Search

District-wise monsoon (June - September) rainfall trends over Konkan-Goa and Marathwada meteorological subdivisions of India were analyzed in this study using rainfall data for the period 1951-2018. Mean monsoon rainfall is the highest over Konkan-Goa and the lowest over the Marathwada subdivision in the state of Maharashtra, India. Linear regression, Mann-Kendall test, and Sequential Mann-Kendall were used to identify trends in rainfall. Higher variability in the rainfall trends was noticed over the districts of Marathwada (-25% to +25%). The total number of below and above normal rainfall years (20 to 25) were comparatively equal for both the subdivisions; however, the number of deficient and excess rainfall years was more for the districts of Marathwada. Most of the districts in Marathwada showed declining trends in the summer monsoon rainfall. Significant decreasing trends were noticed in June month over Latur (-11 mm/decade) and Osmanabad (-7mm/decade) districts of Marathwada. The decadal rate of change in the overall monsoon rainfall for the Konkan-Goa subdivision varies between -15mm (Mumbai City) to -59mm (Raigad) and +2mm (Beed) to -30mm (Nanded) over the districts of Marathwada. The study has been carried out to understand the behavior of rainfall patterns post 1980, but the results were similar to the overall 68 years’ rainfall trends. In general, insignificant mixed seasonal trends and insignificant negative trends were observed over most of the districts of both the subdivisions, which decline the consideration of monsoon vagaries and droughts due to rainfall change as a manifestation of climate change.

Brick is one of the most important building materials and the demand of it is continuously rising for high increasing of population and the demand for settlement growth. Brick kilns in India are considered by traditional types of manufacturing and established as a significant industry in the unorganized sector. Percentage of female worker is more than male and in most of the cases total family be involved. Indian brick industry is the second biggest in the world after the China which provides livelihood. Among 9 Blocks of Diamond Harbour Sub-Division, Kulpi is the largest block based on number of brick kiln industry. Total brick kiln of the Sub division is 101. But Kulpi has 44 Brick Kilns (equal to 43.46%) covering an area of 60,000 Bigha or 80.3 Sq. Kms acquiring 25.83 % area of the Block itself. Author has attempted to observe the geo-spatial scenario and analysis of brick kiln industry of Kulpi block. Keywords: Locational Status, Brick Kiln Industry, Distribution, Comparison, Analysis, Kulpi Block

Aim. To undertake floristic zoning of the Samur-Chirakhchay interfluve and Dzhufudag for the analysis of the species composition of petrophylic complexes.Material and Methods. A list of obligate petrophytes was compiled based on the results of processing the authors' own field collections and taking into account information from floristic reports and determinations. The assessment of similarity of species composition of petrophytes in the regions was carried out using the Jaccard (Kj) and S0rensen-Czekanowski (Ksc) coefficients.Results. A subdivision of the mountain area studied into 7 floristic regions was carried out, based on a comparison of floristic lists and the presence of endemic species.Conclusion. The tendency in petrophytes to isolation of species forms, arising from spatial isolation relating to habitat specificity, makes it possible to quite accurately draw boundaries corresponding to the natural boundaries of differentiation of floras.

In Kazakhstan, in recent years, there has been an intensification of urbanization processes due to the uncontrolled migration of rural population to cities. In this regard, there arise the number of problems related to ensuring the quality of life in cities.The purpose of this article is to assess the quality of urban space and its role in sustainable economic development on Almaty example. When assessing the quality of space in Almaty’s districts, there were calculated the groups of indicators that reflect the basic characteristics of a modern city: safety, comfort, ecology, diversity, modernity, business environment, quality of life, social development and human capital. Data from open sources were used: Department of statistics of Almaty, Committee on legal statistics and special accounts of the General prosecutor’s office of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Department of emergency situations of Almaty.The study concluded that the spatial development of Almaty is uneven. Four types of territories were identified in the city structure: the historic center, integrated with the adjoining business center; microdistricts of mass housing development (sleeping areas); old areas of low-rise buildings and private households; new annexed areas that are characterized by unregulated individual housing construction. As a result of the analysis, it was concluded that the quality of urban space is an important factor in the sustainable economic development of the city, in particular business.It was also concluded that it is necessary to develop a universal system of urban development indicators for use on an ongoing basis by representatives of business and the Akimat of Almaty in order to more fully identify the problems of urban space development, develop and implement strategic plans for the city’s development, as well as urban researchers.

Batibo subdivision has several medicinal plants used in the treatment of diseases; among them is king grass, which has been used by traditional healers in the treatment of several diseases some of which have defied modern or orthodox medicines. This research examines the uses of king grass among herbalists or traditional healers in treatment of a wide spectrum of diseases which are believed to be attributed by both physical and spiritual causes. Data for the study was collected through documentation, interviews, observations, and group discussions. Results indicates that king grass has about seventeen uses for treatment of tropical diseases which have defied conventional approaches. However, the greatest handicap encountered by healers is their inability to harvest and preserve the plant in its fresh forms as preferred by the healers. Research for preservation of the plant in its fresh forms can save lives during season of scarcity. It is therefore necessary for government and its agencies to create an enabling environment for preservation of the plant than relying on seasons when it is made available. Research in postharvest for the plant will increase its availability and accessibility to actors as its life saving potentials will no longer be seasonal. KEY WORDS: Anthropological Approach, Diseases, King grass, medicinal plants.

