectiva geoarqueológica, integrando información de otros valles áridos de la región. La principal manifestación de este fenómeno degradativo ha quedado registrada en los depósitos de la unidad morfoestratigráfica H2 depositada entre ca. 4200 y 600 años AP en los fondos de los valles y que alcanza enormes dimensiones. Su registro estratigráfico contiene rasgos materiales de las ocupaciones humanas prehispánicas de índole primaria y secundaria. El deterioro ambiental se evidencia en primer lugar en los procesos de morfogénesis acelerada, duplicándose prácticamente las tasas de sedimentación a partir del asentamiento de las comunidades agropastoriles en la zona (alrededor del 2200 AP), pasando de 1-1,7 m/1000 años a 2,5-3 m/1000 años. Al mismo tiempo, otra pauta de degradación general del valle se aprecia en el deterioro de los paleosuelos (hoy enterrados) en las zonas agrícolas prehispánicas, donde se registra erosión parcial o total de los horizontes superficiales (2A) y pérdida de materiales finos (fracción limo especialmente) así como alteraciones químicas., The aim of this paper is to show the long-term effects produced by Prehispanic agricultural occupations in the Tafí valley, Northwestern Argentina, providing a synthesis of the degradative processes triggered by those populations together with their consequences on present landscape. Our approach used a geoarchaeological perspective and integrated the information from other arid valleys in the region. The main manifestation of this degradative process is recorded in the deposits of the H2 morphostratigraphic unit, which is extremely large and has been dated between ca. 4200 and 600 BP in valley bottoms. Its stratigraphic record contains cultural materials from Prehispanic populations of primary and secondary contexts. Environmental degradation is evidenced by the presence of accelerated morphogenetic processes, with sedimentation rates that were twice as high since the settlement of agropastoral communities. These rates increased from 1-1.7 m/1000 yr to 2.5-3 m/1000 yr. At the same time, the (now buried) paleosoils of the valleys described in Prehispanic agricultural terraces are eroded on their superficial horizons (2A) and show loss of the soil silt fraction, as well as chemical alterations., O objetivo deste trabalho é mostrar os efeitos a longo prazo produzidos pelas ocupações préhispânicas agrocerâmicas do Vale de Tafí, Noroeste da Argentina, elaborando uma síntese dos processos degradativos gerados por tais populações e sua repercussão na configuração atual da paisagem a partir de uma perspectiva geoarqueológica, integrando informações de outros vales áridos da região. A principal manifestação deste fenômeno degradativo foi registrada nos depósitos da unidade morfoestratigráfica H2 depositada entre ca. 4200 e 600 anos AP nos fundos dos vales, e que atinge enormes dimensões. Seu registro estratigráfico contém características materiais de ocupações humanas pré-hispânicas de natureza primária e secundária. A deterioração ambiental é evidenciada em primeiro lugar nos processos de morfogênese acelerada, praticamente dobrando as taxas de sedimentação a partir do assentamento das comunidades agropastoris na área (em torno de 2200 AP), passando de 1-1,7 m/1000 anos a 2,5-3 m/1000 anos. Ao mesmo tempo, outro ponto de degradação geral do vale pode ser visto na deterioração dos paleossolos (atualmente enterrados) nas áreas agrícolas pré-hispânicas, onde se registra erosão parcial ou total dos horizontes superficiais (2A) e perda de materiais finos (fração silte especialmente), bem como alterações químicas., Dossier: La interdisciplina en la práctica geoarqueológica. VIII Taller GEGAL-La Plata 2020., Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo

Este trabajo forma parte de un proyecto iniciado en 2019, cuyo objetivo principal consiste en realizar un análisis geoarqueológico de aleros y cuevas someras ubicadas en diferentes regiones y contextos geológicos de la Argentina. En esta contribución en particular se intenta avanzar en la comprensión de los procesos de preservación de los materiales orgánicos en tales contextos. Es sabido que en los reparos rocosos se generan condiciones microambientales particulares que promueven la preservación de materiales orgánicos poco frecuentes en otro tipo de sitios, entre ellos tejidos vegetales, plumas, cueros, pelos y tendones. Desde un punto de vista metodológico, hemos diferenciado los procesos tafonómicos involucrados en tres etapas: pre-sepultamiento, sepultamiento y post-sepultamiento. En cada una de ellas hemos reconocido las principales variables actuantes, ejemplificadas en 19 casos de estudio procedentes de diferentes regiones de la Argentina. Como resultado se observa que la combinación de múltiples factores microambientales, sedimentarios y geoquímicos determina qué se va a preservar en estos espacios, quedando disponible para la recuperación arqueológica posterior. El microambiente que se crea dentro de estos sitios amortigua los cambios de temperatura y proporciona reparo del sol, de la lluvia y del viento, lo que retarda el deterioro de los huesos y de otros materiales orgánicos en superficie. La sedimentación suele ser muy lenta en estos contextos, no obstante, a pesar de su permanencia prolongada en superficie, se registran bajos o nulos estadios de meteorización en los restos óseos. De esta manera, en los reparos se pueden generar secuencias de meteorización muy diferentes a las desarrolladas en sitios a cielo abierto. El ambiente geoquímico en capa constituye el factor tafonómico final para la preservación, representado por el equilibrio metaestable entre el material orgánico y su entorno a lo largo del tiempo. Estudios como el aquí presentado permiten aproximarnos a la comprensión del potencial de preservación particular de este tipo de sitios, y a la de sus posibles sesgos, a fin de incorporar esta perspectiva en su interpretación arqueológica., This paper is part of an ongoing project started in 2019. Its main goal is to carry out a geoarchaeological analysis of rockshelters and shallow caves located in different regions and geological contexts of Argentina. This particular contribution attempts to shed light on the preservation processes of organic materials in such contexts. It is known that special microenvironmental conditions created in rocky shelters promote the preservation of rare organic materials in other types of sites, including plant tissues, feathers, hides, hair, and tendons. From a methodological perspective, we have differentiated the taphonomic processes involved in their preservation in three stages: pre-burial, burial, and postburial. In each of these stages, we have recognized the main acting attributes, exemplified in 19 case studies from different regions of Argentina. As a result, it can be proposed that the combination of multiple microenvironmental, sedimentary, and geochemical factors determines what is going to be preserved in these spaces, thus remaining available for further archaeological recovery. The microenvironment created within these sites buffers changes in temperature and provides shelter from the sun, rain, and wind, thus slowing bone and other organic material deterioration on the surface. Sedimentation is usually very slow in these contexts, and despite its prolonged permanence on the surface, however, low or no weathering stages are recorded in the bone remains. Therefore, weathering sequences depend on whether they are developed in rockshelters and shallow caves, or open-air sites. The filling geochemical environment constitutes the final taphonomic factor for preservation. This environment is represented by the metastable balance between organic materials and their environment over time. Studies as the one presented here allow us to gain an understanding of the particular preservation potential of these types of sites, as well as of their possible biases. This perspective is helpful for their archaeological interpretation., Este trabalho faz parte de um projeto iniciado em 2019, cujo objetivo principal é realizar uma análise geoarqueológica de beirais e cavernas rasas localizadas em diferentes regiões e contextos geológicos da Argentina. Esta contribuição particular tenta avançar a compreensão dos processos de preservação de materiais orgânicos em tais contextos. Sabe-se que condições microambientais particulares são geradas em saliências rochosas que promovem a preservação de materiais orgânicos raros em outros tipos de sítios, incluindo tecidos vegetais, penas, peles, cabelos e tendões. Do ponto de vista metodológico, diferenciamos os processos tafonômicos envolvidos em três etapas: pré-sepultamento, sepultamento e pós-sepultamento. Em cada um deles reconhecemos as principais variáveis de desempenho, exemplificadas em 19 estudos de caso de diferentes regiões da Argentina. Como resultado, observa-se que a combinação de múltiplos fatores microambientais, sedimentares e geoquímicos determina o que será preservado nesses espaços, ficando disponível para posterior recuperação arqueológica. O microambiente criado nesses locais amortece as mudanças de temperatura e fornece abrigo do sol, da chuva e do vento, o que retarda a deterioração dos ossos e outros materiais orgânicos na superfície. A sedimentação é geralmente muito lenta nesses contextos, no entanto, apesar de sua permanência prolongada na superfície, poucos ou nenhum estágio de desgaste são registrados nos restos ósseos. Desta forma, nos reparos, podem ser geradas sequências de intemperismo muito diferentes daquelas desenvolvidas em locais ao ar livre. O ambiente geoquímico estratificado constitui o fator tafonômico final para preservação, representado pelo equilíbrio metaestável entre a matéria orgânica e seu ambiente ao longo do tempo. Estudos como o aqui apresentado permitem-nos abordar a compreensão do potencial particular de preservação deste tipo de sítio, e dos seus possíveis vieses, de forma a incorporar esta perspectiva na sua interpretação arqueológica., Dossier: La interdisciplina en la práctica geoarqueológica. VIII Taller GEGAL-La Plata 2020., Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo

Preliminary results based on macroscopic and microscopic analysis of quaternary sedimentary structures and paleosoils preserved on footslope deposits are presented in this paper. Together with geochronologic estimates for the main pedo-stratigraphic units, the paper suggests an evolutionary pattern for geomorphic surfaces situated at the highlands of the States of Paraná and Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil. the association of that pattern with global environmental changes is postulated. Based on sedimentologic and geomorphologic evidences, paleohydrologic interpretations suggest the predominance of relative wet local climates at the end of the Pleistocene. Indeed, 14C ages of paleosoils in the study area suggest the development of organic and hydromorphic soils during the coldest periods of isotopic stages 3 and 2. As peat horizons need anaerobic conditions to fully develop, such a result lead us to challenge the predominant role attributed to lower precipitation as a cause of geomorphic and vegetation changes during the Quaternary in the tropics and subtropics. Indeed, together with lower precipitation. Lower temperatures and, most important, an excess of precipitation over evaporation should be considered as the same importance. In so far, the indication of waterlogged soils, even during the Last Glacial Maximum, well explain the pattern of evolution of geomorphic surfaces and related pedo-stratigraphic features in the area. Indeed, taking into account the calibrated isotopic curves from Antarctic ice cores for the last 40 ka, we conclude that soil development and colluvial building by diffuse processes prevailed during Stadials, while pulses of erosive incision punctuated Insterstadials.

