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Casuarina junghuhniana or mountain ru, she oak or cemara is a species from Indonesia which grows in the highland area at an altitude between 2000 - 3000 m above sea level (asl). One of the highland area in Eastern Java (Jawa Timur) of Indonesia is Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (TNBTS). The study site was on the Tengger Sea of Sands, Eastern Java, Indonesia where it is affected by volcanic activity. This tree, from some references, has not been well studied yet although it has been reported as a tree native to Indonesia. The lack of the study poses problems when there is a program related to planting the tree on a certain location in TNBTS for rehabilitation purposes. This study attempted to construct a Structural Equation Model that mapped some factors observed in the study site related to C. junghuhniana population. Explored factors for their relationship with each other included the number of male and female individuals, growth-related indicators, and environmental factors consisting of altitude and the tree population. Formative factors which consist of parameters related to growth, environmental factors and factor associated with the diffusion of new individuals, may contribute to population growth while population growth was the opposite. The individual growth might not significantly contribute to the population of C. junghuhniana ; instead, the population growth was affected by the tree individuals. Generative reproduction contributed the least to the dispersal as it may rely more on vegetative reproduction by adventitious shoots from roots.

Zulfikar, Arisoesilaningsih E, Indriyani S, Fernandes AAR. 2021. Profile of geographical variation in marginal land and its relationship with the fruit tree species richness in Jombang District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3315-3325. The purpose of this study was to determine the sites of fruit tree species richness, in order to analyze the relationship between the locations with fruit tree diversity, and geographical variations, towards the success of marginal land conservation in Jombang Regency. The study area covered four districts, and was divided into 11 sites with different slopes and altitudes. Multivariate analysis was carried out using the R program. The results showed that the structure and composition of fruit trees were discovered to be 21 species from 14 families. The uniqueness of the fruit trees was shown in Tamarindus indica and Cocos nucifera, which were observed as rare plants on slopes with high and low altitudes, respectively. The results of the geographical variation analysis also showed that the slope and elevation with values of 0.5889 and 0.5077, respectively, were significantly correlated with the site of fruit plant species richness at the (?) 0.05 level, as the response formed was not linear for the three geographical diversities studied. Also, the model built between site, slope, and elevation towards the fruit tree species richness was acceptable, due to the fact that the value (Pr> F) = 0.004 was very significant at the (?) 0.001 level.

Indah NK, Indriyani S, Arumingtyas EL, Azrianingsih R. 2021. Local snake fruit conservation in East Java, Indonesia: Community knowledge and appreciation. Biodiversitas 22: 416-423. The community-based conservation of plant species diversity by variety of utility is an effective method for preserving local plants. Salak or the ‘snake fruit’ from East Java is an important fruit plant species in East Java. However, recent dramatic decline in its production and consumption occurred due to land-use change of plantation into resident or settlement areas. This study aims to analyze the value of local knowledge and appreciation and discusses the conservation strategy to cope with the situation. This descriptive research adopted 328 respondents from 10 local and introduced snake fruit cultivation areas in East Java. Respondents were divided into four age categories: young (17-30 years), adults (30-45 years), middle-aged (45-60 years), and old (>60 years). The questioner consisted of closed and open questions about knowledge (9 questions) and appreciation (13 questions). There were variations in the level of knowledge and appreciation between locations and ages. The highest appreciation about snake fruit utilization was shown by the middle-aged group (85.53% and 75% respectively) based on the age group. In comparison, the lowest scores were shown in the young group (79.82% and 59.80% respectively). The points that support appreciation such as benefits and value of snake fruit for societal support. Based on the snake fruit cultivation area, the highest score for knowledge and appreciation of its value was found in Bojonegoro (98.1% and 87.01% respectively) while these were the lowest in Trenggalek (68.0% and 57.10% respectively). Appreciation supports community-based conservation through snake fruit festivals, product diversification i.e. making processed foods, and its use in religious ceremonies.

Yuniati E, Indriyani S, Batoro J, Purwanto Y. 2020. Ethnozoology of the ritual and magic of the To Bada Ethnic Group in the Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 2645-2653. The To Bada are a traditional ethnic group or community that lives in the Bada valley in the Lore Lindu biosphere reserve. In some spheres, the Bada people still maintain traditional values and principles. This study aims to identify the animals used in rituals, magical and traditional activities among the Bada people, to investigate the ethnozoological perceptions and conceptions that are influenced by social and cultural factors, and to determine animal conservation status. The research method used was a participatory exploration survey with in-depth, open-ended, and semi-structured interviews. The results demonstrate that animal parts used in rituals and various traditions include eggs, heads, horns, blood, flesh, and the whole body. In addition, some body parts and product animals are believed to have magical value, such as fur, sound, and the whole body. The animals used most in rituals are the buffalo, cow, pig, free-range chicken, and partridge. Animals that have magical value are birds and mammals.