Erechim foi desenvolvida a partir de um plano urbano idealizado pelo Engenheiro Civil Carlos Torres Gonçalves. A forte presença de formas geométricas retilíneas indicava uma similaridade para com outros desenhos urbanos, como por exemplo, as cidades de Paris (França), Belo Horizonte (Brasil). Para tanto, o presente artigo tem como objetivo desenvolver uma análise morfológica e ideológica sobre a cidade de Erechim. Os procedimentos metodológicos se estruturam em uma pesquisa exploratória, de natureza qualitativa. Foi realizado um levantamento histórico, com análises dos processos de formação da cidade e de seu traçado urbano. Tal conjuntura permitiu estabelecer o recorte temporal entre o ano de formação da Colônia de Erechim, 1904, até a implantação do traçado urbano em 1914. Algumas particularidades são observadas nesse processo de conformação da cidade, como os eixos norte e sul delineados pelas vias que priorizam a circulação. Notou-se que, ao mesmo tempo em que há um discurso revelando que o traçado urbano de Erechim se inspirou em Paris, há também, por outro lado, a representação da ideia de que a cidade se configurou segundo os preceitos do saber erudito da época, assim como, também seguiu algumas diretrizes estabelecidas na época para o parcelamento do solo urbano.

This article examines the factors and process of change in the land use and land cover change-induced landscape dynamics in the Durgapur Sub-Division region of West Bengal in 1989, 2003, and 2018 by employing the satellite imageries of Landsat 5 (1989 and 2003) and Landsat 8 (2018). The images of the study area were categorized into seven specific land use classes with the help of Google Earth Pro. Based on the supervised classification methodology, the change detection analysis identified a significant increase in built-up land from 11% to 23% between 1989 and 2003 and from 23% to 29% in 2003 and 2018. The areas under fallow land and vegetation cover have mainly decreased, while the areas of industrial activities and urbanization expanded during the study period.

El Fraccionamiento Veracruz constituye el primer desarrollo moderno de su tipo en Xalapa. Iniciado en 1945, representa un cambio radical en el modo de concebir el habitar urbano, al establecer relaciones distintas a las conocidas tradicionalmente entre la vivienda y el espacio público. Desarrollado a través de una urbanización progresiva que implicó por lo menos dos décadas, el esquema de su diseño urbano se ha mantenido a lo largo del tiempo; desafortunadamente no así las arquitecturas fundacionales, de las que quedan unas cuantas casas significativas. A través de una aproximación en fuentes historiográficas y de memoria oral, es posible develar algunos procesos inherentes a la manera en que este ejemplo se expresa e interpreta, para posibilitar una práctica urbanística local de singulares características, con una consolidada imagen de integración paisajística.

An ethno-hydrography, studying the organization of space through water, can provide a key to understanding how people conceive their environments in a holistic way. Based on mapping as a dynamic process, different representations of river systems among the Tubu Teda, who live in the Tibesti mountains (Central Sahara), are described in this paper. I first discuss a large-scale subdivision of the mountains into drainage basins, and then representations of a sub-regional and local river system, including an engraving on a sandstone rock. Finally, I discuss these case studies in the context of holistic experiences of environments and the dynamic processes of mapping.

The research tests a proposition that a more diverse range of new build housing improves absorption rates. Land registry house sales for four Planning Authorities in Leeds City region in the UK, over an 11-year period, were used to calculate Brillouin’s Index of diversity and perform Pearson and ANOVA tests to determine strength and significance of the correlation between absorption rates and diversity by type, size and tenure of new housing. The significant findings are that residential developments with higher diversity have lower absorption rates, conversely, developments with lower diversity have higher absorption rates and smaller sites are built-out faster.

Accurate information on the rate of land-use pattern changes and urban expansion is essential for the sustainable development and management of natural resources. The rapid urban growth is a major challenge for local government and urban planners in small cities of India due to an insufficient database and inadequate analysis of chaotic urban expansion. The present paper has evaluated the land use/land cover change (LULCC) dynamics of the Barrackpore Subdivision area, India using remote sensing data and utilized the urban growth. Multi-temporal Landsat images with the maximum likelihood classifier (MLC) method were applied to generate the land use land cover maps. The spatiotemporal changes were performed by the “from-to” change matrix identifier to study land transformation. LULCC matrix demonstrated that vegetation cover, agricultural/cropland, wetland, and water bodies have decreased area under 23%, 7%, 6%, 1.7%, while the area under built-up and fallow lands have increased by 32.2% and 6.3% during 1972–2016. The results also revealed marked variation in the growth of built-up areas. The positive correlation between population and built-up land growth indicated that the impact of population pressure has contributed to faster growth of built-up land in the study area. The study calls for policies for proper land use management and sustainable urban development.