Este trabajo trata de resolver distintos aspectos vinculados con el conocimiento de las rocas cuarcíticas dentro de la Región Pampeana, de este modo es una contribución para comprender la Base Regional de Recursos Líticos. En la pampa bonaerense este es un tema particularmente importante porque son las rocas talladas más frecuentes en el registro arqueológico. Los distintos aspectos analizados incluyen la caracterización macro y microscópica de las rocas cuarcíticas provenientes de Ventania y las provenientes de Tandilia y la propuesta de criterios para distinguir distintas variedades dentro de cada sistema serrano, discutiendo las características que permiten localizar en el paisaje las más utilizadas. Asimismo se discute brevemente los rasgos que afectan la calidad para la talla y el uso que se hizo de estas rocas en el pasado. La información considerada incluye tanto datos bibliográficos como material arqueológico y muestras de los afloramientos. Se concluye que existen criterios macro y microscópicos que permiten diferenciar las rocas cuarcíticas del Sistema de Tandilia de las del Sistema de Ventania y criterios macroscópicos que permiten identificar algunas variedades empleadas para la talla en ambos sistemas serranos (Fm Balcarce y Grupo Sierras Bayas (Tandilia), Fm Napostá (Ventania) y en menor medida Fm Trocadero y Fm Mascota (Ventania). Como estas variedades tienen una ubicación conocida, existe la posibilidad de realizar estudios de procedencia con éxito en el futuro., The present paper constitutes a step towards understanding the regional lithic resource base in pampa. As the most frequently flaked rock is quartzite, this paper is devoted to the macro and microscopic characterization of those varieties which were used most. Also these varieties are mapped and criteria for their identification are proposed. Terminology, raw material quality and its use in the past are also briefly discussed. The study is based on bibliographic information and samples from both archaeological collections and rock outcrops. As a result, macro and microscopic criterio which differentiate rocksfrom Ventania and Tandilia are corroborated and macroscopic characteristics are described, by which varieties commonly used for flaking can be identified (Fm Balcarce and Grupo Sierras Bayas (Tandilia), Fm Napostá (Ventania) and with less certainty : Fm. Trocadero, Fm Mascota (Ventania). As these varieties are localized there is a favourable perspective for provenance studies in the future., Sociedad Argentina de Antropología

This work presents a macroseismic analysis of the AD 1755 Lisbon Earthquake-Tsunami event by means of the combination of intensity data derived from the EMS-98 scale and the ESI-07 scale (Environmental damage). About 600 records of secondary earthquake environmental effects (EEEs) for the whole Spain have been used to define intensities, focused on the SW portion of the Iberian Peninsula. The Spanish data have been complemented with 308 EEEs records from Portugal. The analyses indicate maximum intensities of X EMS-ESI along the Atlantic margin of the Iberian Peninsula with 76 records of Tsunami environmental effects (TEEs). An important amplification (VIII – VII) occurred all along the Guadalquivir basin and the adjacent Betic front at epicentral distances of 300–700 km. In these zones 55 records of ground effects (ground cracks, Liquefactions and slope movements) are catalogued. In the rest of the territory of the Peninsula the most widespread effects were hydrogeological changes with 505 records in Spain and 196 in Portugal (total 701 records) covering all the intensity levels. Increase of flow discharges in springs and elevation of water level in wells was the common groundwater response to seismic shacking, especially in SW Iberia. In this zone water elevation in wells was between 5 and 3 m and persistent increases of discharges long-lasting (several days to two months). Persistent discharges on springs were linked in 143 cases to important SW-NE crustal faults (e.g., Alentejo-Plasencia Fault). From the Intensity distribution the historic seismic scenarios are explored by means of the development of empirical ShakeMaps. These consider the three classical seismic sources proposed for this earthquake: Gorringe Bank (G); Marques de Pombal Fault (M) and Atlantic delamination beneath the Gulf of Cadiz (C). However, individually these seismic sources are too small and unable to generate the resulting seismic scenario depicted by the intensity map developed in this work, with onshore seismic accelerations (PGA) up to 0.82 g. These acceleration values and the great amplification experienced throughout the Guadalquivir basin (0.34–0.52 g) are only possible considering a combination of the three seismic sources (GMC Source) probably related to shallow subduction or lithospheric delamination beneath SW Iberia and the Gulf of Cadiz. This will suggest an NNE-SSW offshore rupture length of 350–360 km with an overall rupture area of c. 84,500 km2 resulting in an event magnitude 8.6 Mw calculated from empirical relationships. The results demonstrate the efficacy of these kind of approaches for better identifying and modelling seismic sources for historical events, This work was supported by the Spanish Research Project MINECOFEDER CGL2015-67169-P (QTECSPAIN - USAL). It is a contribution of the Earthquake Geology Group (TPPT) of the INQUA TERPRO Commission. Authors are grateful to the constructive comments of Joao Fonseca and an anonymous reviewer who significantly improved the content of this paper

Teaching in higher education institutions about the development of technical projects can no longer follow the same principles that were followed a decade ago. Nowadays, new criteria must be included in the development process and even the methodology for dealing with them must be modified. For this reason, a change in the academic curriculum in technical degrees, especially when related to natural resources projects, is not only necessary but also urgent. The inclusion of concepts such as the objectives and goals of sustainable development, circular economy, social integration, and energy self-sufficiency, and others in the training phase of the future engineers, is essential for the development of new real industrial projects, and even more in the case of countries with scarce resources. This paper discusses the design of a new methodology within the process of advancement and development of a project for the use of raw materials, with the intention of modifying the teaching methods used in technical careers such as engineering. This will allow those future professionals who will have to effectively develop those new projects, acquire the necessary skills. But together with acquiring those skills, it is important they fully internalize during their training phase the importance of addressing in parallel a decision-making process that is not only based on economic criteria but also on those mentioned above. The real case selected for the creation of the new methodology is a project for the recovery of mineral resources in the Republic of Cuba. In it, the objectives and goals of sustainable development are classified according to their direct or indirect involvement, indicating at each step how it affects the decision-making and developing a new educational proposal for university training in technical careers.

This paper shows the results of a study focused on the evolution and properties of mortars made with a mixture of portland cement (PC) and natural mordenite (Mor). To begin, samples of mordenite, cement and sand were studied with X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and granulometric analysis (GA). Next, mortars with a ratio of 75% PC and 25% mordenite were prepared to determine their initial and final setting times, consistency and density. Continuing, the density, weight and compressive strength of the specimens were determined at 2, 7, 28, 90 and 365 days. Finally, the specimens were studied using SEM, XRD and XRF. The results of the study of the mordenite sample showed a complex constitution where the major mineral component is mordenite, and to a lesser degree smectite (montmorillonite), halloysite, illite, mica, quartz, plagioclase and feldspar, in addition to altered volcanic glass. Tests with fresh cement/mordenite mortar (CMM) showed an initial setting time of 320 min and a final setting time of 420 min, much longer than the 212–310 min of portland cement mortar (PCM). It was established that the consistency of the cement/mordenite mortar (CMM) was greater than that of the PCM. The results of the density study showed that the CMM has a lower density than the PCM. On the other hand, the density of cement/mordenite specimens (CMS) was lower than that of portland cement specimens (PCS). The CMS compressive strength studies showed a significant increase from 18.2 MPa, at 2 days, to 72 MPa, at 365 days, with better strength than PCS at 28 and 365 days, respectively. XRD, XRF and SEM studies conducted on CMS showed a good development of primary and secondary tobermorite, the latter formed at the expense of portlandite, also, ettringite developed normally. This work proves that the partial replacement of PC by mordenite does not have a negative effect on the increase in the mechanical strength of CMS. It indicates that the presence of mordenite inhibits the spontaneous hydration of C3A and controls the anomalous formation of ettringite (Ett). All this, together with the mechanical strength reported, indicates that mordenite has a deep and positive influence on the evolution of the mortar setting and is an efficient pozzolan, meaning it can be used in the manufacture of mortars and highly resistant pozzolanic cement, with low hydration heat, low density, stability in extremely aggressive places and a low impact on the environment.

Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) is the most used parameter to measure rock strength. However, restrictions in sampling large volume of material, the need of very large set of results and onsite characterisation of UCS non-destructively are requirements in many scientific and engineering investigations. The estimation of UCS from a single non-destructive or minimally invasive technique (NDT) may result incomplete because each NDT is sensitive to different compositional and textural factors. This paper combines open porosity, P-wave velocity, Leeb hardness and micro-drilling resistance force to estimate USC for a wide range of carbonate sedimentary rock types with different petrographic characteristics. Results reveal that mineralogical composition significatively affects micro-drilling resistance force profiles and P-wave velocity values, especially for quartz-bearing rocks. In addition, texture controls substantially the reproducibility of tests sensible to rock surface properties, such as Leeb hardness and micro-drilling resistance force. Fifteen simple and multiple expressions for UCS are fitted. Linear expressions have shown better coefficients of determination (R2) than non-linear equations because of the linearity shown by individual parameters. Curve fitting improves as the number of petrophysical parameters increase in the multiple linear regression analysis. The best correlation is found when the equation incorporates all the mechanical parameters obtained non-destructively as well as open porosity (R2 = 0.910). Leeb hardness is always the most significant variable of the fitted regressions and its addition into multiple linear equations causes an increase of R2. Open porosity also improves R2 whereas drilling force and P-wave velocity have a lower statistical weight in the expressions. The UCS estimation from all NDT, without considering open porosity, shows a good correlation (R2 = 0.899), which presents the advantage that they can be obtained non-destructively with portable equipment and can provide a numerous set of results at relatively low cost. This work was supported by the Spanish Government [grant number RTI2018-099052-B-I00] and Regional Government of Madrid (Spain) [Top Heritage, grant number S2018/NMT-4372].

[ES] En este trabajo se estudian un M/3 y un fragmento mandibular con M/3 de Artiodactyla del yacimiento del Eoceno medio (MP 15-16) de Caenes (Cuenca del Duero, Salamanca, España), determinados como Leptotheridium sp. (Dacrytheriidae). De las tres formas reconocidas en dicho género se asemeja, por las dimensiones, a Leptotheridium cí.traguloides del Rhenaniense superior (MP 16) de Europa occidental. También puede estar relacionado con ci.Leptotheridium de Mazaterón (Rhenaniense superior, subcuenca de Almazán, provincia de Soria), única cita anterior del género en la Cuenca del Duero. El hallazgo confirma la edad establecida para el yacimiento de Caenes en trabajos anteriores., [EN] In this paper a M/3 and a fragment of mandible with M/3 of Artiodactyla from the middle Eocene (MP 15-16) bed of Caenes (Duero Bassin, Salamanca, Spain) are studied. This material is classified as Leptotheridium sp. (Dacrytheriidae). According to it's size it's similar to Leptotheridium cf.traguloides from the upper Rhenanian (MP 16) of western Europe, wich is one of the three forms recognized in that genus. It may be connected with cf.Leptotheridium from Mazaterón (upper Rhenanian MP 15-16, Almazán subbassin, province of Soria), wich was the only previous reference of the genus Leptotheridium in the Duero bassin. The finding confirms the age established in earlier papers.

The Upper Silesian Coal Basin (in the paper called the GZIV) is situated in southern Poland, next to Polish-Czech state border (see fig. 1). The Upper Carboniferous hard coals have extensively been mined there for last centuries. The GZW is the region where great seismic activity is observed. The seismicity is assumed to be induced by mining operations. Most of the seismic events occur in the northern part of the GZW which was selected to present study. The paper is an effort to deal with a problem of interrelation between tremors triggered by mining and natural seismicity in a rock mass. The main point is that some of seismic events occur independently of works related to coal extraction. The study tends towards discovering causes of this group of tremors. The hypothesis is tested that the occurrence of these tremors is influenced by geological structure. Investigations of the mine tremors focal mechanisms are accompanied by conventional structural analysis and modem techniques of structural geology just introduced into research work on the GZW. Study of geometrical attributes of fold arrays enables determining dynamics of principal tectonic structures in the area; shear strain values and minimum displacements are calculated for the main discontinuities. Evidences of interlayer slip, widely represented within the sedimentary sequence, demonstrate spatial orientation of tectonic-transport direction consistent with kinematics and dynamics of primary structures recognised by means of conventional structural analysis of folds and faults. Structural and fractal methods applied enable to find out symptoms of the basement dislocations control on the deformation of the cover basin. Seismic moment tensor and regional tensor estimated on the basis of classic fault plane solution as well as strain ellipsoid and structural pattern obtained as a result of tectonic study have many features in common. The similarity is visible specially in case of the largest tremors and the largest faults. Investigation of the fault spatial distribution together with analysis of the fault size parameters reveal features that let regard the Upper Carboniferous rock mass as a nonliear system and point to fractal geometry of the fault network in the northern part of the GZW. Location and orientation of active fundamental faults deduced from the focal mechanism solutions as well as structural and fractal analyses are determined in proposed seismotectonic model of the area. It is suggested that the primary faulting in the basement produces displacements on elements of the fault network in the Upper Carboniferous sedimentary complex. These displacements beside mining operations are regarded as a source of large tremors generation. Subequatorial fracture zone is recognised as a second order boundary zone separating two segments of the GZW basement: the Bytom block and the centralny block. Two marginal dislocations of this zone are identified as main seismogenic structures: the southern (see figs. 5,16 and 21 - discontinuity B, also fig. 28 - in the part I) and northern one (see fig. 21 - discontinuity b, also fig. 28 - in the part III). Both of them are marked by linear gravimetric anomalies (see fig. 21). Moreover, the seismogenic faults frame an area of anomaly of geothermal field (K a r w a s i e c k a, 1996a, 1996b). Results point to long-continued seismogenic activity of the latitudinal deep-seated faults in the northern part of the GZW. Frequent reactivation of these faults is subsequent to position that the intra- 104 p|ate border fracture (B-b) has kept in successive global structural patterns: within the Caledonian Transeuropean suture zone (see fig. 6), on the foreland of approaching orogenic front in the Variscan time (see fig. 7) and in front of the Carpathian arc since the Tertiary (see fig. 33). This position has favoured oblique rifting and faulting. The intra-plate border zone is thought to be at present a complex deep-seated left-lateral wrench belt. It is not unlikely that the considered seismogenic structure forms a segment ofthe „Fifty-north Fracture Zone” (see fig. 8) postulated by J. Kutina (1974). Seismotectonic framework of the northern part of the GZW may be conditioned by orientation of the „Fifty-north Fracture Zone” in relation to present-day compression vector in the Carpathians. Seismogenic potentials are also attributed to deep-seated fundamental fault which makes the northeastern border of the Bytom block (see figs. 5,16 and 21 - discontinuity A, also fig. 28 - in the part IV). As against the active latitudinal zone, the NW-SE trending dislocation A is of lesser importance for recent seismotectonics of northern part of the basin. The fracture A, however, as positioned in the peripheral part of broad border zone of the GZIEbasement (see fig. 5 - belt between A and II-II), where maximum concentration and intensity of movement occurred in the Palaeozoic (cf. figs. 6, 7 and 31) and the Mesozoic (see fig. 32) tectogenetic phases, was probably much more important for generation of seismic events in the past.

