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City parks, apart from having an aesthetic function as a place for recreation, also have an ecological function with vegetation components to soften the microclimate. Vegetation analysis was carried out in six city parks in Mataram City to determine the vegetation structure. Microclimate factors of the park, namely light intensity, air temperature and humidity inside and outside the park during the day and observations of sound attenuation at night have been carried out. Climatic data is carried out to determine the park's ability to reduce heat and air temperature, increase air humidity and reduce noise and determine the park's environmental discomfort index. Of the six urban parks observed in the city of Mataram, namely the parks of Ampenan, Malomba, Udayana, Sangkareang, Mayura, and Selagalas, it is known that there are three groups of vegetation structures, namely trees-shrubs, shrubs-trees, and shrubs. Vegetation with various compositions of life forms in each city park only controls 40 to 60% of the land area of the park. Urban parks in Mataram City have a low level of ability to soften the microclimate, which is below 5%. In reducing heat and air temperature, and increasing air humidity. City parks are also known to have a low ability to reduce noise. The city parks of Ampenan, Udayana and Sangkareang have an environmental comfort level equivalent to the discomfort felt by more than 50% of the population, while the Malomba, Mayura, and Selagalas parks have a level of comfort equivalent to the discomfort felt by less than 50% of the population. The existence of urban park vegetation is only able to reduce the discomfort index of 7 to 9%.

The island of Lombok with the majority of its original inhabitants, namely the Sasak tribe, has known and used a number of plants as typical food or vegetables to complement the main menu. Typical vegetables are vegetables that are only found in an area, at a certain season and processed in a special way. Currently, the existence of vegetables typical of the island of Lombok is rarely found and some of them are starting to become extinct. This study aims to obtain data related to the diversity of species, economic value and distribution of typical vegetables on the island of Lombok. The information obtained is very much needed in building a data base that can be used as important information in the process of plant conservation and domestication. The research method used was an exploratory survey with a qualitative approach through a structured interview technique using a questionnaire that was presented orally. The research locations were all districts on the island of Lombok. The results showed that there were 53 types of vegetables typical of the island of Lombok. Trees are the most common types of habitus (17 species), then shrubs (16 species), herbaceous species (14) and 10 creeping types. Young leaves are part of the plant that is most widely used as a vegetable. Most of these vegetables are not traded and grow wild in forests or cultivated areas. The districts of East Lombok and Central Lombok are the areas where the most of these types of vegetables are found, while the city of Mataram is the area with the least. The small area and the lack of green open space are suspected to be the cause of the reduction in the typical vegetables found in the city of Mataram.

The resident's yard of Gelangsar Village generally has not been used optimally. In some parts of the yard are overgrown with shrubs whose benefits are not yet known. This program aims to introduce yard management methods that can provide economic benefits, namely the innovation of flowering plant gardens to support honey bee cultivation. The method used in this program is socialization and the formation of a pilot project. The socialization focused on introducing the arrangement of the yard with flowering plants. The pilot project was made on the land of one of the partner residents. In this pilot project, innovations in planting flowering plants with vertical garden and honey bee cultivation methods are applied. Through this pilot method, it is hoped that the people of Gelangsar Village can apply the innovations offered independently. This program has been successfully implemented. Partner residents are willing to apply the innovation of a combination of flowering plant gardens and honey bee cultivation.

Chromosome numbers are reported here for the first time from 117 individuals of Solidago rugosa and S. fistulosa. Including 178 previously published reports for the two species plus S. latissimifolia, chromosome numbers have been determined from 295 individuals from 269 locations. Only diploids (2n = 18) were found throughout the range of S. fistulosa on the coastal plain in the eastern U.S.A. (44 counts). Diploids (2n = 18) were found in the northern portion of the range of S. latissimifolia, and tetraploids (2n = 36) and hexaploids (2n = 54) were found in the central and southern portions of the range (nine counts in total). Diploids (2n = 18) were found throughout the range of S. rugosa in much of eastern North America in four of the five varieties (northern var. rugosa, var. sphagnophila, southern var. aspera and var. celtidifolia). Tetraploids (2n = 36) were found in all four of these varieties and exclusively in var. cronquistiana in the southern high Appalachian Mountains. Hexaploids (2n = 54) were found in var. sphagnophila at scattered locations. One possible hexaploid in var. rugosa was found in the Allegheny Mountains. The diversity in ploidy levels was independent of the size of the range and the diversity of growing conditions among the three species of S. subsect. Venosae.