It has been proposed as the basic criteria for marine ecosystems zoning use factors affecting the intensity and provideecological processes.The possibilities of using remote sensing and GIS data in the spatial zoning of sea areas are demonstrated. Forthe marine exclusive zone of Ukraine, maps of the distribution of important ecological factors – depths, bottom substrates,and average annual values of photosynthetic active radiation are presented.Conducting division benthic phototrophic Ukrainian sector of the Black Sea and Azov Sea ecological zones:infralitoral; upper zircalitoral; lower zircalitoral; pelagic circalitoral – elitoral; upper Batial; lower Batial; continentalfoot; abisal.Calculated mean values of PAR for deep horizons for each ecological zone. It was determined thatthe smallest areas of PAR distribution in the infralittoral zone are inherent in the adjacent sea areas to the Danube and Dnieper-Bug estuary. The highest values are typical for bays, uplands of river paleovalleys, paleoterases,and barrows.On the basis of international geodatabase EMODnet shows the distribution of substrates and bottom sediments.The proposed cartographic materials and geoinformation layers of eco-factor zoning of the benthal, which can be used inthe implementation of the EU water directive standards for further monitoring and achievement of the main goal of eachallocated territorial subdivision – good ecological status (GES).It has been demonstrated that the distribution of the number of PAR, the structure and contour of soils is subjectto geomorphological features (the location of river paleovalleys – troughs flooded by the sea, their elevations fromthe watershed) and the distribution of alluvial material in the zones of influence of river runoffs (plumes).It is proposed to use indicators related to the intensity of the primary production process to determine the areasof marine monitoring of ecological status class, according to the standards of EU water directives.

This paper discusses the response of ecosystem service values to land use/land cover (LULC) changes and examines spatial contributions of individual transformations to the ecosystem service functions in the Barasat Sadar subdivision (West Bengal, India) over the period from 1977 to 2016 on the basis of a modified coefficient. Spatiotemporal LULC patterns were identified on the basis of Landsat series satellite images taken at intervals of 10 years. To identify the LULC parameters, a supervised classification was performed on the basis of the maximum likelihood (MXL) classifier. Ecosystem service values have been computed per ha of the terrestrial ecosystem based on coefficients determined for each land cover parameter in earlier studies. In 2016, the highest ecosystem service value was attributed to surface waters ($477.06 million); while the lowest value corresponded to fallow lands ($0.98 million). The results obtained using the assumed coefficient indicate a continuous loss of the total ecosystem service value of $238.92 million over 1977–2016 due to the deterioration of agricultural fallow lands, areas occupied by dense vegetation, and shrubby lands, as well as rapid expansion of arable lands and development of an artificial infrastructure for surface-water bodies. The results of this study can be used as a reference and basis for decision making in the field of wise land resource management. In addition, the obtained data can be used to strike a compromise between urban growth and the decline of ecosystem services.

W niniejszej pracy jako główny przedmiot badań została wybrana przestrzeń społeczna zabudowań mieszkaniowych doliny Gruvedalen w Longyearbyen na terenie wyspy Spitsbergen w archipelagu Svalbard. Jest to przykład przestrzeni społecznej nietypowej dla europejskich warunków. Jest ona bowiem zlokalizowana na terenie o ekstremalnie zimnym klimacie. Analizując architekturę i urbanistykę Spitsbergenu, a także jego mieszkańców, zwrócono uwagę na rolę i znaczenie przestrzeni społecznych w życiu mieszkańców, ich ogólną charakterystykę, pozytywy, negatywy, sposób wykorzystywania przez różne grupy społeczne oraz jakość i rozwiązania funkcjonalne. W pracy badawczej zastosowano badania teoretyczne, badania terenowe in situ, autorską relację oraz badania ankietowe. Przestrzenie wspomagają prawidłowe funkcjonowanie środowiska mieszkaniowego, pozwalają na poczucie bezpieczeństwa rezydentów i odwiedzających. Najważniejszym czynnikiem wpływającym na odbiór i kształtowanie przestrzeni społecznych przez mieszkańców północnych krańców świata jest forma architektoniczna, lokalizacja i powiązanie z kontekstem, otoczeniem. Housing development of gruvedalen in Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen, as a case of a social space in an area with an extreme cold climate The primary object of this study is the common space of a housing development found in Gruvedalen Valley in Longyearbyen, on the island of Spitsbergen, a part of the Svalbard Archipelago. It is a case of a social space that is atypical of European conditions. It is located in a territory with an extremely cold climate. When analysing the architecture and urban layouts of Spitsbergen, as well as its residents, I noted the role and significance of social spaces in their lives, and provided their general overview, which includes the positives, negatives and manner of use by various social groups, in addition to its quality and functional solutions. The research methods used in the study include: theoretical research, in situ field research, original report, and a survey. Social spaces support the correct functioning of the housing environment and enhance the sense of safety among residents and visitors. The most crucial factors that affects the reception and design of social spaces by residents are: architectural form, its location and linkages with the context and surroundings.