La sucesión estratigráfica expuesta por la Quebrada El Ocal esta limitada en su base y techo por fallas inversas con vergencia occidental (Fallas EI Toti y La Boba), mientras que las fallas adyacentes (Chusma y Dina) de la denominada "foreland fold and thrust belt region" al noroeste del Departamento del Huila, vergen hacia el este. Las unidades litológicas medidas y muestreadas capa a capa (Ocal, Caballos y Villeta) abarcan desde el Aptiano superior al Cenomaniano superior. El intervalo estratigráfico local de las especies de amonitas identificadas, acompañan la columna estratigráfica. The stratigraphic section along Quebrada Ocal is bounded on its base and top by west verging basement influenced reverse faults (EI Toti and La Boba Faults respectively), whereas the adjacent faults -Chusma and Dina- of the "foreland fold and thrust belt region" in northwestern Huila Department face eastward. The bed by bed measured lithologic units referred to in this paper (Ocal, Caballos and Villeta pars) consist of fossiliferous marine sedimentary rocks ranging in age from late Aptian to late Cenomanian. In this paper we present local ranges of identified ammonite taxa to compare with previously established palinological and foraminiferal biostratigraphies.

La provincia de San Juan, en el centro-oeste de Argentina, posee numerosas evidencias de fallas con actividad tectónica cuaternaria. Las discontinuidades estructurales a lo largo de Cordillera Frontal, Precordillera y Sierras Pampeanas, determinan las diferentes características superficiales de las deformaciones cuaternarias, que a la vez producen distintos escenarios paleosísmicos. La mayor parte de estas deformaciones y estructuras sismogénicas, actualmente conocidas en el territorio argentino, se ubican dentro de un cinturón sísmico definido entre Cordillera Frontal y Sierras Pampeanas Occidentales (27º ‒ 33º de latitud sur). Esta región también constituye un área con interacciones complejas entre estilos estructurales de piel fina y gruesa. Los sismos más destructivos en los últimos 120 años (M 7.5, en octubre de 1894; M 7.0, en enero de 1944; 6.8, en junio de 1952; y M 7.4 en noviembre de 1977) se han ubicado en esta zona. En este trabajo se presenta una síntesis del estado del conocimiento neotectónico de la provincia de San Juan, con los resultados de los últimos estudios sobre fallas con actividad tectónica cuaternaria en la región. San Juan province in central-western Argentina shows evidence of active faulting affecting Quaternary sediments. The structural discontinuities along the Frontal Cordillera, Precordillera and Sierras Pampeanas foothills determine the different superficial characteristics of the Quaternary deformations, which in turn produce different paleoseismic scenarios. Most the Quaternary deformations and seismogenic structures currently known in Argentina are located within a seismic belt including the Precordillera and the Western Pampean Ranges (27º ‒ 33º south latitude). This area also constitutes a setting with complex interactions between thin-skinned and thick-skinned structural styles. The most destructive earthquakes of the last 120 years (M 7.5, October 1894; M 7.0, January 1944; 6.8, June 1952; and M 7.4, November 1977) were located in this region. This paper presents an overview of the state of knowledge on the neotectonics of the San Juan province, with the results from recent studies on faults with Quaternary tectonic activity in the region Fil: Perucca, Laura Patricia A.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico San Juan. Centro de Investigaciones de la Geosfera y Biosfera; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales. Instituto de Geologia "Dr. Emiliano Aparicio". Gabinete de Neotectonica y Geomorfologia; Argentina Fil: Vargas, Nicolas. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Cs.exactas Fisicas y Naturales. Departamento de Geologia; Argentina

Linear aeolian bedforms are the most abundant bedform type in modern Earth sand seas and are very common in our Solar System. Despite their abundance, the long-term development of these bedforms and its impact upon the resulting sedimentary architecture in the geological record is still poorly understood. The aims of this paper are to study the exposed record of an ancient linear megadune in order to discuss the factors that impact the development and sedimentary architecture of aeolian linear bedforms. The outcrops of the ancient Troncoso Sand Sea (Barremian, Neuquen Basin, Argentina) provide a unique opportunity to access a preserved megadune record with an external body geometry that unequivocally confirms its linear morphology. Architectural analysis of the bedform record reveals significant differences for several aspects of cross-stratified set bodies and bounding surfaces and allows for the identification of three architectural complexes. Insights from deterministic models, analysis of set body relative chronology and distribution suggest that complexes result from distinctive phases in bedform development. It also clearly shows that the megadune’s construction was achieved by expansion from a core, where the oldest deposits are located, and that its development was characterized by sustained growth and strong longitudinal dynamics. Factors that impact the development and architecture of linear bedforms are identified, discussed, and compared to bedforms of transverse dynamics. Finally, a scheme of expected styles of sedimentary architecture for linear bedforms is presented. This case study shows how growth can be a critical factor conditioning linear bedform architecture and indicates how the preservation of certain styles of sedimentary architecture in the geological record may not be as unusual as previously thought., Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas

Factors affecting cetacean preservation and distribution in ancient sedimentary successions are not well understood. Actualistic studies have focused on coastal and deep marine examples, and little is known about taphonomic processes occurring within shelf environments. In this paper, we integrate sedimentological, taphonomic and palaeontological data for the cetacean-bearing lower Miocene Gaiman Formation from Patagonia, Argentina, to analyse which factors affected the distribution and preservation of cetaceans in several localities of the Southwestern Atlantic. Facies analysis shows that the formation represents a transgressive-regressive stratigraphic cycle, with palaeoenvironments including coastal, storm-dominated shoreface, inner shelf embayment and open inner shelf. Cetacean remains show preservation styles varying from isolated elements to articulated specimens, with nearly all remains restricted to both embayment and open marine inner shelf settings. Two fossil cetacean assemblages are recognized: Assemblage A comprises small-sized odontocetes dominated by Platanistoidea, preserved mostly in inner shelf embayment deposits; and Assemblage B comprises large-sized odontocetes and mysticetes, dominated by Physeteroidea and Balaenopteroidea, preserved mostly in open inner shelf deposits. Cetacean preservation style is controlled by a combination of palaeoenvironmental conditions, such as energy and sedimentation rate, and by biological factors, such as cetacean body plan and its impact on carcass buoyancy. Ecological factors may also explain the stratigraphic distribution of cetaceans between coastal and oceanic assemblages. This novel integrative and multidisciplinary analyses improves our knowledge of cetacean taphonomy in shelf environments. Fil: Cuitiño, José Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto Patagónico de Geología y Paleontología; Argentina Fil: Buono, Mónica Romina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto Patagónico de Geología y Paleontología; Argentina Fil: Viglino, Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto Patagónico de Geología y Paleontología; Argentina Fil: Farroni, Nicolás D.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ciencias Geológicas; Argentina Fil: Bessone, Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto Patagónico de Geología y Paleontología; Argentina

Current design methodologies for underground structures subjected to earthquake action are based on closed-form solutions of the so-called racking coefficient, which relates the soil free-field distortion deformation to the structure distortion deformation. Existent closed-form expressions for this racking coefficient are derived for circular tunnel geometries embedded in an elastic and homogeneous medium, while expressions for rectangular geometries are based on analogies of the circular case. In this paper, a new and intuitive methodology derived from first principles to obtain a closed-form expression for the racking coefficient for rectangular-like tunnel geometries buried at a sufficient depth is presented, and it is shown that it provides a good fit to finite element analyses results. Similarly, a procedure to obtain closed-form expressions for the rocking rotation of the structure, and the racking deformation profile at different distances from the soil-tunnel interface is presented.

RESUMEN La falla Cipreses se localiza en la parte central de Costa Rica, en la zona más poblada del país. En esta investigación se analiza esta falla a partir de aspectos geomorfológicos, geológicos y sismológicos. Las principales evidencias geomorfológicas encontradas son: escarpes, terrazas y ríos encajonados, desviados y represados. Geológicamente en los alrededores de la falla prevalecen tres litologías de edad pleistocena: tobas, brechas y lavas andesíticas, las cuales fueron encontradas desplazadas por la falla en un afloramiento. Del análisis sismológico se concluye que la sismicidad instrumental en la zona es escasa pero al menos un sismo ocurrido en el 2010 (Mw 4,1) fue originado en la falla Cipreses. La solución del mecanismo focal de este sismo es de tipo inverso, con un plano nodal de dirección de buzamiento N30°E/35° consistente con el plano de falla observado en el campo y con las evidencias geomorfológicas. A partir de un modelo conceptual del fallamiento, se interpreta que la falla Cipreses corresponde con una falla maestra que se propaga hacia la superficie en dos segmentos de falla denominados Pinares y Guayabos. Los desplazamientos en estas fallas generan dos pliegues de tipo anticlinal que están expresados superficialmente como escarpes prominentes. Las evidencias recabadas permiten concluir que la falla Cipreses es activa, de tipo inverso, con una expresión en superficie de 14 km y con un potencial sísmico de magnitud Mw 5,9-6,5. ABSTRACT The Cipreses fault is located in the central part of Costa Rica, in the most populated region of the country. In this paper, the Cipreses fault is analyzed based on geomorphological, geological, and seismological observations.The main geomorphological evidences found are: scarps, terraces, river incisions, and deflected and dammed streams. In the vicinity of the fault, there are three main Pleistocene geologic units: tuff, breccia, and andesitic lavas. These units were found displaced by the fault in an outcrop. From the seismological analysis, we conclude that the instrumental seismicity is low, but at least one earthquake in 2010 (4.1 Mw) was originated in the Cipreses fault. The focal mechanism solution for this event indicates a thrust fault with a nodal plane of dip direction N30°E/35° in agreement with the fault plane found in the field and the geomorphological observations. Based on a conceptual model for the faulting, we interpret that the Cipreses fault corresponds to a master fault that propagates to the surface along two fault segments named Pinares and Guayabos. The displacements of these faults made two anticlinal folds, which are expressed at the surface as prominent scarps. Based on the evidences found we conclude that the Cipreses fault is an active thrust fault with a surface expression of 14 km and with the seismic potential of magnitude Mw 5.9-6.5.