The implementation of science and technology for community (IbM) farmer groups who are facing the problem of the cabbage caterpillar population explosion was carried out in Sembalun Lawang Village, East Lombok Regency. The IbM activity was designed based on the agreement between the IbM team and the Village Head of Sembalun Lawang together with the Sangka Bira Farmers Group and the Sebun Kedit Farmers Group in Sembalun Lawang Village. IbM activities are carried out with the stages of socialization, practice, and tutorials with various media used including blackboards, LCDs, manuals (leflet), seeds, saplings, specimens, and leaf dry powder of jayanti plants (S. sesban). Partners also provide media for this IbM activity, which includes cabbage plantations and water facilities. The results achieved at this stage are that farmers in Sembalun Lawang Village recognize jayanti plants as a source of natural insecticides, are skilled at drying leaves properly and making leaf solutions from Jayanti plants and trying to apply them as natural insecticides to control cabbage caterpillars on cabbage plants. The results of trials by farmers showed that direct administration of 50 ppm Jayanti leaf solution could kill 52 to 56% of cabbage caterpillars on cabbage plants. If the Jayanti leaf solution was stored for the previous 24 hours, then 50 ppm of the solution could only kill 15 to 16% of cabbage caterpillars. After participating in this IbM activity, the farmers were also able to identify the type of parasitoid insect, Diadegma semiclausum, which can control the cabbage caterpillar population. The outputs of this IbM activity include 1) Farmer's Guide Book (leflet) Making and Application of Insecticides from Jayanti Plants for Integrated Control of Cabbage Caterpillars, 2) IbM results publication at national seminars (poster presenter certificate), and 3) Publication of IbM results in national scientific journal (submitted). The next stage to be carried out is to monitor and continue the mentoring (tutorial) by the team to IbM participants in the implementation of Jayanti plant cultivation and the manufacture and use of Jayanti insecticide in controlling cabbage caterpillars on cabbage plantations in Sembalun Lawang Village, East Lombok Regency.The implementation of science and technology for community (IbM) farmer groups who are facing the problem of the cabbage caterpillar population explosion was carried out in Sembalun Lawang Village, East Lombok Regency. The IbM activity was designed based on the agreement between the IbM team and the Village Head of Sembalun Lawang together with the Sangka Bira Farmers Group and the Sebun Kedit Farmers Group in Sembalun Lawang Village. IbM activities are carried out with the stages of socialization, practice, and tutorials with various media used including blackboards, LCDs, manuals (leflet), seeds, saplings, specimens, and leaf dry powder of jayanti plants (S. sesban). Partners also provide media for this IbM activity, which includes cabbage plantations and water facilities. The results achieved at this stage are that farmers in Sembalun Lawang Village recognize jayanti plants as a source of natural insecticides, are skilled at drying leaves properly and making leaf solutions from Jayanti plants and trying to apply them as natural insecticides to control cabbage caterpillars on cabbage plants. The results of trials by farmers showed that direct administration of 50 ppm Jayanti leaf solution could kill 52 to 56% of cabbage caterpillars on cabbage plants. If the Jayanti leaf solution was stored for the previous 24 hours, then 50 ppm of the solution could only kill 15 to 16% of cabbage caterpillars. After participating in this IbM activity, the farmers were also able to identify the type of parasitoid insect, Diadegma semiclausum, which can control the cabbage caterpillar population. The outputs of this IbM activity include 1) Farmer's Guide Book (leflet) Making and Application of Insecticides from Jayanti Plants for Integrated Control of Cabbage Caterpillars, 2) IbM results publication at national seminars (poster presenter certificate), and 3) Publication of IbM results in national scientific journal (submitted). The next stage to be carried out is to monitor and continue the mentoring (tutorial) by the team to IbM participants in the implementation of Jayanti plant cultivation and the manufacture and use of Jayanti insecticide in controlling cabbage caterpillars on cabbage plantations in Sembalun Lawang Village, East Lombok Regency.