The article analyses the changes that are taking place in the construction structure of Kyiv industrial territories during the post-industrial transformations. Analysed and summarised the results of research on the issue of residential development in Kyiv industrial areas which have experienced deindustrialisation process and were later reorganised for housing construction. Defined the industrial territories, where the share of residential development was the highest and revealed the factors that caused it. The patterns of the residential complexes distribution of elit-, business-, komfort- and economy class were analysed. It was found out that the main criterion for choosing a place for dwelling remains transport accessibility for individual and public transport and the correlation between the housing price and location. It was proved that the positive changes mean the rehabilitation of abandoned areas, increasing the housing development and the number of tertiary facilities (trade, office and business centers, schools, kindergartens, cafes, restaurants, etc.), construction of underground parking, the creation of recreational and health zones and the formation of public spaces. This creates a comfortable living environment for the population. The analysis highlighted the problems associated with the housing construction within industrial areas. This means primarily the higher density of housing development near stations and along subway lines in the central and middle zones of the city, which negatively affects the transport system during peak passenger traffic. The growing number of housing storeys especially in the areas near the historic sites of the capital spoils the architectural and landscape ensemble and doesn’t correspond to the concept of modern city spatial development. The attention is also paid on the growth of the labour flows migration, which is the result of a significant territorial gap between places of residence and work. In some cases, the problems are related to the environmental situation due to the insufficient quality rehabilitation of areas where harmful industries were located, or due to the higher density of housing development, closeness to the freight and passenger traffic corridors.

This paper presents the process of real estate reallocation as a mass cadastral subdivision process of agrarian communities’ customary rights. The agricultural communities have existed for centuries and have been jointly owning and using the common land. Such gatherings were developed mainly due to the unique requirements deriving from land use and relief characteristics, such as joint forest management on mountain slopes. The main objective of this research has been to analyse the process of real estate subdivision, which has its legal background in Slovenian legislation. In this paper, the process of cadastral subdivision of land owned by agricultural communities is presented as a mass cadastral land subdivision process: from preparatory work to the new geometric structure of the common land. The cadastral, organisational, and engineering role of the chartered surveying engineer and the surveying company is examined. An aim of the paper is, inter alia, to develop a conceptual model of the process that will serve as a basis for optimisation, for a more just and more efficient distribution of assets among community members. The course of the individual steps of the community established land subdivision is shown with unified modelling language (UML) activity diagrams. As a case study, we have considered the subdivision of the property of the agricultural community of Zgornja Sorica in Slovenia.

Focusing on the highly ‘successful’ China-Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park (SIP), this study taps into a less explored topic of housing development in Special Economic Zones (SEZs) through the conc...

Nguti is one of the three Sub-divisions in Kupe Muanenguba Division of the South West Region of Cameroon. This Sub-division is endowed with great potentials and diversity in Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) resulting from the eco-floristic composition within the sub-division. The objective of this study is to investigate the challenges that are plaguing the exploitation of NTFPs and present management options for sustainability. Secondary data were collected from published and unpublished sources whereas primary data tools included questionnaires, interviews and participant observations. Findings showed that Nguti Sub-division has endowed with enormous forest entities and rich in several NTFPs ranging from nuts, seeds, barks, leaves, trees and roots as well as several species of bush meat. Five major challenges viz. transformation and storage, government policies and customary regulations, depletion and scarcity of resources, deforestation and poaching as well as population pressure and agricultural activities were observe which attributed in reducing quantity and quality of these resources. For sustainable harvesting and management of these resources, cottage industry must be developed and promoted along with cultivation or domestication of these NTFPs, market chain should be monitored and certain government policies should be framed to regularize harvest and methods of extraction. Controlling of deforestation, poaching, agricultural activities and generating new alternative sources of income will certainly reduce the pressure meted on the available resources in the forest.

Greyfield infill has been widely pursued as a neoliberally guided consolidation policy favouring high amenity, higher density redevelopments in existing residential areas. In the context of rapidly...

Rapid urbanization in developing countries enforces authorities to assess the sustainability and balanced development of urban cities from multiple perspectives and recommend appropriate solutions for policy and decision-makers. This study proposes spatial-based disaggregate accessibility to land use to figure out the influencing factors and key indicators that enable a comprehensive categorization of cities’ subdivisions from the perspectives of urban land use and road transport network. A general GIS and statistical software programs-based methodology is adopted and validated in the case example of Kandahar City, located in Afghanistan. The methodology involves five major steps; 1) limited primary and secondary data collection regarding road network and land uses, 2) calculation of urban land uses weights, 3) identifying critical centers of neighborhood land uses, 4) estimation of origin-destination cost matrix, and; 4) formulating and modeling accessibility measures. The statistical and theoretical significances have been illustrated in the result. The final accessibility measures have divided the subdivisions of Kandahar City (case study) into three different categories, namely, a) high-level municipal districts (CBD), b) medium-level municipal districts (semi-urban), and; c) peripheral municipal districts. The research has incorporated qualitative and quantitative approaches for sustainable and balanced urban development.