La litología es uno de los condicionantes principales de la composición y organización espacial de los componentes de la fracción sólida del suelo, aspecto especialmente determinante de la respuesta hidrológica superficial. A pesar de esta evidencia, los aspectos litológicos son habitualmente obviados en los trabajos de caracterización del comportamiento hidrológico superficial, lo cual supone desaprovechar información de base trascendente y de relativamente fácil obtención. Con la finalidad de corregir esta disfunción metodológica, en este trabajo se identifican y caracterizan los litotipos asociados a cada una de las parcelas establecidas en la Comunidad de Madrid, dentro del Inventario Nacional de Erosión de Suelos (INES), y se analizan las posibles relaciones que existen entre éstos y diferentes propiedades edáficas, relacionadas con la porosidad, y en consecuencia, que condicionan el comportamiento superficial y subsuperficial del agua en los sistemas naturales. Los resultados obtenidos identifican relaciones significativas y coherentes, que posibilitan hacer aproximaciones apropiadas a propiedades edáficas a partir de la información litológica. Estas relaciones pueden suplir de forma práctica la habitual carencia de información edáfica específica, facilitando su integración en trabajos que necesiten de la aplicación de metodologías de caracterización hidrológica del territorio. ----------ABSTRACT---------- Lithology is one of the main determining factors of the composition and spatial organization of soil solid fraction components, an aspect that is particularly determinant of surface hydrological response. In spite of this evidence, lithological aspects are usually ignored in superficial hydrological behavior characterization works, which supposes to waste base information of relatively easy to obtain. In order to correct this methodological dysfunction, this paper identifies and characterizes lithotypes associated with each of the plots established in the Madrid Autonomous Community (Spain), within the National Inventory of Soil Erosion, and analyzes possible relationships between these and different soil properties related to porosity, and consequently, that condition surface and subsurface water behavior in the natural systems. The results obtained identify significant and coherent relationships, which allow making appropriate approximations to soil properties from lithological information. These relationships can make up for the usual lack of specific soil information in a practical way, facilitating their integration in works that need application of methodologies of territory hydrological characterization.

The Andes are thought to be formed through discrete contractional stages separated by periods of little to no orogenic construction. This paper analyzes the intervals between the main contractional phases that built the Southern Central Andes between 35° and 37°S in order to determine whether they were characterized by neutral, contractional or extensional conditions. During an interruption in orogenesis between the Late Cretaceous and the Miocene shortening phases, two extensional stages are recorded through the opening of a series of intra- and retro-arc basins. U-Pb dating of detrital zircons in a sample collected from the Los Á ngeles unit, a synextensional volcano-sedimentary succession located at ∼35°40'S along the Chile and Argentina international border, provided a maximum depositional age of 67.1 +2.4/ -0.9 Ma. This age, in association with evidence of regional crustal thinning, suggests a previously unrecognized extensional phase during latest Cretaceous times. Limited shortening succeeded this extensional event and was followed by a second extensional episode during late Oligocene and earliest Miocene times. While the first extensional event was restricted to the core of the Late Cretaceous orogen, the second episode affected a wide area ranging between the present forearc and retroarc areas. A structural section across the Malargüe fold-thrust belt at ∼36°S indicates inversion of normal faults where extension was focused and new thrust generation in areas not affected by extensional deformation. Our data reveal that the growth of the Southern Central Andes is the product of a complex alternation of contractional and extensional phases, with inherited structures playing a role in their tectonic evolution. A comparison with other Cordilleran orogenic systems such as the Puna-Altiplano plateau, the northern Peruvian Andes and the North American Sevier-Laramide orogenic belt, suggests that extensional deformation in the Southern Central Andes responds better to changes in plate kinematics, rather than to localized events within a continuous contractional setting. Fil: Fennell, Lucas Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber"; Argentina Fil: Iannelli, Sofía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber"; Argentina Fil: Encinas, Alfonso. Universidad de Concepción; Chile Fil: Naipauer, Maximiliano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber"; Argentina Fil: Valencia, Victor. Washington State University; Estados Unidos Fil: Folguera Telichevsky, Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber"; Argentina

The Copahue volcano host one of the most attractive geothermal resources of Argentina. Several studies focused on both the volcanic activity and the related geothermal manifestations, including a feasibility report during the ‘90s. However, limited, unclear and usually contradictory structural interpretations are found in the literature, and the role of the main faults over the geothermal system remains thus unsolved. This paper provides the first structural characterization and role assessment of the faults over the fluid flow and the reservoir geometry. A 3D structural model has been constructed to achieve this goal, and a fault-plane striations survey has been carried out at Anfiteatro, Termas and Maquinitas hydrothermal zones. Using this dataset, a slip and dilation tendency analysis over the main structures have been performed. The 3D structural model indicates that the Copahue geothermal field is bounded by an N60°-trending fault set and constrained to the north by the Trolope fault and to the south by the Chancho-Co fault, both with WNW-ESE trend. The collected fault-plain striations data was inverted to obtain the paleostress tensor related to the formation of the Copahue village fault system (CVFS), the structure that controls the hydrothermal areas. The subvertical maximum principal stress axis obtained defines a well constrained tensional regime, with a subhorizontal NW-SE minimum principal stress, consistent in all the surveyed locations. Both the 3D model and the inverted paleostress tensor indicate that the geothermal field, and probably the entire northeastern slope of the volcano, is subjected to an extensional faulting regime. Our analysis shows that the N°60-trending fault set is critically stressed for dilation and probably behaves as an active hydrological fault system, whereas the N105° and N135° fault sets have intermediate and low dilation tendency, respectively. These tendencies might lead to a northeast-trend fluid path between the Chancho-co and the N135° faults and might define the extension of the steam cap. We propose a compartmentalized reservoir model made up by three fault segmented blocks. While a steam cap over a deeper reservoir controlled by the CVFS characterizes the central segment, a pressurized liquid-dominated reservoir could prevail to the west of Termas and the east of Maquinas hydrothermal zones. This model explains the differences between the fumaroles inside the CVFS (i.e., Termas to Maquinas fumaroles) and outside this structural system (i.e., Anfiteatro), is consistent with the steam cap identified by the exploration boreholes and is consistent with the 3D structural framework proposed. Also, the model suggests that the collapse of the eastern slope of the Chancho-co hill might constitute the initial state of the current configuration of the geothermal system. Additional studies are needed to verify the proposed reservoir model before defining deep exploration targets, including magnetotellurics, discrete fracture network analysis, and preliminary thermodynamical models. Fil: Barcelona, Hernan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber"; Argentina Fil: Yagupsky, Daniel Leonardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber"; Argentina Fil: Vigide, Nicolás Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber"; Argentina Fil: Senger, Martín Hugo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ciencias Geológicas; Argentina

Morphometric characterisation is particularly relevant in the study of geomorphological heritage. 3D modelling techniques have been proven as very useful tools to recognise, characterise and valorise geomorphosites. Bedrock rivers account for one of the most outstanding aspects within geomorphological heritage due to the amount of distinctive and attractive geomorphological features associated to them and the high preservation of sculpted forms. Digital elevation models (DEMs) have made it increasingly possible to establish accurate morphometric indices and establish clearer connections between forms and processes. This paper reviews different methodologies to obtain DEMs on bedrock rivers. This review goes from DEM analysis at multiple spatial scales to introduce optical microrugosimeter as the latest technical development to facilitate micromorphometric analysis. Micromorphometric analysis opens the scope for improving the knowledge we have on trans-scale issues in bedrock rivers. Micromorphometric analysis also opens a new layer of information that enriches the public’s valuation of geodiversity of geomorphosites by increasing its didactic and interpretative potential., This work was supported by Geomateriales 2 (S2013/MIT-2914) and Top Heritage (P2018/NMT-4372) programmes from the Regional Government of Madrid (Spain).

Few studies identify potential hazards affecting canyoning. This activity has an increasing number of practitioners, and hence, a greater number of people are affected by potential natural hazards. Mountain rivers are located in places subject to several hydrological hazards; the risks are mostly connected with floods produced by intense storms or dam operation, but changes in hydrological factors may alter the usual basin behavior given even moderate or less severe storms. Data about flood events and the peak discharge of the 2017 flood in the two studied canyons were collected by means of a quick field survey of water levels after the flood, hydrological modeling, and soil analysis. The present research shows the dramatic consequences of a two-year return period storm affecting a guided group of canyoneers. A previous wildfire changed the soil, leading to hydrophobic conditions and increasing the flood effects. Peak discharge increased from 2 m3 s−1 in normal conditions to 12 m3 s−1 under a hydrophobic regime related to wildfire occurrence; moreover, a reduction in the time of concentration also occurred, pointing to a more powerful and dangerous flood event. In this paper, some hydrological recommendations are highlighted that will be helpful in recreational canyoning management, leading to safer practice.

The Eastern Galicia Magnetic Anomaly is the best studied anomaly of the Central Iberian Arc. This is due to its location, on the Lugo-Sanabria gneiss dome, and to the fact that its source rocks crop out in the Xistral Tectonic Window. Multiple studies of this anomaly have been carried out, but still, new results keep on shedding light on its understanding. This paper presents the first results on rock magnetic analyses, natural remanent magnetization, anisotropy of the magnetic susceptibility, X-ray diffraction, and stable isotopes geochemistry carried out on the source rocks of this anomaly. Results suggest that magnetization responds to the increase in oxygen fugacity underwent by rocks affected by late Variscan (330-300 Ma) extensional tectonics. Extensional detachments were the pathways that allowed the entrance of fluids that led to syntectonic crystallization of magnetite and hematite in metasediments and inhomogeneous S-Type granitoids derived from their partial melting. Accordingly, magnetization is not linked to lithologies, but to extensional structures developed in the late Carboniferous/earliest Permian, during the Kiaman reverse superchron. Systematic reverse magnetic remanence exhibited by hematite-bearing samples confirms the age of the magnetization and adds complexity to the interpretation of the anomaly. Understanding the EGMA contributes to the interpretation of other anomalies existing in the CIA, also located on thermal domes. The observed extension-related magnetization probably affected most of the NW Iberian Massif, thus hindering the study of previous tectonics by paleomagnetic techniques. This work aims to provide new hints to interpret magnetic anomalies located in extensional tectonic contexts worldwide., Projects SA065P17 and BU235P18, funded by the Regional Castilla-León Government, (2) Salamanca University through different lines of funding related to its support to research groups program, (3) projects CGL2016-78560-P and CGL2016-77560 of the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, and (4) project PID2019-108753GB-C21/AECI/10.13039/501100011033 of the Agencia Estatal de Investigación.

La Formación Brechas de Buenavista constituye el registro de un evento sedimentológico muy peculiar, quizás sin paralelo en la estratigrafía mesozoica de Colombia. Las presentes notas tratan sobre las litofacies de esa unidad que aflora en las estribaciones del borde llanero (Cordillera Oriental), al NW de Villavicencio (Meta), enmarcada en una región tectónicamente compleja. Reposa discordantemente sobre el Grupo Quetame (Cámbrico- Ordovícico) e infrayace mediante limite gradacional a la unidad "Parte Media del Grupo Cáqueza'' (Berriasiano-Valanginiano). En este trabajo, la Fm. Brechas de Buenavista se subdivide en un Segmento Inferior, constituido por brechas poligénicas depositadas por avalanchas de detritos y corrientes cargadas de fango y probablemente corresponde a un abanico aluvial; y en un Segmento Superior, caracterizado por la presencia de ruditas marinas, areniscas feldespáticas, subfilarenitas y filarenitas, intercaladas entre shales, arcillolitas y Iimolitas. La secuencia de este Segmento se originó bajo un mar somero, enmarcado por una costa rocosa y escarpada; gran parte de los detritos habrían sido depositados por corrientes de turbiedad que actuaron en aguas poco profundas y en áreas donde ocurrió rápido enterramiento de los materiales. Los resultados de análisis petrogenéticos y faciales sugieren que la fuente de detritos constituía una provincia metamórfica, emergida por procesos tectónicos y sometida a rápida e intensa erosión.La edad de la Fm. Brechas de Buenavista se establece con base en la fauna de amonitas asociada a las subfacies lutíticas del Segmento Superior. La presencia de los géneros Substeueroceras, Himalayites, Parodontoceras, Protacanthodiscus y algunas morfoespecies del género Berriasella permiten postular que se trata de sedimentos del Titoniano Superior. The "Formación Brechas de Buenavista" constitutes the record of a very peculiar sedimentological event, perhaps without parallel within the mesozoic stratigraphy of Colombia. This papers refers to the lithofacies of this unit, which crops out in the eastern margin of the Eastern Cordillera, NW of Villavicencio (Meta), frammed within a region tectonically complex. The unit rests unconformably over the "Grupo Ouetame" (Cambrian-Ordovician) and is overlain by a gradational limit with the unit "Parte Media del Grupo Cáqueza" (Berriacian-Valanginian). In this paper, the "Fm. Brechas de Buenavista" is subdivided into a "Segmento Inferior" (lower part), which is composed by poligenic breccias deposited by detritus avalanches and debris-flow processes, and probably represents an alluvial fan; and in a "Segmento Superior" (higher part), characterized by marine rudites, feldespatic sandstones and siltstones; this sequence was deposited in a shallow marine environment, surrounded by a rocky and steep coast; much of the detritus had been deposited by turbidity streams, this deposition taking place in shallow waters and in areas where rapid burial of the sediments occurred. Results of petrogenetic and facial analysis suggest that the detritus source was constituted by a metamorphic province, emerged by tectonic processes and subjected to rapid and intense erosion; the contributing area was located to the SE of the studied region. The age of the "Fm. Brechas de Buenavista" has been stablished with basis in the ammonite faune associated to the pelitic subfacies of the "Segmento Superior".' The assembly of the genus Substeueroceras, Himalayites, Parodontoceras, Protacanthodiscus and some morphospecies of the genus Berriasella permit to postulate that the formation is of Upper Tithonian sediments.