Migratory birds are birds that fly or move from their breeding place to their non-breeding location. Migratory birds usually migrate to the southern part of the earth or tropical regions to avoid limited resources during winter in their breeding areas (Bildstein, 2006). Bird of Prey or Raptors are a group of birds that frequently migrate. Raptors carry out-migration in several areas which are commonly referred to as flyways. Indonesia is also part of the flight path for migratory birds (Sukmantoro et al., 2007). At this time there were approximately 17 types of migrant raptors in Indonesia. Research on raptor migration has been carried out for a long time in various regions. In the Yogyakarta area, there have been observations of a migrant raptor, but there are no official publications and research on migrant raptor in the Bukit 76 Kaliurang area, Yogyakarta. Therefore this research was conducted to know about migratory raptor in Yogyakarta. This research was conducted at Bukit 76 Kaliurang, Hargobinangun, Pakem, Yogyakarta. The research was conducted in December 2019-March 2020, July-August 2020, and October-November 2020. This research was conductes through observations in the morning at 07.00-11.00 WIB using birdwatching techniques and purposive methods. The results of this study recorded 1 species of migrant raptor, namely the Oriental Honey-buzzard (Pernis ptilorhynchus) and 2 species of resident raptors, namely the Crested Serpent Eagle (Spilornis cheela) and the Brahminy Kite (Haliastur indus).

Birds are opportunistic creatures that are able to actively fly can choose their habitat and find it in urban areas because of the large number of palm trees and flowering trees for ornamental or other shade. Birds can live anywhere in urban including in cemetery. The research objective was to determine. the use of public cemetery in Yogyakarta City as a bird habitat. The study was conducted in May-June and September 2016 with a sample of 20 public cemeteries in 9 Sub-Districts of Yogyakarta City. Diversity of bird data retrieval used Point of Abundance Index method, species bird identification using field guide book and analyzed by the Shannon-Wiener Index. Types of guild were directly observed and were determined based on a review of literature and the proportion of bird communities based on the type of guild were analyzed with modified use of importance value index. Conservation status were determined according to government regulation and IUCN 2012. Nesting and foraging were observed directly and analyzed descriptively. Vegetation data collection using the quadrat sampling plot method and analyzed descriptively. Based on this study there were 22 species from 14 families, with a low Shannon-Wiener diversity index value H=1.99. The threat status for all birds found according to the IUCN 2012 is included in the Least Concern (LC), and there are 3 protected species, namely olive-backed sunbird honey (Cinnyris jugularis), javan kingfisher (Halcyon cyanoventris) and collared kings fisher (Todirhmapus chloris). The composition of birds is based on the type of feed with 3 highest values of graminivorous 42.52%, insectivores 28.65%, and omnivores 18.01%. Then 44 types of plants were found in 23 families, with the three most common types including kambodia (Plumeria alba), puring (Codiaeum variegatum), and nagasari (Mesua ferrea) with a diversity index value at a moderate level H=2.5. The bird community is positively correlated with vegetation but has a very weak relationship. Several species of birds were observed building nests, incubating in nests, and raising their chicks. Birds use cemetery as for nesting, foraging, and perch or loaf.