The South African urban system is a significant testbed for the analysis of urban forms in emerging economies. On the one hand, the urbanization processes have similar characteristics to those foun...

International audience; We propose an original method for generating planets with a high level of detail in real-time. Our approach relies on a procedural hyper-amplification algorithm: a controlled subdivision process that faithfully reproduces landforms and hydrosphere features at different scales. Starting from low-resolution user-defined control maps that provide information about the elevation , presence of large-scale water bodies and landforms types, we apply subdivision rules to obtain a high resolution hydrologically consistent planet model. We first generate a large-scale river network connected to inner seas and oceans, then synthesize the detailed hy-drographic landscapes, including river tributaries and lakes, mountain ranges, valleys, plateaus, deserts and hills systems. Our GPU implementation allows to interactively explore planets that are produced by tec-tonic simulations, generated procedurally or authored by artists. Basic subdivision Our subdivision Fig. 1 Compared to standard subdivision techniques, our method exhibits natural landform features such as valleys, rivers and varying landscape types.

Big GPS trajectory datasets can have redundant spatio-temporal information for applications, which requires simplification as a key preprocessing for modeling. Many existing simplification methods focus on the geometric information from a trajectory per se. Conversely, methods considering geographic context often fail to provide spatially adaptive simplification, or require complex parameter settings to achieve this task. This study proposes a novel two-stage adaptive trajectory simplification method embedding spatial indexing, enrichment, and aggregation in an integrated process. The first stage employs a quadtree for the subdivision depending on the density of geographic context features (i.e. POIs), leading to a variable-resolution representation of the area. The second stage aggregates trajectory waypoints locating in the same quadtree leaf node into a representative point, making the aggregation adapting to the spatial layout of the geographic feature in the first stage. Evaluation with a real-world vehicle trajectory dataset shows that the proposed approach can automatically simplify trajectory segments at variable compression ratios with greater simplification in areas with sparse context features (e.g. rural) and less simplification in areas with dense context features (e.g. urban). More importantly, the method can still preserve inter-trajectory distances between original trajectories and simplified ones, while significantly reducing the computing time.

In the article the specificity of development of Gdańsk suburban villages is considered. The data from recent years concerning demographic changes in communes will be analysed. The analysis of four selected villages will show the settlement changes and contemporary non-rural types of buildings. Spatial processes, which in terms of an extensive rural economy have already led to the change and depreciation of qualities of their current order and landscape, will be described.

China’s historic cities have experienced drastic transformations since the socialist revolution of 1949. One essential change in this regard is the reconstruction of the prevalent land plot pattern; the historic plot pattern has been heavily damaged by constant urban renewals, as oversized plots, deriving from amalgamation of previous small plots, have become a prominent feature of contemporary historic urban areas. The damage to the historic plot pattern has shown that the current plot division mechanism does not support the conservation of historic cities. Taking Nanjing’s old south area as an example, this research analyses the changes in and problems with the plot division mechanism since 1949 and its impact on urban forms. Changes in the plot division mechanism show that megaplots have been a constant in the ever-changing land development system since 1949, leading to elimination of historic land subdivisions and to inefficient regulatory planning with limited affordances. In this sense, it is necessary to establish a set of smart plot division strategies to promote the restoration of this historic urban area. The essence of the strategy proposed here involves five patterns of plot division, corresponding to different land development requirements and morphological zones.

Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, once had lowlands on both west and east periphery. The west periphery has already taken up by urbanization after constructing the flood embankment and in the eastern periphery it is on process of disappearing very fast. City is now expanding to this area which requires mandatory to keep open and low to take water from city for flooding alleviation. Lack of physical planning is very evident here which causes great degradation of the flooding and water logging situation of the city. At present master planning of the city following subdivision of land and provide little attention about water problem when zoning. Dhaka city was once gifted with rich system of water bodies and lowlands. Vast lowlands in both sides helped rivers to spread over wider area so the depth of flooding could remain low and contribute to balance water level by storing water before discharge into rivers. But, city is expanding drastically by grabbing all the least open areas in and around, and worsening the flooding scenario unbearable. Keeping these issues in mind this paper tried to understand the water system for the city, reasons for water (flooding, water logging) problems, role of eastern lowlands to control city's flooding situation. Finally, some innovative design strategies have been suggested for upcoming unavoidable development by understanding the water system and checking flood problem eventually ensuring environmental quality.

Poverty reduction has been one of the main objectives of major international organisations like FAO, World Bank, UNICEF and governments’ especially those of Africa. This study contributes to the fight against poverty through the analysis of market gardening as a strategy to poverty reduction in the Jakiri municipality. Data were collected through household interview, focus group discussion, interview of personnel of the ministry of agriculture and rural development, councils, religious heads and local chiefs) and field observations. Data were analysed by descriptive statistics, correlation and regression. The findings revealed that 73% of the market gardeners in Jakiri subdivision did not attend secondary school, lack skills to compete for jobs in urban areas. Agriculture particularly market gardening was their major source of income generating activity as more than 75% of the household income comes from market gardening. Also, more than 80% of what is produced is sold. Moreover, 90% of the gardeners in Jakiri subdivision think that if government could help them improve on their productivity their livelihoods will improve and this will take them out of poverty. There are high expectations that the income and the number of market gardeners will rise over time and space. This can be seen by the number of farmers involved and their earning where more than 70% earn from 1,000,000FCFA and above per year, an average of 83,334FCFA and above per month. Targeted marketing development strategies need to be followed by market gardeners and various stakeholders in Jakiri to better exploit the economic potential of these crops and at the same time maintaining its contributions to the local crop diversity.