This paper describes a petrified trunk collected from a conglomerate bed of the Springhill Formation (Berriasian– Valanginian) in the Estancia El Álamo locality, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina. The fossil trunk is classified within the ubiquitous genus Agathoxylon and the wood anatomy shows a close affinity to that of Araucariaceae. This Patagonian wood has a distinct combination of anatomical characteristics unique among all known species from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of Western Gondwana allowing to diagnose a new fossil taxon Agathoxylon mendezii sp. nov. Sedimentological and megafloristic proxies of the Springhill Formation suggest that Agathoxylon mendezii sp. nov. grew under a warm and wet climate, which indicates a subtropical to temperate palaeoenvironment. However, the large number of frost rings in the earlywood of this araucarian tree suggests that the palaeoenvironment at Estancia El Álamo was subjected to recurrent disturbances, most likely caused by regional continuous volcanic activity originating from volcanoes located far away to the west. This activity would have produced periodic stratospheric veils that promoted rapid decreases in surface air temperature; the wood response to such stressful conditions would have been the formation of numerous (at least five) frost rings. Although recurrent eruptions in Patagonia during the Early Cretaceous are well recorded, this study is the first to register eruptions recorded in a coniferous wood., Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas

Este artículo muestra el estudio arqueométrico realizado sobre una escultura de Livia, hallada en la ciudad romana de Asido (actual Medina Sidonia, Cádiz, España), conservada en dos partes disociadas (cabeza y cuerpo), con objeto de ampliar el conocimiento sobre el hallazgo escultórico localizado actualmente en el museo de Cádiz. Estas piezas elaboradas en mármoles blancos han sido analizadas desde el punto de vista mineralógico-petrográfico y geoquímico y posteriormente, se ha llevado a cabo un estudio comparativo con material de canteras explotadas y comercializadas en el sur de Hispania, así como con otros mármoles foráneos de amplio uso en época romana en la provincia Baetica. Los resultados analíticos indican que ambas piezas, aunque con rasgos texturales y composicionales diferentes, pueden provenir de una misma cantera. Los rasgos petrográficos son coincidentes con otras variedades tanto locales como foráneas, pero sus componentes químicos mayoritarios y trazas han permitido establecer como origen más probable las canteras de Almadén de la Plata (Sevilla, España). El mármol de la cabeza de tamaño de grano grueso, aspecto translúcido y sacaroideo presenta contenido en Cl y Zn, Zr y La; que permiten atribuir como origen a una variedad de mármol blanco calcítico translucido con venas rosáceas, típico de Almadén de la Plata. Por otra parte los contenidos similares en MgO, Fe2O3, Ba y trazas de Th observados en el mármol del cuerpo, indican su correlación con una variedad de mármol blanco de tamaño de grano más heterogéneo con venas grisáceas y textura bandeada, donde se alternan bandas de grano medio a grueso con bandas de grano más fino, también típico de estas antiguas canteras. Este estudio también pone de manifiesto la cuidadosa selección del material que se usaba en la elaboración de las cabezas-retratos de las esculturas romanas This paper shows the archaeometric study carried out on a sculpture of Livia, found in the city of Asido (Medina Sidonia, Cádiz, Spain), conserved in two dissociated parts (head and body), in order to expand the knowledge about the sculptural find, currently located in the museum of Cádiz. These pieces made of white marbles have been analyzed from the mineralogicalpetrographic and geochemical point of view and later, a comparative study has been carried out with material from quarries exploited and marketed in southern Hispania, as well as with other foreign marbles widely used in Roman times in the Baetica province. The analytical results indicate that both pieces, although with different textural and compositional features, may come from the same quarry. The petrographic features coincide with other local and foreign varieties, but their major and traces chemical components allowed to establish the quarries of Almadén de la Plata (Seville, Spain) as the most probable origin. The marble of the head of coarse grain size, translucent and saccharoid appearance presents content of Cl y Zn, Zr and La; that allow to attribute as origin to a variety of translucent calcitic white marble with pinkish veins typical from Almadén de la Plata. On the other hand, the similar contents in MgO, Fe2O3, Ba and traces of Th observed in the marble of the body, indicate its correlation with a variety of white marble of more heterogeneous grain size with grayish veins and banded texture, where bands of medium to coarse grain with finer grain bands, also typical of these old quarries. This study also shows the careful selection of the material that was used in the elaboration of the heads-portraits of the Roman sculptures. Este artigo mostra o estudo arqueométrico realizado sobre uma escultura de Lívia, encontrada na cidade romana de Asido (atual Medina Sidonia, Cádiz, Espanha), conservada em duas partes dissociadas (cabeça e corpo), a fim de ampliar o conhecimento sobre o achado escultórico atualmente localizado no museu de Cádiz, que contribui para a sua restituição completa e para melhorar a sua musealização. Essas peças elaboradas em mármores brancos foram analisadas do ponto de vista mineralógico-petrográfico e geoquímico e, posteriormente foi realizado um estudo comparativo com materiais de pedreiras exploradas e comercializadas no sul da Hispânia, bem como com outros mármores estrangeiros de amplo uso na época romana na província de Baetica. Os resultados analíticos indicam que ambas as peças, embora com características texturais e composicionais diferentes, podem ser provenientes da mesma pedreira. As características petrográficas coincidem com outras variedades locais e estrangeiras, mas os seus componentes químicos maioritários e vestigiais permitiram estabelecer as pedreiras de Almadén de la Plata (Sevilha, Espanha) como a origem mais provável. O mármore da cabeça, de granulometria grossa, aspeto translúcido e sacarídeo apresenta teores de Cl e Zn, Zr e La que permitem atribuir como origem uma variedade de mármore branco calcítico translúcido com veios rosados, típico de Almadén de la Plata. Por outro lado, os teores semelhantes de MgO, Fe2O3, Ba e vestígios de Th observados no mármore do corpo, indicam a sua correlação com uma variedade de mármore branco de granulometria mais heterogénea com veios acinzentados e textura em faixas, com faixas de grão médio a grosso alternam com bandas de grão mais fino, também típicas destas pedreiras antigas. Este estudo mostra também a seleção criteriosa do material que foi utilizado na elaboração dos cabeçasretratos das esculturas romanas. Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad AR2013-42078-P Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad HAR2017-89004-P

The micro-texture of fine and coarse aggregates used on roads is one of the main factors responsible for the skid resistance of asphalt pavements. However, the long-term behavior of this property regarding the effects of traffic and climate conditions has been poorly studied. Therefore, in this paper, two types of aggregates, schist and amphibolite, commonly used on roads that are subjected to winter maintenance actions and high temperatures in summer have been studied. The micro-texture of the aggregates has been characterized with an optical roughness tester, fluorescence microscopy and the Polished Stone Value test. The extreme climate conditions have been simulated in a laboratory with durability tests (freeze-thawing and thermal stress cycles) including the NaCl used as deicer during winter maintenance operations. Results have shown that the wearing mechanisms of the aggregates’ surfaces are different regarding their composition and internal texture. On schist aggregates, weather conditions applied do not significantly deteriorate their micro-texture. However, the combined effect of traffic and extreme climate conditions with NaCl, double the decrease of the surface roughness measured when these aggregates are subjected to extreme climate conditions in the laboratory, improving, in some cases, their skid resistance. Conversely, the external factors considered have the same effect on the micro-texture of the analyzed amphibolite aggregate.

This paper revisits the geological collection assembled by Portuguese Navy officers Hermenegildo Capelo and Roberto Ivens, during the famous Africa crossing (1884-85) “From Angola to the opposite coast”. Deposited at the museum of the Geological Survey in Lisbon, upon the return of travellers, the samples were classified by Nery Delgado and Alfredo Bensaúde. In the 1990s, the museum's African collections were transferred to the LNEG – Alfragide core library (Litoteca), where they were the object of a reconditioning and inventory, recently reviewed. In addition to their value as testimony to the scientific explorations undertaken by the Portuguese travellers in Africa, these samples, interpreted together with the homonymous text signed by the two explorers, illustrate many of the different lithologies crossed, from the African craton and to sedimentary borders. publishersversion published

In this paper we illustrate the stratigraphy, geochronology, and geochemistry (major, minor, trace elements and Sr-isotopes) of a Holocene tephra layer found within coastal sedimentary deposits north of Caleta Olivia (Santa Cruz Province, Argentina). The stratigraphic succession comprises beach deposits with basal erosive surface resting on the local substrate (“Formacion Patagonia”) followed by a poorly developed paleosoil. The paleosoil is covered by a lenticular fine-grained (Mdφ: 5.2, 0.027 mm), well sorted (σφ: 1.2) volcanic ash layer and aeolian sands. The geochemical composition of shard fragments points to an origin from the Hudson volcano, located in the southern Andes, ca. 400 km to the west. The geochemistry, Sr-isotopes and the radiometric constraints (younger than the age of the underlying marine layer dated at ca. 4,100 a cal BP) further allow correlating this tephra with the so-called H2 eruption (ca. 3,900 a cal BP). This finding is of interest owing to the poor preservation potential of tephra within the Late Holocene sedimentary deposits of the Atlantic coast of Patagonia and represents the first finding of H2 eruption in this area, improving our knowledge of the dispersion of the fine-grained distal deposit of the Hudson volcanic explosive activity, thus allowing a better estimate of the eruptive dynamics and the risks associated with the Hudson volcano., Este artículo aborda la estratigrafía, geocronología y geoquímica (elementos mayoritarios, minoritarios, trazas e isótopos de Sr) de un nivel de tefra holocena que forma parte de una secuencia de sedimentos costeros ubicados al norte de Caleta Olivia (provincia de Santa Cruz, Argentina). La secuencia comprende depósitos sedimentarios que se disponen sobre una superficie basal erosiva que suprayace al sustrato local (“Formación Patagonia”), y continúa esta secuencia con un paleosuelo de escaso desarrollo. El paleosuelo está cubierto por una capa lenticular de cenizas volcánicas de grano fino (Mdφ: 5,2, 0,027 mm), bien seleccionada (σφ: 1,2) y arenas eólicas. La composición geoquímica de los shards indica que esta tefra se originó en el volcán Hudson, ubicado en los Andes del sur, a aproximadamente 400 km hacia el oeste. La geoquímica, los isótopos de Sr y las restricciones radiométricas (más joven que la edad de la capa marina que la subyace, fechada en aproximadamente 4.100 a cal AP) permiten correlacionar esta tefra con la denominada erupción H2 de dicho volcán (ocurrida aproximadamente 3.900 a cal AP). Este hallazgo es de interés debido al escaso potencial de preservación de los depósitos de tefra dentro de las secuencias sedimentarias costeras del Holoceno Tardío, en la costa atlántica de Patagonia y representa el primer hallazgo del evento eruptivo H2 en esta área, lo cual contribuye a mejorar el conocimiento sobre la dispersión de la tefra generada por la actividad volcánica explosiva del volcán Hudson, lo que permite una mejor estimación de la dinámica eruptiva y los riesgos asociados con este volcán., Centro de Estudios Integrales de la Dinámica Exógena

