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As the second common type of volcanic vent on Earth, maar-diatreme volcanoes and their post-eruptive lacustrine sediments are a main focus of volcanology, palaeolimnology, palaeoclimatology and palaeontology. A number of maar-type volcanoes have been found in Leizhou Peninsula, South China, but little is known about their eruption processes and detailed stratigraphy of the post-eruptive sediments. We present a combined geophysical and geological analysis to study the eruptive history and post-eruptive sediment stratigraphy of a large maar, the elliptical (1.8 × 3.0 km2) Jiudouyang (JDY) maar. The lacustrine stratigraphy revealed by drilling cores shows that the JDY maar lake has three major stages of evolution: (i) deep-lake sedimentary environment characterized by high autochthonous diatom productivity; (ii) shallow lake to swamp with very low water levels, characterized by a high total organic carbon (TOC) and abundant wood fragments; and, (iii) intermittent shallow lake and alluvial deposits composed of clay minerals and sand. The electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) values and lithological features are highly consistent, which clearly reveal the presence of ca. 50 m thick lacustrine sediments, directly underlain by a ca. 70 m thick basaltic lava rather than diatreme breccia in the crater. This infill sequence implies an alternation of eruption style from phreatomagmatic to Strombolian and/or lava flow, due to high magma flux and ascent rate of the Hainan Plume during the middle Pleistocene. The ERT data also reveal the initial phreatomagmatic crater floor at ca. 120 m depth. The initial crater had a large diameter/depth ratio (ca. 17), with an elongated shape (major axis to minor axis = 0.6), implying possible lateral vent migration during the eruption. A significant erosion under tropical weathering condition during the last few hundred thousand years, accounted for the large size of the maar crater. The study provides insights into the eruptive history and post-eruptive evolution of a large maar, as well as the spatial distribution of the lacustrine sediments.

This paper explores the adaptive design of historic villages and dwellings in response to the typhoon climate of the Leizhou Peninsula. A field investigation involving 917 historic villages was con...

Leizhou Peninsula is located in the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot. However, information about freshwater fish species in this peninsula is very scarce. Based on surveys and a literature review, a total of 100 freshwater fish species (92 native and eight non-native) within seven orders, 21 families and 70 genera, have been recorded in the Leizhou Peninsula. Four species, Mud Carp (Cirrhinus molitorella), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), South Sharpbelly (Pseudohemiculter dispar), and Helmet Catfish (Cranoglanis bouderius) are listed as threatened species in red list of IUCN. Sand mining, aquaculture pollution, non-native aquatic species, and overfishing are the greatest threats to freshwater fish biodiversity of Leizhou Peninsula. For better sustainable development, conservation efforts should be focused on the establishment of protected areas, improvement of sustainable fishery management and control of non-native species. This study provides management recommendations that will be useful for freshwater fish biodiversity conservation and fishery management in Leizhou Peninsula.

We analysed whole-rock major and trace elements and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopes of the late Cenozoic volcanic rocks in the Leizhou Peninsula, South China to investigate their mantle source characteristics. These volcanic rocks, collected from Jiujiang, Tianyang and Huoju areas of the Leizhou Peninsula, are characterized by incompatible element enrichment but variable isotopic depletion. The volcanic rocks from Jiujiang and Tianyang show prominent primitive-mantle-normalized positive Nb, Ta and Sr anomalies and depleted Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotope compositions, whereas those from Huoju show slight positive to negative Nb and Ta anomalies, a prominent positive Pb anomaly, and more enriched Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotope compositions. Two types of mantle metasomatism are required to explain the geochemical characteristics of these rocks. The Jiujiang and Tianyang samples were largely derived from a mantle source metasomatized recently by a low-F melt. Such low-F melt is generated within the asthenospheric mantle, which is enriched in volatiles and incompatible elements with positive Sr anomaly and depleted Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotope compositions. The Huoju samples were largely derived from a mantle source metasomatized by recycled upper continental crust material. These two types of mantle metasomatism beneath the Leizhou Peninsula are consistent with trace element characteristics of mantle mineralogy (e.g. clinopyroxene vs. amphibole), which reflects source evolution in space and time (e.g. tectonic setting change).

With the emergence of the neologism ‘intangible cultural heritage’ in 2003 and the adoption of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Law of the People’sRepublic of China in 2011 various popular religious practices in China which used to be considered as feudal superstitions started to be recognized as examples of cultural heritage worthy of protection. If we examine the concept of religious diversity at a local level in contemporary China, the process of a ‘patrimonialization’ of popular religious practices that reflect the dynamic relationships which can be detected across diverse discourses, multiple stakeholders and cultural policies in different arenas could offer us a new perspective on religious practices to explore. In this article I offer an analysis, based on fieldwork conducted between 2013 and 2016 on the Leizhou Peninsula in southern China’s Guangdong Province, of the varying degrees of acceptance, accommodation and resistance prompted by the actualization of popular religious practices in this era of patrimonialization.