This paper presents a longitudinal analysis of activity generation behaviour in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA) between 1996 and 2016 for various activity types: work, school, shopping, other. The analyses are conducted using the data from the five most recent Transportation Tomorrow Surveys. For work and school purposes, the population is divided into sub-categories considering occupational sectors and educational levels respectively. Further subdivision is made by treating first work/school activity of the day and subsequent work/school activities as distinct activity types. Considerable stability over time in the majority of the model parameters is found in all cases, indicating that both work/school and non-work/school activity episode generation in the GTHA has been very stable over the 20-year period analyzed. Year-specific models and joint models, within which the data are pooled across the years, return very similar results implying that robust joint models that exploit the full time-series of survey data available can be constructed. While first-trips to work and post-secondary schools in the day can be parametrically modelled with reasonable fits, second/subsequent work/school activities and non-work/school activities display considerable randomness in occurrence. Elementary and secondary school trips generally need only be modelled using average trip rates across the student population: parametric, utility-based models provide very little additional explanatory power. In addition, investigation of survey design biases shows that there is no significant survey design effect on activity/trip generation for the first work/school-related activities, however, the models reveal significant biases when the subsequent work/school-related activities and non-work/school activities are analyzed.

O estudo do relevo é de grande valor não só para a Geomorfologia, mas da mesma forma para outras Ciências da Terra que aliam seus estudos com os componentes da superfície terrestre. O emprego de estudos geomorfológicos se torna de grande valor para o planejamento físico-territorial, sendo aptos na geração de dados relacionados as formas de relevo e as características morfodinâmicas das regiões onde são desenvolvidos. Com isso, o estudo geomorfológico no contexto da Folha Topográfica Vargem Bonita localizada na região oeste de Minas Gerais, se justifica pela necessidade de caracterizar a compartimentação das unidades do relevo local, tal como a identificação, classificação e caracterização dos distintos padrões de formas nelas encontradas. O presente trabalho objetiva realizar a apresentação dos dados levantados em campo os quais se referem as formas de relevo e as características específicas de cada unidade, apresentando o esboço geomorfológico da área em questão.

Urban planning as conceptualised and practiced in the global South has enacted inequitable distribution of resources, produced social and spatial exclusions and denied substantive citizenship to lo...

Map semiotics, which studies the properties of signs and sign systems as language formations, is considered in the application to cartographic modelling of the main indicators that characterize the possibility of providing educational services by educational units in the atlas of higher education (HEI) educational-managerial type. The information environment for the development of each of the sections of the atlas is focused on legal, planning and economic, financial, administrative and economic and organizational and methodological support, in particular, on the credit-module system of educational process (KMSONP). The creation of a cartographic work of this type became possible with the development of a ‘standardized structure of semiotic aspects of the content of the ‘‘objective’’ language of the map’. In modern cartography, with its advent, there is a situation where there is no better system of control (quality assessment) of the content of cartographic products - it is a standard of compliance of any geoimage to the requirements of interconnected semiotic aspects of content. In thematic cartography, even more than in general geography, this semiotic structure is able to comprehensively characterize the whole range of techniques and methods of displaying objects, processes and phenomena of reality, as well as the use of certain GIS tools that are transmitted (during construction) and perceived (when used) various elements of the content of the electronic map. The developed model of the cartographic model, in the form of a classical map diagram, reflects in absolute scales some of the most important analytical indicators of training for each of the university departments, characterizes and allows their comparative analysis and evaluation of features needed to control and make management decisions in education.

The distinctions between Alchemilla ser. Calycinae and A. ser. Elatae are emended, treating the latter group as relict, connected to the Tertiary broadleaved forests of the eastern Mediterranean Basin. Alchemilla ser. Calycinae (in renewed circumscription) is subdivided into seven provisional aggregates according to the specially developed coordinate system (with two axes — a ratio of central zone width to leaf length vs. number of leaf teeth in total). The original key included all the species of the series occurring in the Caucasus and Asia Minor was compiled.

The dynamic process of suburbanisation in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, including Poland, causes changes in the scale of the construction activity, mainly in the communes surrounding large cities. Although, in Poland, suburbanisation processes were initiated with the system transformation, and the first spatial planning law was adopted only in 1994. In addition, building permits were issued in an unplanned manner, regardless of future consequences. As a result, housing development, despite its high intensity in suburban zones, is dispersed and chaotic. The aim of this study is to juxtapose the construction activity with the guidelines governing this sphere contained in strategic and planning documents, with the example of the suburbs of Toruń. On the basis of the statistical data, and the planning and strategic documents at different levels, it is shown that construction activity, because of its interference in space, is indeed an important element shaping suburban zone development, there is a burning need for the appropriate, i.e., sustainable and long-term, planning of this process. This planning may be boosted by considering the potential development scenarios for the analysed communes belonging to the Toruń suburban area set out in this study.