The small diameter size with thin wall thickness is the unique character of S. lima, so it is appropriate to be used as raw material for environmentally friendly bamboo straws. This environmentally friendly bamboo straw has become one of the mainstay export commodities from Lombok Island. This research aimed at determining the diversity of S.lima in Central Lombok Regency through morphological characteristics and analyzing the phenetic relationship. The research was conducted from November 2020 to June 2021 in Central Lombok Regency. Determination of sampling locations based on literature and the community, especially bamboo craftsmen and S.lima collectors. There are 45 phenetic characters used in this research, consisting of qualitative data and quantitative data. Data analysis was used the NTSYS PC version 2.11a to analyze phenetic relationships. The phenogram was analyzed and subsequently used to develop descriptions of each S.lima which was found in the Central Lombok Regency. As a result, most of S.lima was found growing in community plantations with variations in the soil texture. The results of the cluster analysis resulted in 2 large groups, the first group consisting of 21 locations S.lima was found, and the second group only consisted of 1 location, namely Lantan. The level of similarity between the first group and the second group 2 was only 40%. Another group consisting of 21 locations showed a varying degree of similarity from one location to another (52%-93%). There are 6 locations that have the highest level of similarity (93%), namely, between Jurit and Presak bat, Bebante with Mekar Damai and Montong Terep, and Gunung Ise. The results of this study indicate that S.lima found in all locations in Central Lombok did not show significant variation when the growth factor was optimal. Further research by molecular approach is needed to determine the genetic variation of S. lima in Central Lombok Regency.

Recent rapid grow of culinary tourism has significant potential contribution to enhancing biodiversity conservation especially biodiversity of local plant species for local food and food preparation tradition in local community. Ethnic food has been explored as one of the indigenous resources for community-based tourism, in which it is important in community development and biodiversity conservation. The aim of the study was to describe the involvement of plant in local cuisine and the concept of ethno-culinary tourism products development. The research was based on ethno-botanical study through observation and interviews with local community and tourism stakeholder in Kemiren Village, Banyuwangi. This study found that there was 108 ethnic food menu in Kemiren Village. There are 67 species of 35 plant family were used in local cuisine. Kemiren Village has been identified rich in term of traditional culinary which are able to be developed as attractive cuisine in culinary tourism. Keywords : culinary tourism, ethnicfood, Kemiren Village.

The growing of population of a pioneer species may show a unique behavior. Casuarina junghuhniana is reported as a pioneer species, this is because of its tolerance to adverse environment and transform it to become inhabitable for other organism. A comprehensive method involving field observation, the use of mathematical model and computation to understand plants behavior still needs to be developed. This paper is attempting to show a method to build a model for showing unique dispersal behavior of Casuarina junghuhniana. A relatively straightforward use of Fisher’s reaction diffusion equation, cellular automata based modeling and programming can show behavior easier to understand on a grid space. Some assumption must be used to represent the C. junghuhniana dispersal. As it is known that C. junghuhniana can reproduce both vegetatively and generatively, and both were assumed to have different dispersal behavior. Vegetative reproduction using shoots emerging from roots has pattern to spread close to each other. While generative reproduction by seeds which is lightweight has possibility spread further with the help of wind. The total model area of 1km 2 was divided into 300 × 300 cells which represents 1 km 2 area. Cellular automata apply the same rule to each cell and the result was observed from the pattern of cells interaction. A simple program was developed using Python with Jupyter Notebook an interactive computing environment. The number of iteration was limited before observed simulation reached one of area boundaries. The simulation running time was greatly reduced using Graphical Processing Unit (GPU) parallel processing. NUMBA was used as an interface between python and Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA), the GPU programming API. The simulation showed behavior of the trees spread downward along the slope. The wind direction simulation with additional data from wind rose available from internet was also demonstrated in the simulation. Modeling dispersal with influence from wind showed more sporadic pattern at further distance from originating parents cluster. The trees in the simulation showed clusters in dispersal pattern when rely more on generative reproduction. When the trees rely on vegetative reproduction by roots shoots, the population showed more like continuous cover. When concerning real 3 dimensional aspect, this simulation still can not distinguish vertical (z axis) aspect. It means two points would be seen as close to each other although they actually have far vertical distance. At this stage, the simulation has not yet been optimized to easily convert input from the wind rose. The wind information still needs to be written as code into the program.

Marginal land conditions are a major problem in reducing the level of diversity of species due to decreased soil, climate, and water quality and topography. This study aims to analyze the diversity index and the dominance of fruit tree species cultivated by surrounding communities. The research method uses nested sampling in 4 (four) sub-districts, each of which is taken three sample villages and each of them is made of three transect plots measuring sample plots 20 × 20 m 2 (trees), 10 × 10 m 2 (poles), and 5×5m 2 (sapling). Data analysis using the Biodiversity R application program with version R 3.6.1. The results of the analysis of the growth rates of the best tree species were found in Ploso Regency because they had the highest growth rates of trees, poles, and saplings. The diversity of fruit tree species is based on the distribution of the highest H index value of 1.47 and the lowest of 0.58 and includes areas that have an abundance of moderate species. Fruit tree species that have the highest importance value index are Mangifera indica (mango) 70.26% with a tree density of 139 individuals per hectare, then Dimocarpus longan (longan) 40.24% with a tree density of 153 individuals per hectare. The results of this study indicate that the community structure of fruit trees in degraded lands is more dominated by plants from the Sapindaceae and Anacardiaceae families which generally grow spread in the 4 sub-districts studied.