Seawater intrusion occurs in almost all coastal aquifers that are subject to human pressure. Its effects could be reduced by avoiding pumping in those wells better hydraulically connected to the sea. This paper presents a methodology to assess hydraulic connection to the sea of a well from its response to sea-level fluctuations. Head fluctuations in a well result from the superposition of hydraulic and hydro-mechanical responses. The hydraulic response requires a good hydraulic connection to the sea, whereas a hydro-mechanical response suggests a poor connection. Sea level fluctuates with a broad range of harmonics, which allows identification of the hydraulic and hydro-mechanical responses based on the harmonic frequency. It is shown that the response to low-frequency harmonics is essentially hydraulic and the response to high-frequency harmonics is mainly hydro-mechanical. The proposed methodology facilitates the discrimination of both responses with the aim to study qualitatively the hydraulic connection to the sea. This methodology is applied to the aquifer system of La Plata river estuary in western Argentina. Surprisingly, the hydraulic response of the deepest aquifer (Parana) is less damped than the response of the overlaying aquifer (Puelches). This finding suggests that the Parana aquifer is better connected to the sea than the Puelches., L’intrusion d’eau de mer se produit dans presque tous les aquifères côtiers qui sont soumis à la pression humaine. Ses effets pourraient être réduits en évitant de pomper dans les puits les mieux connectés hydrauliquement à la mer. Cet article présente une méthodologie pour évaluer la connexion hydraulique à la mer d’un puits, à partir de sa réponse aux fluctuations du niveau marin. Les fluctuations des charges d’un puits résultent de la superposition des réponses hydrauliques et hydromécaniques. La réponse hydraulique nécessite une bonne connexion hydraulique à la mer, alors qu’une réponse hydromécanique suggère une mauvaise connexion. Le niveau marin fluctue avec une large gamme d’harmoniques, ce qui permet d’identifier les réponses hydrauliques et hydro-mécaniques en fonction de la fréquence harmonique. Il est démontré que la réponse aux harmoniques de basse fréquence est essentiellement hydraulique et que la réponse aux harmoniques de haute fréquence est principalement hydro-mécanique. La méthodologie proposée facilite la discrimination des deux réponses dans le but d’étudier qualitativement la connexion hydraulique à la mer. Cette méthodologie est appliquée au système aquifère de l’estuaire du fleuve La Plata, dans l’ouest de l’Argentine. Étonnamment, la réponse hydraulique de l’aquifère le plus profond (Paraná) est moins amortie que la réponse de l’aquifère susjacent (Puelches). Cette constatation suggère que l’aquifère du Paraná est mieux relié à la mer que celui du Puelches., La intrusión salina se produce en casi todos los acuíferos costeros antropizados. Sus efectos podrían controlarse reduciendo el bombeo en aquellos pozos mejor conectados hidráulicamente al mar. Este artículo presenta una metodología para evaluar la conexión hidráulica al mar de un pozo a partir de su respuesta a las fluctuaciones del nivel del mar. Las fluctuaciones de nivel en un pozo son el resultado de la superposición de dos tipos de respuestas: hidráulica e hidromecánica. La respuesta hidráulica requiere una buena conexión hidráulica al mar, mientras que una respuesta hidromecánica necesita de una mala conexión. El nivel del mar fluctúa con una amplia gama de armónicos, lo que permite identificar las respuestas hidráulicas e hidromecánicas basadas en las diferentes frecuencias del espectro. Se demuestra que la respuesta a los armónicos de baja frecuencia es esencialmente hidráulica y la respuesta a los armónicos de alta frecuencia es principalmente hidromecánica. La metodología propuesta facilita la discriminación de ambas respuestas con el objetivo de estudiar cualitativamente la conexión hidráulica al mar. Esta metodología se aplica al sistema acuífero del estuario del Río de la Plata en el occidente argentino. Sorprendentemente, la respuesta hidráulica del acuífero más profundo (Paraná) está menos amortiguada que la respuesta del acuífero superior (Puelches). Este hallazgo sugiere que el acuífero Paraná podría estar mejor conectado al mar que el acuífero Puelches., A intrusão da água do mar ocorre em quase todos os aquíferos costeiros sujeitos à pressão humana. Seus efeitos poderiam ser reduzidos evitando o bombeamento nos poços mais bem conectados hidraulicamente ao mar. Este artigo apresenta uma metodologia para avaliar a conexão hidráulica de um poço ao mar a partir de sua resposta às flutuações do nível do mar. Flutuações de carga em um poço resultam da superposição de respostas hidráulicas e hidromecânicas. A resposta hidráulica requer uma boa conexão hidráulica com o mar, enquanto uma resposta hidromecânica sugere uma conexão ruim. O nível do mar flutua com uma ampla gama de harmônicos, o que permite a identificação das respostas hidráulicas e hidromecânicas com base na frequência harmônica. É mostrado que a resposta aos harmônicos de baixa frequência é essencialmente hidráulica e a resposta aos harmônicos de alta frequência é principalmente hidromecânica. A metodologia proposta facilita a discriminação de ambas as respostas com o objetivo de estudar qualitativamente a ligação hidráulica ao mar. Esta metodologia é aplicada ao sistema aquífero do estuário do rio La Plata, no oeste da Argentina. Surpreendentemente, a resposta hidráulica do aquífero mais profundo (Paraná) é menos amortecida do que a resposta do aquífero de cobertura (Puelches). Essa descoberta sugere que o aquífero Paraná está melhor conectado ao mar do que os Puelches., Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas

Els Ports de Tortosa-Beseit és un massís muntanyós que es troba entre les comunitats de Catalunya, Aragó i País Valencià. Actualment, l’única forma de creuar el massís és a través de camins rurals o per carreteres que envolten les muntanyes. Per aquest motiu, aquest treball planteja la construcció d’un hipotètic túnel mitjançant el Nou Mètode Austríac que connecti els municipis de La Sénia i Beseit. Una obra d’aquest tipus requereix un estudi geotècnic que permeti entendre el comportament del massís rocós i detectar les inestabilitats existents. Amb la finalitat d’analitzar les possibles formacions de ruptura, s’han creat diversos models de deformació i caiguda de blocs per a diferents trams del túnel a partir de les característiques geomecàniques de cada unitat litològica que interseca en el seu trajecte. Aquestes unitats constitueixen principalment calcàries, dolomies, margues i argiles de l’era mesozoica. Amb la identificació de l’estat de fracturació que presenten els afloraments observats al camp i les dades estimades que integra RocData, s’han definit les propietats de cada massís rocós seguint el criteri de ruptura de Hoek- Brown. De la mateixa manera, s’han mesurat les famílies de discontinuïtats per simular possibles formacions de falques amb les eines Dips i UnWedge. D’altra banda, s’ha utilitzat el programa RS2 per estudiar la distribució de les tensions al voltant del túnel i preveure possibles fractures que es puguin originar després de l’excavació. Per últim, per determinar el comportament elasto-plàstic de cada massís rocós s’han generat les corbes característiques del terreny i les corbes de sosteniment amb RocSupport. Els Ports de Tortosa-Beceite es un macizo montañoso que se encuentra entre las comunidades de Cataluña, Aragón y Valencia. Actualmente, la única forma de cruzar el macizo es a través de caminos rurales o por carreteras que rodean las montañas. Por este motivo, este trabajo plantea la construcción de un hipotético túnel mediante el Nuevo Método Austriaco que conecte los municipios de La Sénia y Beceite. Una obra de este tipo requiere un estudio geotécnico que permita entender el comportamiento del macizo rocoso y detectar las inestabilidades existentes. Con el fin de analizar las posibles formaciones de rotura, se han creado varios modelos de deformación y caída de bloques para diferentes tramos del túnel a partir de las características geomecánicas de cada unidad litológica que interseca en su trayecto. Estas unidades constituyen principalmente calizas, dolomías, margas y arcillas de la era mesozoica. Con la identificación del estado de fracturación que presentan los afloramientos observados en el campo y los datos estimados que integra RocData, se han definido las propiedades de cada macizo rocoso siguiendo el criterio de rotura de Hoek-Brown. Del mismo modo, se han medido las familias de discontinuidades para simular posibles formaciones de cuñas con las herramientas Dips y UnWedge. Por otra parte, se ha utilizado el programa RS2 para estudiar la distribución de las tensiones alrededor del túnel y prever posibles fracturas que puedan originarse después de la excavación. Por último, para determinar el comportamiento elasto-plástico de cada macizo rocoso se han generado las curvas características del terreno y las curvas de sostenimiento con RocSupport. Ports de Tortosa-Beseit is a mountain massif located between the regions of Catalonia, Aragon and Valencia. Nowadays, the only way to go cross the massif is through rural roads or by the highways around the mountains. For this reason, this work paper proposes the construction of a hypothetical tunnel using the New Austrian Tunneling Method which links the towns of La Sénia and Beseit. For understanding the behaviour of the rock massif and detecting existing unstabilities is required a geotechnical study. In order to analyse the possible failures, various models of deformation and fall of blocks have been created in different sections of the tunnel. They are based on the geomechanical characteristics of the lithological units that may intersect with the tunnel. These units are constituted of limestones, dolomites, marls and clays from the Mesozoic. The failure state of the outcrops was observed in the countryside. The properties of each rock mass have been defined with the estimated data from RocData and Hoek-Brown failure criterion. At the same time, discontinuity families have been measured to simulate possible wedge formations with the Dips and UnWedge tools. On the other hand, the RS2 program has been used to study the distribution of stresses around the tunnel. It has also been used to predict possible failures that may appear after an excavation. Finally, the characteristic curves of the terrain and the support curve have been generated with RocSupport to determine the elasto-plastic behaviour of each rock mass.