Yogyakarta is known as a student city with more than 100 campuses. Campus provides significant green open space with various species of trees. Trees in campus are useful to beautify, as a shade and also attract various species of birds to come and or live on campus. This study aims to determine the diversity of bird species and campus use in Yogyakarta as a bird habitat. The study was conducted in 2016. The research sites on 3 big campuses in Yogyakarta were at the Integrated Campus of the Indonesian Islamic University (UII); Gadjah Mada University Campus (UGM), and the Integrated Campus of Muhammadiyah University in Yogyakarta. Bird diversity data obtained by direct observation with the IPA method (Index Point of Abundance) and then analyzed taxonomically, and ecologically with the Shannon-Weinner Diversity Index (DI) and compared with secondary data. Plant diversity which obtained by direct observation was analyzed descriptive-qualitatively. The used of campus area as foraging habitat obtained by direct observation and literature study then analyzed descriptively. The composition of guild type was analyzed using the Importance Value Index ; as nesting habitat known by direct observation and then analyzed descriptively qualitatively. The results of the study shows the highest of the diversity of bird species in taxonomy and ecology, the type of trees, and type of feed successively from UGM, UII, then UMY. The taxonomic diversity of birds in UGM (7 orders, 17 families, 25 species), UII (3 order,12 families, 17 species), UMY (3 order, 7 families, 10 species). Based on the ecological diversity of birds at UGM i.e. 2.13(enough high), UII i.e.1.97 (moderate), UMY i.e. 1.34 (low). Diversity of tree species at UGM (33 species), UII (23 species) followed by UMY Campus (6 species). The most complete type of bird guild is found in UGM (7 types), in UII (5 types), and in UMY (4 types). Most birds use campus areas to look for food and nesting, and to nest only for example cangak abu (Ardea cinerea) at UGM Conclusion The UGM campus is the best bird habitat in Yogyakarta because it is the oldest, widest, most extensive campus with many large and diverse trees.

Java Island is inhabited by 368 species of sedentary birds and 126 species of wandering birds, but the number of species that live in urban areas is still unknown. Green Open Space (RTH) in the urban area of Yogyakarta is depreciating, but many species of birds are able to adapt and survive. The existence of birds in an urban area, such as airport area could potentially harm economic and human safety because of bird strikes. The research objective was to determine the community of diurnal birds and habitat used of by birds in The Adisutjipto International Airport Yogyakarta (AIAY) area as a preliminary study. The study was conducted from 10 July to 29 Aug 2017 in AIAY and surrounding area. Diversity data retrieval used Point of Abundance Index method and analyzed by the Shannon-Wienner Diversity Index. Types of the guild were directly observed and were determined based on literature review and the proportion of bird communities based on the type of guild were analyzed with modified use of importance value index. Conservation status was determined according to Government Regulation No. 7/1999 and IUCN Redlist. Nesting and foraging were observed directly and analyzed descriptively. The diversity of bird species in the AIAY area was moderate and taxonomically included 38 species that covered 36 genera and 23 families. The species composition between each zones do not have significant difference There were six species of birds that were protected, but the population status of all types were least concern. The composition of bird species based on the type of guilds is granivorous, insectivorous, mollucivorous, frugivorous and nectarivorous. Some birds used the area around the runway for foraging and crossing and potentially endanger the safety of flight, i.e., munia (Lonchura spp.), white-throated needletail (Collocalia linchi), Eurasian tree-sparrow (Passer montanus), grey heron (Ardea cinerea), and cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis).Java Island is inhabited by 368 species of sedentary birds and 126 species of wandering birds, but the number of species that live in urban areas is still unknown. Green Open Space (RTH) in the urban area of Yogyakarta is depreciating, but many species of birds are able to adapt and survive. The existence of birds in an urban area, such as airport area could potentially harm economic and human safety because of bird strikes. The research objective was to determine the community of diurnal birds and habitat used of by birds in The Adisutjipto International Airport Yogyakarta (AIAY) area as a preliminary study. The study was conducted from 10 July to 29 Aug 2017 in AIAY and surrounding area. Diversity data retrieval used Point of Abundance Index method and analyzed by the Shannon-Wienner Diversity Index. Types of the guild were directly observed and were determined based on literature review and the proportion of bird communities based on the type of guild were analyzed with modified use of importance value...