This study assesses the knowledge and attitude of people on the use of corbel arch for lintel construction to reduce concreting in housing construction. Ogbomoso was the case study and Ikose community was purposively selected being a fringe area receiving an influx of people from the city. Google earth and ground-truthing were used in capturing one hundred and eighty-nine inhabited houses and questionnaire was the instrument for data collection and was administered to collect information on the socio-economic background of respondents, knowledge of material and willingness to utilise. Descriptive statistics were employed in the presentation of findings; chi-square was used to test the relationship between characteristics of residents and willingness to adopt the material. Analysis showed that 32.5% were 51-60 years; 60.4% were male; while 62.1% of the respondents were married. Also, 38.2% had modern/ secondary/technical/teacher’s grade II certificate, while 38.1% were traders. Only 12.1% of respondents knew the material, 68.5% were willing to utilise based on availability within the environment and ability to mitigate the effect of climate change, while 57.1% will recommend its usage. Gender, educational background, income and access to information are significantly related to willingness to utilise the material (P =0.000). Suggestions were made towards factoring the material into housing policies in Nigeria.

Many housing estates of social interest have not contributed to implementing leisure areas and reducing their environmental and urban quality. This paper aims to propose a leisure unit using a compensatory urban drainage technique in a housing complex of social interest in the city of São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. The characterization of the area, land use and occupation surveys, area sectorization, and catchment division were carried out. Afterwards, proposals for interventions based on surface runoff were presented using calculations of existing runoff and future scenarios. Results related to environmental and social gains for the area are discussed, as well as the possibility of implementing decentralized compensatory techniques. Moreover, 156 rain gardens and 3 ditches were proposed throughout the subdivisions, which enabled a gain of 989m² of contribution area to infiltrate the whole area, and the use of the retention basin as a leisure area. The total storage volume achieved with the sum of all the techniques implemented was approximately 3,000 cubic meters more than that projected for the existing retention basin. Resumo Muitos conjuntos habitacionais de interesse social não tem contribuído com a implantação de áreas de lazer, e reduzindo sua qualidade ambiental e urbana, portanto, este trabalho tem como objetivo propor uma unidade de lazer em uma técnica compensatória de drenagem urbana em um conjunto habitacional de interesse social na cidade de São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brasil. Foi realizada a caracterização da área, levantamentos do uso e ocupação do solo, setorização de áreas, e divisão por microbacias, e então apresentadas propostas de intervenções baseadas no escoamento superficial, por meio de cálculos do escoamento existente e de cenários futuros. Foi possível discutir os resultados relacionados aos ganhos ambientais e sociais para a área, além da possibilidade de implantar técnicas compensatórias descentralizadas. Foram propostos 156 jardins de chuva e 3 trincheiras em todo o loteamento, o que possibilitou o ganho de 989m² de área de contribuição para a infiltração na área toda, e a utilização da bacia de detenção como área de lazer. O volume total de armazenamento alcançado com a somatória de todas as técnicas implantadas foi cerca de três mil metros cúbicos a mais do que o projetado para a bacia de detenção existente.

Summary Maintaining connectivity between high-elevation public lands is important for wolverines and other species of conservation concern. This work represents the first effort to prioritize wolverine connectivity under future climate conditions using a systematic conservation planning framework. We optimized 10, 15, 20, and 50% of habitat features for wolverines using integer linear programming. We identified 369 privately owned areas in the 10% solution, 572 in the 15% solution, 822 in the 20% solution, and 3,996 in the 50% solution where voluntary landowner easements would improve the long-term landscape functionality for wolverine connectivity. The median estimated easements ranged from $8,762 to $12,220 across the four solutions (total costs $14,874,371 to $196,346,714). Overall, this effort demonstrates the utility of optimization problems for conserving connectivity, provides a proactive tool to engage potential collaborators, identifies easements that will likely protect various subalpine species, and offers a framework for the conservation of additional species., Graphical abstract, Highlights • Voluntary landowner easements would improve long-term wolverine connectivity • Total costs ranged from $14,874,371 to $196,346,714 • Total number of private areas ranged from 369 to 3,996 across four solutions • Connectivity is essential for wolverine persistence, recovery, and reestablishment, Earth sciences; Ecology; Environmental science; Nature conservation

Temperature patterns and trends influence many sectors. The newly planned industrial corridors will have to consider the variations in temperature and other climatic parameters. The present article aims to investigate the patterns and trends of maximum and minimum temperature at the Sub-division (sub-district) level. We analyse annual and seasonal temperature data from 1958 to 2018 for the India’s first east-coast corridor, the Visakhapatnam–Chennai industrial corridor (VCIC) using a combination of Getis–Ord–Gi and Mann–Kendall trend test for spatiotemporal patterns and trends. The results show domination of intensifying hot spots across the VCIC and an overall increase in both maximum and minimum temperature for annual (0.013 oC/y and 0.011 oC/y) and seasonal trends. However, the variations of pattern and trends are unambiguous within districts. There is a clear distinction in patterns and trends between southern and north-eastern districts, indicating the need for localised planning. As the industrial areas are planned at a microlevel, such studies will enable planners and decision-makers to plan and prioritise site-specific climate change adaptation and mitigation measures in industrial and urban areas.