Submitted by Ismael Souza (ismael.souza@ufba.br) on 2021-03-16T00:32:35Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Aldeneidiane.pdf: 1674708 bytes, checksum: eb9cd2954498c2843ffbeefbaa9a0ba4 (MD5) Aldeneidiane Santana dos Santos RESUMO.docx: 16880 bytes, checksum: c975f1b3f4b876e092edc4fed0812f71 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Solange Rocha (soluny@gmail.com) on 2021-04-05T20:48:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Aldeneidiane.pdf: 1674708 bytes, checksum: eb9cd2954498c2843ffbeefbaa9a0ba4 (MD5) Aldeneidiane Santana dos Santos RESUMO.docx: 16880 bytes, checksum: c975f1b3f4b876e092edc4fed0812f71 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-04-05T20:48:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Aldeneidiane.pdf: 1674708 bytes, checksum: eb9cd2954498c2843ffbeefbaa9a0ba4 (MD5) Aldeneidiane Santana dos Santos RESUMO.docx: 16880 bytes, checksum: c975f1b3f4b876e092edc4fed0812f71 (MD5) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES); Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (FAPESB). A contaminação dos solos por metais tóxicos oferece risco a saúde pública e é uma preocupação mundial que ganhou visibilidade partir da década de 80. A metalurgia de chumbo instalada no município de Santo Amaro, Bahia, Brasil representa um dos maiores descasos de contaminação e racismo ambiental e tem sido tema de discussão, sobretudo nos últimos quarenta anos. Para avaliar a qualidade de um solo contaminado são necessários critérios e diretrizes específicos respeitando a heterogeneidade desse recurso. O uso de valores orientadores de referência de qualidade de outros países e mesmo do Brasil, mas de outros Estados, podem causar interpretações geoquímicas não condizentes com a realidade local. A área de estudo está situada nas antigas instalações da Plumbum e o objetivo dessa pesquisa consiste em avaliar durante o período de 1990 a 2016, os protocolos que foram utilizados para caracterização dos teores de metais tóxicos, por meio de uma série de trabalhos publicados, totalizando de 17 (dezessete) documentos. A metodologia aplicada restringe-se a Pesquisa Bibliográfica, dividida em 3 (três) fases distintas, tendo como principais indicadores para cada fase os períodos das publicações, e algum fato que marcasse abruptamente o desenvolvimento das novas pesquisas ou direcionamentos sobre a contaminação dos solos. A primeira fase corresponde ao período de 1990 a 2001 e é marcada pelos estudos que avaliaram apenas Pb e Cd. A segunda fase corresponde ao período 2002 a 2008 e é marcada pela abrangência de outros elementos, o aprimoramento dos protocolos analíticos, bem como possíveis técnicas de remediação. A terceira fase inicia-se com os estudos posteriores a resolução 420/2009 do CONAMA até 2016. Por fim, aplicou-se a geoestatística descritiva aos dados analíticos de Anjos et al. (2016). Constatou-se que ao passar dos anos, principalmente depois de 2009, os valores de referência de qualidade para a região de Santo Amaro ainda não foram definidos por entidades ambientais do Estado e os trabalhos consultados utilizaram metodologias diferentes, portanto, não puderam ser comparados. The contamination of soils by toxic metals represents a risk to public health and is a worldwide concern that has gained visibility since the 1980s. The lead metallurgy installed in the city of Santo Amaro, Bahia, Brazil represents one of the greatest neglect in respect to contamination and environmental prejudice and it has been a topic of discussion, especially in the last forty years. In order to assess the quality of a contaminated soil, specific criteria and guidelines are necessary, respecting the heterogeneity of this resource. The use of quality reference guiding values from other countries and even from Brazil, but from other states, can cause geochemical interpretations that are not consistent with the local reality. The study area is located in the former facilities of Plumbum and the objective of this research is to evaluate, during the period from 1990 to 2016, the protocols that were used to characterize the levels of toxic metals, through a series of published papers, totalling 17 (seventeen) documents. The applied methodology is restricted to Bibliographic Research and divided into 3 (three) distinct phases, having as main indicators for each phase the periods of publications as well as some fact that abruptly marked the development of new research or its directions on soil contamination. The first phase corresponds to the period from 1990 to 2001 and it is marked by studies that evaluated only Pb and Cd. The second phase corresponds to the period from 2002 to 2008 and it is marked by the study of other elements, the improvement of analytical protocols, as well as possible remediation techniques. The third phase begins with subsequent studies to CONAMA Resolution 420/2009 until 2016. Finally, descriptive geostatistics were applied to the analytical data of Anjos et al. (2016). It was found that over the years, especially after 2009, the quality reference values for the Santo Amaro region have not yet been defined by state environmental entities and the works consulted used different methodologies, therefore, they could not be compared.

Se presentan algunos aspectos de la biografía de María Teresa Rodríguez Mellado (1921-1985), una pionera desconocida en la historia de la Geología española. El matrimonio y la maternidad la retiraron de la ciencia tras una breve pero intensa actividad investigadora. Licenciada en Ciencias, Sección de Ciencias Naturales, por la Universidad Central en 1946, obtuvo una beca del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas en el Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid para realizar su tesis doctoral sobre el Devónico en España, dirigida por Francisco Hernández-Pacheco. Colaboró con Manuel Alía Medina en algunas cuestiones paleontológicas de las investigaciones geológico-mineras del Sáhara Occidental. Asimismo, se muestra la evolución de la enseñanza de las materias geológicas durante la primera mitad del siglo XX en España = This paper deals with some aspects of María Teresa Rodríguez Mellado´s biography (1921-1985), an unknown pioneer in the history of Spanish Geology. Marriage and motherhood removed her from science after a brief but intense research work. She graduated in Natural Sciences in 1946, and got a Spanish National Research Council scholarship to carry out her Ph.D. thesis on the Devonian of Spain, supervised by Francisco Hernández-Pacheco. She collaborated with Manuel Alía Medina on some paleontological issues of the geology of Western Sahara. Also, the evolution of the teaching of geological subjects during the first half of the 20th century in Spain is shown., Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, España

The initial infill of the Patagonian Broken Foreland is related to Miocene, syn-orogenic, volcaniclastic successions accommodated in intermontane basins. In the last years several works have paid attention to these successions due to their role in the comprehension of the timing of deformation, the relationship between arc volcanism and the environmental signals, and the climate changes related to the growth of the orogen. In this paper we perform the U-Pb geochronology and the sedimentologic and paleosols analyses of a Miocene, synorogenic, volcaniclastic succession (La Pava Formation) located at the northern part of Patagonian Broken Foreland. The results indicate that the syn-kinematic sedimentation (evidenced by growth strata and progressive unconformities) proceeded between ~19 Ma to ~14 Ma, associated with arc-derived volcaniclastic deposits, under alluvial conditions with profuse paleosols development. The facies analysis combined with the paleosols and provenance studies indicate episodic and cyclic supply of pyroclastic materials, which were mainly deliveredfrom the catchment area of the system, affected by explosive volcanism. A succession of stacked paleosols was recorded into 3 sections, bounded by unconformities, which record from Alfisols-like, Vertisol-like to Andisolslikepaleosols. Paleosols variations were related to the effects of tectonic events, climate changes or to the increase of volcanic supply in comparison to soil-forming processes. The results obtained in this work are considered substantial to unravel the tectonic, volcanic and paleoclimatic framework of the North Patagonian Andes. Fil: D'Elia, Leandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas; Argentina Fil: Bilmes, Andrés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto Patagónico de Geología y Paleontología; Argentina Fil: Varela, Augusto Nicolás. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas; Argentina Fil: Bucher, Joaquin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas; Argentina Fil: López, Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas; Argentina Fil: García, Micaela Romina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas; Argentina Fil: Ventura Santos, Roberto. Universidade Do Brasilia. Instituto de Geociencias; Brasil Fil: Hauser, Natalia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidade Do Brasilia. Instituto de Geociencias; Brasil Fil: Naipauer, Maximiliano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geocronología y Geología Isotópica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geocronología y Geología Isotópica; Argentina Fil: Sato, Ana Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas; Argentina Fil: Franzese, Juan Rafael. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas; Argentina

Resumo A crise ecológica planetária e suas causas antropogênicas têm feito a geologia emergir em distintos campos do conhecimento a partir do reconhecimento da época geológica Antropoceno. No campo dos estudos de mídia e comunicação, essa emergência se deu a partir de teóricos relacionados à arqueologia e ecologia das mídias como Siegfried Zielinski, Matthew Fuller e Jussi Parikka. O artigo tocará nesse contexto de referências e temas apontando como a arte é reconhecida como pilar, por suas potencialidades epistemológicas, para lidar conceitualmente com as affordancesdas mídias nas relações de sua ecologia. Abstract Planetary ecological crisis and its anthropogenic causes made geology emerge in distinct knowledge fields since the acknowledgment of the geological Anthropecene era . In the field of media studies, this emergence is based on media ecology and archaeology thinkers such as Siegfried Zielinski, Matthew Fuller and Jussi Parikka. This paper, accordingly, will address this context of references and subjects highlighting how art is recognized as a pillar for its epistemological potential , to deal conceptually with media affordances in their ecological relations.

The purpose of this paper is to establish some correlations between the main technical parameter with regard to the cement-based materials technology, the 28-day compressive strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity of standard mortar samples cured at three different conditions&mdash, (i) under water at 22 &deg, C, (ii) climatic chamber at 95% RH and 22 &deg, (iii) lab ambient, 50% RH, and 22 &deg, C&mdash, and after five curing periods of 1, 2, 7, 14, and 28 days. Good correlations for each curing conditions were obtained. All the positive linear relationships showed better R2 than exponential ones. These findings may promote the use of ultrasonic pulse velocity for the estimation of the 28-day compressive strength of standard Portland cement samples within the factory internal quality control.

A regional sedimentological and sequence stratigraphic analysis is presented in this paper to provide new insights into the morphological complexity and sedimentary mechanisms of unconformities giving shape to basin margins. Although the development of unconformities entails significant sediment delivery to be considered when analysing ?source to sink? systems, as well as large palaeogeographical changes related to basin reconfiguration episodes, the complexity that unconformities can reveal towards basin margins has been scarcely explored. A sedimentological and architectural analysis combining outcrop and subsurface datasets shows five palaeoenvironmental evolutionary stages and four key stratigraphic surfaces in a constrained ca 2 Ma Valanginian interval on the southern margin of the Neuquén back‐arc basin (Argentina). A complex‐type subaerial unconformity was identified, composed in turn of two subaerial unconformities exhibiting both single and composite motifs, different morphologies and facies shifts representative of large palaeogeographical changes. In the studied stratigraphic interval, two erosional stages occur linked to combinations of exclusively non‐marine‐driven processes involved in unconformities developing. The two subaerial unconformities differ in nature and distribution, representing a novel case of complex unconformities and stratigraphic architectures in non‐marine lowstand wedges. The Valanginian complex subaerial unconformity entails a high diachroneity along strike and depositional dip, implying that the hiatus created in landward settings occurred during relative sea‐level fall and rise stages during a period longer than in basinward areas. Disagreeing with classical sequential models, two third‐order sequence components of a complex lowstand wedge are preserved in proximal settings. Subsidence‐controlled accommodation and interplay between second‐order and third‐order cycles were combined, increasing the prospects of sediment storage and preservation potential of composite sequences towards landward areas. This work improves current comprehension about complex subaerial unconformities formation and related lowstand architectures in proximal settings, providing criteria to understand and revaluate lowstand wedge geometries, particularly for more complex examples, such as the case reported in this contribution Fil: Olivo, Mariana Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Schwarz, Ernesto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas; Argentina Fil: Veiga, Gonzalo Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas; Argentina

RESUMEN Los mallines son humedales de alto valor ambiental y son frecuentes en diversas regiones de la Argentina, como la Patagonia, la Cordillera de los Andes y las Sierras Pampeanas. En particular en esta última región, los estudios sobre su funcionamiento y dinámica son aún insuficientes y parciales. En este trabajo, se analizan los factores geológicogeomorfológicos que influyeron en el origen, distribución, morfometría y dinámica de mallines del sector sur de la Sierra de Comechingones (Sierras Pampeanas de Córdoba, Argentina) y se realiza una reconstrucción paleoambiental a partir del registro sedimentológico, polínico y diatomológico de uno de estos sistemas durante el Holoceno. El área de estudio forma parte de una paleosuperficie de erosión desarrollada sobre rocas de basamento ígneo-metamórfico con anterioridad a la orogenia andina, la cual se preserva en el faldeo oriental de esta sierra y presenta distinto grado de incisión fluvial. El mayor desarrollo de los mallines se asocia a ambientes geomorfológicos con baja actividad morfodinámica, preferentemente sobre rocas graníticas, y depósitos loéssicos/loessoides. La fuente principal de los materiales que forman los depósitos de mallines es la removilización de las secuencias loéssicas/loessoides cuaternarias situadas en el sector serrano. Los registros sedimentológico, polínico y diatomológico sugieren la persistencia de estos ambientes en los sectores altos de las Sierras de Comechingones durante gran parte del Holoceno, con contracciones y expansiones como respuesta a la variabilidad ambiental. Las condiciones climáticas fueron variables, con un período más seco que el actual, al menos temporariamente, entre ca. 7.000 y 4.700 cal. años AP (6.400 y 4.100 14C años AP) y, a partir de los 4.700 cal. años AP (4.326 14C años AP) se habrían establecido condiciones climáticas semejantes a las actuales. Los procesos de incisión e integración de las redes de drenaje que ocurrieron en las últimas centurias iniciaron la desactivación y pérdida de estos humedales, en especial a partir de la década de 1970, por el incremento en las precipitaciones y, subordinadamente, los frecuentes incendios forestales. ABSTRACT Wet-meadows are wetlands of high environmental value and common in the Patagonia, Cordillera de los Andes and Pampean Ranges of Argentina. Particularly, the studies about the functioning and dynamics of wet-meadows are still insufficient and partials in Pampean Ranges. In this paper we analyze the geological-geomorphological factors that influenced the origin, distribution, morphometry and dynamics of wet-meadows in highlands of the southern Comechingones Range (Pampean Ranges of Córdoba, Argentina). A paleoenvironmental reconstruction from sedimentological, palynological, diatomological and chronological records of one of these systems is also proposed. The study area is located at an erosion paleosurface developed previously to the andean orogeny, on an igneous-metamorphic basement rocks. This paleosurface is preserved in the eastern slope of the Comechingones Range and shows different degree of fluvial incision. Most wet-meadows are linked to geomorphological environments with low morphodynamic activity, especially in the granitic rocks and loessic/loessoid deposits preserved in summit plains. The main source of sediments for wet-meadows is the reworking of Quaternary loessic/loessoide sequences. The wet-meadow paleorecords suggests the persistence of wetlands in the Comechingones Range highlands during most of the Holocene, with contractions and expansions in response to environmental variability. The Holocene climate conditions were variable, mainly related to changes in water availability and temperature. A drier period than the current, at least temporarily, took place between ca. 7,000 and 4,700 cal. years BP (6,400 and 4,100 14C years BP). Climatic conditions similar to the current ones were likely established since 4,700 cal. years BP (4,326 14C years BP). During the last centuries, incision and drainage networks integration processes, promote the removal of several wetlands, especially since 1,970s due to precipitation increasing and, subordinately, frequent wildfires.