The reduction of forest cover and wetland to plantations has a negative effect on local avifauna. A survey was conducted along the Mesangat swamp in the Muara Ancalong district to estimate bird diversity in wetland and it forest habitats. Observation and traps were set up in open-bodies of water and lowland forest dominated by Malotus sumatranus and Calamus spp. A total of 70 species were recorded belonging to 58 genera across 33 families in 14 orders. The bird species were grouped into 8 categories according to their main food preferences; nectarivorous, piscivorous, carnivorous, insectivorous, granivorous, frugivorous, herbivorous, and omnivorous. Of these avifauna groups, insectivorous are the most abundant followed by piscivorous while herbivorous and omnivorous is being the least abundant. Based on the IUCN Red List, 2 species are listed as vulnerable, 13 species as near threatened, and the remaining 55 species are of least concern. In addition, 24 species are identified as protected species and 46 s...

There are some species whose name “Java” since was first found this island, one of them namely “branjangan” or Mirafra javanica which was found by Thomas Horsfield in 1821 when collecting this species for the very first place. The objectives of this study are to describe the morphological variation of the size of the body, the shape of the body, the complexion of the feather, diagnostic character and making the identification key for M. javanica traded and cared of by collectors in Java. The research took place from October to November 2014 in West Java, Central Java, Yogyakarta and East Java. Data collection was done by the direct method using calipers to measure the size of the part of the body (quantitative) and direct looking to identify the shape and the color of each tip of the feather (qualitative). The results of this research are M. javanica is categorized into four related to the size of the body: small (≥ 11 cm), medium (≥ 12 cm), big (≥ 13 cm) and jumbo (≥ 14 cm). The shapes of feather part ar...

Ornitholog past studies focused on the natural environment, now they have a lot of studying birds in urban areas. In Java inhabited by 368 species of birds recorded settler and nomad 126 species of birds , but it is not known how many types of them which now lives in urban areas. Bird diversity in the city of Yogyakarta, which was founded in 1755 and now has a population of 388 627 inhabitants, is unknown. The research objective was to determine the diversity, the proportion of community based on the type of bird feed (guild) and bird species nest in the city of Yogyakarta. The study was conducted during the day in April-May 2013 in the 7 villages of 3 subdistricts in the city center Kraton, Gondomanan and Ngampilan. Data colection used Point of Abundance Index method, and analyzed by the Shannon Diversity Index - Wienner ; types of feed directly observed and are determined based on a review of literature and the proportion of bird communities based on guild were analyzed with the use of modified importance value index ; nest observed directly and analyzed descriptively. The results showed in Yogyakarta were found 28 species of birds covered in 11 familia with moderate levels of diversity (diversity index 2.2) and 5 types including protected status that is Anthresep malacensis, Nectarinia jugularis and Arachnothera longirostra (Fam.Nectariniidae), Alcedo atthis and Halcyon cyanoventris (Fam. Alcedinidae). Composition based on the guild type is graminivorous (46.58 %), nectarivorous (46.51 %), nectrivoous (5.53 %), frugivorous (1.08 %), and 0.29 % piscivorous, and was found at least nine species of birds that nest in the city of Yogyakarta. Therefore, birds in the city of Yogyakarta is quite diverse and populated several protected species, it is necessary to research on biological properties, especially the origins, patterns of reproduction and structural adaptation and behavior.Keywords : City of Yogyakarta, birds, diversity index, type of feed, nest

Bali Myna (Leucopsar rothschildi) is Bali’s endemic bird. Their number is decreasing gradually in the wild (Balen et al., 2000). Its bright color of white feather and blue skin that surrounded its eye have made them easy to be hunted when it perched on abranch. Bali Myna was classified as endangered species by International Union of Conservation and Natural resources (IUCN) in 1977 (Whitten et al. 1999). There is a captive breeding in Tegal Bunder, Bali Barat National Park (BBNP) called Bali Myna Guidance Centre to increase wild population as an effort to prevent extinction. There, its conditions should be monitored regularly to keep them in prime condition, before being released for breeding purpose. Their condition could be controlled by monitoring their daily activities.