This study assesses the effects of flood hazard on property price, which focus on residential property. The growth in the population has resulted in more areas being explored, including areas that are prone to flooding. The exploration of a new area for housing development also brings vulnerability to flood hazard. This research employed hedonic regression method to assess the impact of flood to property price between low-flood and non-flood areas. The case study areas are residential properties along Langar River, Selangor, Malaysia. The findings reveal that residential price in case study areas have only little impact in terms of price impact from the flood events. This study also establishes a new valuation model by considering flood hazard. It is expected that the impact from the flood to property price will be significant in future due to changes in property demand patterns as well as the increase in environmental issues.

This work contains a description of four housing estates in Białystok from different decades of the 20th century. The approximate percentage of green areas in these states was determined based on available sources. Existing development plans were analysed with a view to the records regarding greenery. Own observations allowed to define the state of green areas – their functions, accessibility, quality and relation to space. The results of the analysis made it possible to discuss the observed problems and indicated the ways to solve them.

Urbanized areas are considered as single natural and technogenic systems. Ensuring safe development of urban areas is associated with natural risk assessments. It is proposed to carry out a special zoning of urban areas. In the selected areas, risk is formed according to certain scenarios. The proposed zoning involves a successive subdivision of the city territory by natural and technological factors using usually only one feature at each step. As a result, we come up with relatively homogeneous areas. Thus, a consistent division of a total into parts for each group of factors is achieved. Various combinations of these factors are also taken into account when distinguishing typological taxons.

Dwellings are usually constructed by people as per their respective needs, with the use of traditional skills. The architectural built form, layout, building materials, and local construction practices vary from one region to the other, depending on the socio cultural and socio-economic significance. It is essential and crucial to understand the cultural significance in an ever-transforming world. Thus, a study has been attempted to analyze typical characteristics of houses in Krishna district of coastal Andhra Pradesh. As part of the study process, a few dwellings were selected which have vernacular building components and which underwent transformation (spatial, physical and esthetical) in response to the respective users’ changing requirements in time and space. People’s attachment to the vernacular components of the present and earlier house was recorded. The qualitative analysis brought out that 25% of houses exhibited transformation in their built-up area while 75% exhibited transformation in terms of its spaces, components such as roof, wall, joinery and ornamentation. It was also found that the quantum of transformation which had taken place arose from different reasons in isolation and combination such as family structure, change from joint large family to a smaller nuclear family system within the same premises, property subdivision, growth in economic condition, and partial physical deterioration of building components. The principal focus of this paper is to understand the degree of people’s attachment or satisfaction level toward vernacular elements and thereby understand the social acceptance of vernacular architecture in a broader perspective.

Floristic subdivision of the northern part of the Kuril archipelago (Russian Far East) remains controversial. Such uncertainty in biogeographical subdivision could be caused by insufficient floristic data due to poor accessibility of mainly uninhabited northern Kuril islands. We aimed to explore the flora of the largest uninhabited northern Kuril island Onekotan to clarify its position in floristic subdivision. All the 19 species that we added to the known flora of Onekotan island grow on Paramushir and often on some other northern Kurils. Additionally, we revealed two species (Minuartia rubella and Poa lanata) that are new for the whole Kuril archipelago. Our findings demonstrated that floristic similarity between Onekotan and the both large northern continental Kuril islands (Shumshu and Paramushir) is higher than it was demonstrated before. However, discussion of floristic subdivision of the Northern Kurils is premature unless all the islands are sufficiently studied. Keywords: Biogeographic subdivision, Cluster analysis, Field survey, Kuril islands, Vascular plants

In this paper, we aim to shed light on the geographies that led both to the selection of Lodge Hill for the construction of a large-scale housing development and to the subsequent attempt to use biodiversity offsetting to compensate for its environmental impacts. We draw on extensive fieldwork from 2012 to 2016, and diverge from previous studies on offsetting by focusing less on issues related to metrics and governance and shifting our analytic attention to the economic and urban geographies surrounding the Lodge Hill case. We argue that this approach can offer not only an empirically grounded account of why offsetting is being selected to address the impacts of specific urban development projects, but also an in-depth understanding of the factors that determine offsetting’s actual implementation on the ground. Viewing the Lodge Hill case through the frame of urbanization allows us to better grasp the how, why and when particular alliances of actors contest and/or support the implementation of biodiversity offsetting. Our analytical lens also helps exposing the fragility of neoliberal natures and the roles inter-capitalist competition and species biology and ecology can play on the success or failure of neoliberal policies.