Background An ethnobotanical study on local cuisine of Sasak tribe in Lombok Island was carried out, as a kind of effort of providing written record of culinary culture in some region of Indonesia. The cuisine studied included meals, snacks, and beverages that have been consumed by Sasak people from generation to generation. Objective The aims of this study are to explore the local knowledge in utilising and managing plants resources in Sasak cuisine, and to analyze the perceptions and concepts related to food and eating of Sasak people. Methods Data were collected through direct observation, participatory-observation, interviews and literature review. Results In total 151 types of consumption were recorded, consisting of 69 meals, 71 snacks, and 11 beverages. These were prepared with 111 plants species belonging to 91 genera and 43 families. Fabaceae contributed the highest number of species to the cuisine. Cocos nucifera had the highest Index of Cultural Significance value and highest number of reported uses. Apparently traditional social and cultural values are still closely associated with Sasak food and eating. Conclusion Sasak people interpret their food not only as a material for supporting life, but also as a means to maintain a good balance between humans, environment, and spiritual needs.

The relationship between humans and animals has existed since the past. Animals as a natural resource that plays a role in human life. The bada ethnic community that occupies the Bada valley in Lore Lindu biosphere reserve is an indigenous community called To Bada / Tampo Bada which has a local wisdom and acts as a strategy for life activities. One form of local wisdom is traditional medicine. This study aims to inventory and find out perceptions of bada ethnic conceptions about using animals in traditional medicine. This explorative study used semi-structure interview and in-depth interviews with open-ended interview techniques. Based on the results of this study there were 13 species consisting of 5 classes and 10 tribes of animals used as traditional medicine. There are 8 types of diseases that can be treated, namely asthma, liver, heartburn, eczema, itching allergy when cold, ageless, strong / massage oil. Utilization of body parts used includes the entire body, meat, liver, bile, and fat. The use of animals as medicine must be sustainable in order to stabilize the population in nature. The identification of species used as traditional medicines is important in conservation efforts.

The research on use of various plants for medical purposes was undertaken in Tengger tribe area, Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (BTSNP). The objectives of the research were to give information about species and potency of medicinal plants. Ethno-direct sampling was done through directly or semi-structural interview to the ordinary peoples, traditional leader and traditional therapist. The result of study showed that there were 98 species of medicinal plants that used by Tengger purwoceng ( Pimpinella pruatjan ), krangean ( Abrus laevigatus ), adas ( Foeniculum vulgare ), kayu ampet ( Astronia macrophylla ), pulosari ( Alyxia reinwardtii ), pronojiwo ( Euchresta horsfieldii ), sempretan, dringu ( Acorus calamus ) dan jamur impes were endemic grow in BTSNP. Tengger tribe did not cultivate the medicinal plants by themselves but seeking it in BTSNP forest.

This research supports the sustainable environmental development, especially at Perhutani area. The objective of this ethno-ecological study was to know relationship between daily life of local people related to their agroforestry practices in edge of the forest belong to Perhutani at the landscape of Bromo Tengger Semeru-East Java. The Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) showed the importance of the forest for the local people. This study covered the perception and conception traditional management system of environment by the local society and also impact of their activities. Data were collected by applying ethno-ecology research methods. Quality of data were measured by means of participatory ethno-botanical appraisal (PEA) and some research methods included semi-structural and open discussion, in-deep interview, direct observation and plants identification. The results showed that development and management of the natural resources, in Komplangan agroforestry, were highly related to the plant conservation policy. The land use system was adapted from indigenous knowledge which consisted of holly sites (Pedanyangan), worship sites (Sanggar Pamujan), cemetery area and terrace. The conservation model and traditional knowledge in agricultural practices could be used as a model of komplangan area which should be taken into account as the key of biodiversity conservation. Traditional knowledge from these integrative studies will support the sustainable development of NTFPs.

Irrigated agriculture is dependent on an adequate water supply of usable quality. The analysis of physico­chemical parameters of surface water inJember District was done for the criteria of irrigation water quality. Surface water comprises spring water, falls, rivers, and tertiary irrigation channels. For this purpose, three sectors or locations were chosen to take twenty seven water samples in the summer season (September to October, 2013). DO, electrical conductivity (ECw), pH, and water temperature values were measured directly in the field,while analyses of nitrate (NH3-N), orthophosphate, total dissolved solids (TDS), and bicarbonate (HCO3-) was conducted in a laboratory. The results indicated that ECw, TDS, pH, water temperature,NH3-N, and orthophosphate were under the limits set out by the Rules of the Republic of Indonesia Government (PP RI) No. 82, 2001, for water quality standard and FAO for irrigation water quality standard. Thus, the surface water of Jember District was considered to be suitable for irrigation at the sampled location.Keywords: Surface water quality; irrigation; physico-chemical parameter; Jember District.