Clay minerals of surface sediment samples from nine bays/harbors along northern coast of the South China Sea (SCS) are used for sediment sources and contribution estimation in the study areas. Results reveal that sediments in the study bays/harbors seem to be a mixture of sediments from the Pearl, Hanjiang River and local islands/rivers, but their clay mineral assemblage is distinct from that of Luzon and Taiwan sediments, indicating that sediments are derived mainly from the neighboring sources through riverine input and partly from localized sediments. Due to input of local sediments in the northern SCS, sediments from both east of the Leizhou Peninsula (Area IV) and next to the Pearl River estuary (PRE, Area II) have high smectite percent. Affected by riverine input of the Pearl and Hanjiang Rivers, sediments in west of the PRE (Area III) and east of the PRE (Area I) have high illite (average 47%) and kaolinite (54%) percents, respectively. Sediment contributions of various major sources to the study areas are estimated as the following: (1) the Hanjiang River provide 95% and 84% sediments in Areas I and II, respectively, (2) the Pearl River supply 79% and 29% sediments in Areas III and IV, respectively and (3) local sediments contribute the rest and reach the maximum (similar to 71%) in Area IV. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

This article is to promote, expand the Leizhou peninsula agricultural tourism as the basic starting point and the foothold, using the methods of SWOT to discuss the status and strategies of developing agricultural tourism in Leizhou peninsula and coping strategies. Leizhou peninsula to developing agricultural tourism is not achieved overnight, need to be full of enthusiasm to participate in the peninsula, including the goverment, coperation and the public.

High-resolution Sr/Ca ratios of two Porites corals from Leizhou Peninsula were measured using inductively coupled plasma atomic spectrometry (ICP-AES). TIMS U-Th dating reveals that the life-spans of the two corals are 489500 AD and 539-530 BC, respectively. Monthly sea surface temperatures (SSTs) during these two periods can be reconstructed from their skeletal Sr/Ca ratios. The results reveal that SSTs during 539-530 BC were roughly the same as those during 1990-2000 AD in this area, indicating a relative warm climate period. However, the period of 489-500 AD was significantly cooler, with annual mean SST, the 10-a average of minimum monthly winter SSTs and the 10-a average of maximum monthly summer SSTs being about 2, 2.9 and 1degreesC lower than that in the 1990s, respectively. Such climate patterns agree well with the phenological results recorded in the historic documents in other areas of China.

Leizhou Peninsula is rich in tourism resources, yet has been excluded from the hot-spot rank of Chinese tourism attractions due to a lack of reasonable travel planning mechanism. From the viewpoint of system theory, this thesis analyzes two main aspects: integration developmen t should be exercised on all sorts of tourism resources to form a larger Ecological Tourism Circle; c oordination and development should be carried out by subsystems within the tourism circle, to opti mize and integrate the ecological tourism products, boom tourism and economy in a sustainable and ecological way.

Three types of clinopyroxene megacrysts have been collected from Cenozoic basaltic rocks from Hainan Island and the Leizhou Peninsula in southern China. These megacrysts are dark green, black, and pale green in color, and are classified as Al-augite, Al-rich Fe-Na salite, and endiopside, respectively. Although they have different geochemical compositions, they all exhibit convex-upward, MREE-enriched patterns. The Al-augite megacrysts contain 8.45 to 9.01% Al2O3, 1.26 to 1.59% TiO2, 1.60 to 1.88% Na2O; have Mg# values of 69.5 to 75.4; and possess ΣREE contents of 24.7 to 26.9 ppm. Their LREE contents are enriched relative to the HREE (La/Ybn = 3.05 to 4.09). The Al-rich Fe-Na salite megacrysts have higher FeOT (10.4 to 11.4%) and Na2O (2.07 to 2.78%) contents, and lower Mg' values (54.9 to 59.9), than do the Al-augite megacrysts. They contain high ΣREE contents (29.4 to 41.9 ppm) and have pronounced LREE/HREE enrichment (La/Ybn = 3.86 to 20.6). Their Al2O3 contents (10.1 to 12.2%) are much higher than tho...

Ecological environment vulnerability of coastal zone in Leihzou Peninsula is discussed in this article. A large proportion of the peninsula coastal zone is typical vulnerability environments and ecosystems, which can deteriorate in the external forcing rapidly by the changes introduced by nature or artificially. For the coastal zone sustained development, this paper provides some countermeasures and points out that the integrated coastal zoon management (ICZM) is the most effective path.

There are Zhanjiang, Leizhou, Xuwen, Lianjiang four weather observation stations on the Leizhou Peninsula. By using the wavelet analysis, this article studies the characteristics of the time serial of annual thunderstorm days in the Leizhou Peninsula. The data are from those four stations and covers for the last 48 years from 1960 to 2007. The research revealed the multi-time-scale structure of the annual thunderstorm days. The results show that (1) there is obvious decreasing tendency in the annual thunderstorm days; (2) The average of the annual thunderstorm days of 48 years is 91 d. The value before 1983 is higher than the mean value except in years 1977 and 1980, and is lower than that after 1984 except for 1987 and 1997; (3) There is almost always positive anomaly departure before 1983 and negative after 1984; (4) There are quasi 2 year periodic change in the middle of 60's, remarkable 2-4 year periodic change in the 70's, obvious 3-4 year periodic change in late 80's to late 90's, and remarkable quasi 2 year periodic change from mid to late 90's and the sudden change appears in 1983.

The diversity of pteridophytes from Hainan Island is discussed, with a brief introduction of their ecology, and distribution. Some problems of the taxonomy of Hainan pteridophytes are also pointed out with emphasis on future revision of some difficult groups.

The occurrence of Javanella kendengensis Kingma, first recorded in the Pliocene of Java, and Saida sp. in the Pliocene Wanglougang Formation from the Leizhou Peninsula, Guangdong, gives further evidence of the close relationship between the ostracod faunas from the North Continental Shelf of the South China Sea and those from the Indo-Malayan area, and the possible connection with Australasian ostracod faunas from the Late Cenozoic to Recent. The two samples under study were collected by Gou and He in 1963 from boreholes in Xuwen County in the Southern Part of the Leizhou Peninsula. In the present paper, Javanella kendengensis Kingma and Saida sp. are described and the distribution of these two genera is discussed.