En este trabajo se describen y analizan las características geoquímicas y mineralógicas del litio y sus principales tipos de depósitos reconocidos y yacimientos en producción (salares, pegmatitas y arcillas), así como otras fuentes alternativas de obtención (salmueras geotermales e hidrocarburíferas y agua de mar). Asimismo, se presenta un análisis general acerca del mercado mundial y regional de este elemento químico, cuya demanda es y será creciente, y estará destinada fundamentalmente a la construcción de baterías para la industria automotriz. Además, se presentan las perspectivas para el país en función de los depósitos minerales identificados tales como importantes depósitos en salmueras que integran el “Triángulo del Litio” en la Puna, pegmatitas de tipo LCT con silicatos y fosfatos de litio en la Provincia Pegmatítica Pampeana y potenciales depósitos de arcillas en cuencas formadas durante el Neógeno de los Andes Centrales. Se sugiere realizar estudios que permitan cuantificar los recursos y reservas de estos depósitos, así como también realizar estudios que permitan establecer una línea de base ambiental de estas áreas, llevado a cabo por organismos técnicos específicos del ámbito estatal., This paper describes and analyzes the geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of lithium and its main types of recognized deposits (brines, pegmatites and clays), as well as other alternative sources (geothermal and hydrocarbon brines and sea water). Likewise, a general analysis of the Lithium world and regional market is presented. The Lithium demand is and will be growing, and will be mainly destined to the construction of batteries for the automotive industry. In addition, the perspectives for the country are presented based on the mineral deposits identified such as important brine deposits that integrate the "Lithium Triangle" in the Puna, LCT type pegmatites with silicates and lithium phosphates in the Pegmatite Pampeana Province and potential clay deposits in basins formed during the Neogene of the Central Andes. It is suggested to carry out studies by specific technical organisms of the state scope that allow quantifying the resources and reserves of these deposits, as well as to establish an environmental baseline of these areas., Instituto de Recursos Minerales, Centro de Estudios Integrales de la Dinámica Exógena

[EN] The church of San Pedro de La Mata (Sonseca, Toledo) is a key monument in the history and archaeology of the Early Middle Ages in the Iberian Peninsula. After the archaeological works recently published, this paper aims to approach in detail the quarries of granite exploited for the construction of this building.These are areas of exploitation worked out along the centuries, which have been therefore subject to successive extractive activities all throughout the history. This work focuses on the extractive techniques, on the influence of the geology when quarrying and on its coordination with the building activity of this church by taking into account the ancient remains of the latter and of the ancient extractive outcrops preserved., [ES] La iglesia de San Pedro de La Mata (Sonseca, Toledo) constituye uno de los monumentos clave en la Historia y Arqueología del Altomedievo de la península Ibérica. Tras los trabajos arqueológicos ya publicados, este estudio pretende estudiar con detalle las canteras de granito explotadas para la construcción de este edificio. Estas son áreas de explotación trabajadas a lo largo de los siglos, reflejando por tanto la superposición histórica de diferentes actividades extractivas. En el presente trabajo nos centramos en las técnicas empleadas en la extracción, en la incidencia de la Geología en los trabajos en la cantera y en la coordinación con la obra constructiva de la iglesia a partir del análisis de los vestigios de esta última y de los frentes de extracción antiguos conservados., Los resultados recogidos en este artículo se deben al proyecto «Arqueología de la Arquitectura en la iglesia de San Pedro de la Mata (Sonseca, Toledo). Fase III», desarrollado gracias a la Subvención para la realización de proyectos de investigación del Patrimonio Arqueológico y Paleontológico de Castilla-La Mancha, 2017, otorgada al equipo firmante y cofinanciada por la Consejería de Educación, Cultura y Deportes, de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, y el Ayuntamiento de Sonseca. Estos deben contextualizarse a su vez con los trabajos llevados a cabo por el mismo equipo dentro del proyecto «Arqueología de las iglesias hispánicas del siglo X: la circulación de los modelos arquitectónicos y decorativos. II» (HAR2017-84927-P), financiado por el MINECO-AEI/FEDER, UE.

O objetivo deste trabalho é calcular a descarga líquida (Qliq) e descarga sólida (Qss) no Rio Guaíba utilizando um sensor perfilador acústico de correntes por Doppler (PACD) comparar a Qliq medidas com a vazão dos rios tributários, oscilações de nível da água, direção e intensidade dos ventos. Foi criada uma equação de calibração do PACD para estimar a concentração de sedimentos em suspensão (CSS) e Qss comparando dados do método gravimétrico in situ e de retroespalhamento acústico do PACD. Uma relação exponencial se adaptou melhor no conjunto de dados, com R² de 0,7. Foi possível realizar um estudo abrangente sobre as variáveis Qliq e Qss no Guaíba. Os dados de Qliq medidos possuem valores próximos à soma dos dados de vazão dos rios Jacuí, Taquarí, Caí e Sinos. Não foi possível ajustar uma curva-chave entre vazão e a régua localizada no Cais Mauá devido as oscilações do vento que alteram o nível da água na desembocadura deste sistema fluvial, inclusive com situações de inversão do fluxo registradas nos perfis de corrente que foram relacionadas com a ocorrência de ventos nos quadrantes S e SE. Para a variável Qss, os valores apresentaram grande variabilidade, com mínimos e máximos de 776 a 118.130 t/dia. A possibilidade da calibração do sensor PACD para estimar o CSS no Guaíba serve como base para estimar a quantidade de volume de sedimentos que ingressam no Guaíba. Liquid and suspended solid discharge in Guaíba River, RS, Brazil. This paper aims at calculate Qliq and Qss in Guaíba using a PACD sensor (1.5 MHz). It is also the objective of this work to compare the Qliq measures with the flow of the tributary rivers, with oscillations of water level, direction and intensity of the winds in this environment. A PACD calibration equation was created to estimate CSS and Qss by comparing data from the in situ gravimetric method and acoustic backscatter data from the PACD. An exponential relation was the best fit in the data set, with R² of 0.7. It was possible to carry out a comprehensive study on Qliq and Qss variables in Guaíba. The measured Qliq data have values close to the sum of the flow data of the Jacuí, Taquarí, Caí and Sinos rivers. It was not possible to adjust a key curve between flow and the ruler located in Cais Mauá due to the wind oscillations that alter the water level. The wind action caused the flow inversion of this system. Two inversion situations were recorded in the current profiles at the Guaíba entrance and were related to the occurrence of winds in the S and SE quadrants. For the Qss variable, the values presented great variability, with minimum and maximum values of 776 to 118,130 t/day. The possibility of PACD sensor calibration to estimate CSS in the Guaíba serves as a basis for estimating the amount of sediment volume that is transported to the Guaíba watershed.

This paper addresses the geomorphic characterization and classification of large riversin a framework of scarce information. This is inspired by the River Styles Framework with somemodifications that make the process more straightforward and accessible to practitioners and moreapplicable to large basins, while reducing the subjective, expert-based inputs, as the process is nowmore systematic. To this aim, it utilizes innovative criteria and some computer-aided procedures andtools based on GIS, Excel and Python. This approach sheds light on the character and the behaviorof rivers, which is key to informing planning, management and restoration. The application to theMagdalena River (Colombia) illustrates the characterization and classification process and the typeof results, which ultimately highlight the great geomorphic diversity of that river. The process isapplicable to many other rivers worldwide.

Metal matrix syntactic foams (MMSF) are foam composites obtained by filling hollow and/or porous particles into a metal matrix. MMSF are promising materials in defense, aerospace, automotive, marine and engineering applications. Mechanical and physical properties of MMSF can be tailored to reach better structural and/or functional behaviors by fitting processing and tailoring parameters. Some of these parameters are: reinforcement size, volume fraction, distribution of reinforcements and chemical composition. Three techniques are available to manufacture MMSF: Stir casting/vortex method (SC), powder metallurgy (P/M) and infiltration routes. Infiltration process is by far the main employed for making MMSF, it allows a large range of reinforcement (30 vol % to 78 vol %) and offers great advantages compared to other techniques. This paper reviews infiltration routes used to date, their advantages and drawbacks, the main processing parameters of each route, and a relation of representative studies developed to date on the synthesizing of MMSF by molten infiltration processes.

Con el nombre de “la montaña caída de Valdecojos” se conoce, en la localidad burgalesa de Ros, un gran deslizamiento en la ladera del páramo. El estudio de fotografías aéreas y el análisis de los datos aportados por los registros meteorológicos han permitido situar el acontecimiento probablemente a finales del invierno de 1979. Pero este no es el único deslizamiento, en el entorno se han inventariado hasta 86 manifestaciones similares en las laderas de los páramos neógenos, de diversa magnitud, más o menos profundos y en distintos grados de conservación. En este artículo se analizan los factores determinantes que permiten explicar la rotura del terreno y se justifica la concentración de movimientos en masa en la zona., “La montaña caída de Valdecojos” is a large landslide in the slope of the Ros limestone plateau. The study of aerial photographs and the analysis of meteorological records data have allowed to date the event in the late seventies of last century. This is not the only landslide in same Neogene limestone plateau slopes. We have located 86 landslides with different magnitude and conservation status. This paper discusses the main geo-environmental factors to explain the concentration and the specific possible causes of mass movement.

This paper aims to present the new route explored in Sancho Chasm (Pinet, Valencia) by the members of the Valencia Speleological Society (SEV). To show the new rout 'Boletus' the technical data sheet of the installation, a brief description of the exploration, as well as its new topography will be presented. In conclusion, we believe that the dissemination, access and publication of this type of information is necessary for the search of global knowledge and the own territory. KEY WORDS:Caving, Exploration, Sancho Chasm, Topography.

This paper proposes a systematic procedure to identify river reaches from a geomorphic point of view. Their identification traditionally relies on a subjective synthesis of multi-dimensional information (e.g., changes of slope, changes of width of valley bottom). We point out that some of the attributes adopted to describe geomorphic characters of a river (in particular sinuosity and confinement) depend on the length of reaches, while these latter are not yet identified, this is a source of ambiguity and introduces, at least conceptually, an unpleasant, implicit, iterative procedure. We introduce a new method which avoids this difficulty. Furthermore, it is simple, objective, and explicitly defined, and as such, it is automatable. The method requires to define and determine a set of intensive attributes, i.e., attributes that are independent of the segment length. The reaches are then identified by the intersection of the segmentations induced by such attributes. We applied the proposed procedure in two case studies, the Magdalena River (Colombia) and the Baker River (Chile), and investigated whether the adoption of the traditional approach for the definition of reaches would lead to a different result. We conclude that there would be no detectable differences. As such, the method can be considered an improvement in geomorphic river characterization.