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Accurate maps of species ranges are essential to inform conservation, but time-consuming to produce and update. Given the pace of change of knowledge about species distributions and shifts in ranges under climate change and land use, a need exists for timely mapping approaches that enable batch processing employing widely available data. We develop a systematic approach of batch-processing range maps and derived Area of Habitat maps for terrestrial bird species with published ranges below 125,000 km2 in Central and South America. (Area of Habitat is the habitat available to a species within its range.) We combine existing range maps with the rapidly expanding crowd-sourced eBird data of presences and absences from frequently surveyed locations, plus readily accessible, high resolution satellite data on forest cover and elevation to map the Area of Habitat available to each species. Users can interrogate the maps produced to see details of the observations that contributed to the ranges. Previous estimates of Areas of Habitat were constrained within the published ranges and thus were, by definition, smaller—typically about 30%. This reflects how little habitat within suitable elevation ranges exists within the published ranges. Our results show that on average, Areas of Habitat are 12% larger than published ranges, reflecting the often-considerable extent that eBird records expand the known distributions of species. Interestingly, there are substantial differences between threatened and non-threatened species. Some 40% of Critically Endangered, 43% of Endangered, and 55% of Vulnerable species have Areas of Habitat larger than their published ranges, compared with 31% for Near Threatened and Least Concern species. The important finding for conservation is that threatened species are generally more widespread than previously estimated.

Montane species worldwide are shifting upslope in response to recent temperature increases. These upslope shifts are predicted to lead to mountaintop extinctions of species that live only near mountain summits, but empirical examples of populations that have disappeared are sparse. We show that recent warming constitutes an “escalator to extinction” for birds on a remote Peruvian mountain—high-elevation species have declined in both range size and abundance, and several previously common mountaintop residents have disappeared from the local community. Our findings support projections that warming will likely drive widespread extirpations and extinctions of high-elevation taxa in the tropical Andes. Such climate change-driven mountaintop extirpations may be more likely in the tropics, where temperature seems to exert a stronger control on species’ range limits than in the temperate zone. In contrast, we show that lowland bird species at our study site are expanding in range size as they shift their upper limits upslope and may thus benefit from climate change.

In Supplementary Table 1 of this Article, 23 samples (B10K-DU-029-32, B10K-DU-029-33, B10K-DU-029-36 to B10K-DU-029-44, B10K-DU- 029-46, B10K-DU-029-47, B10K-DU-029-49 to B10K-DU-029-53, B10K-DU- 029-75 to B10K-DU-029-77, B10K-DU-029-80, and B10K-DU-030-03; styled in boldface in the revised table) were assigned to the incorrect institution. Supplementary Table 1 has been amended to reflect the correct source institution for these samples, and associated data (tissue, museum ID/source specimen ID, site, state/province, latitude, longitude, date collected and sex) have been updated accordingly. The original table is provided as Supplementary Information to this Amendment, and the original Article has been corrected online.

Citizen science, big data, and a habitat marketplace enable dynamic habitat for migratory birds in California’s Central Valley., In an era of unprecedented and rapid global change, dynamic conservation strategies that tailor the delivery of habitat to when and where it is most needed can be critical for the persistence of species, especially those with diverse and dispersed habitat requirements. We demonstrate the effectiveness of such a strategy for migratory waterbirds. We analyzed citizen science and satellite data to develop predictive models of bird populations and the availability of wetlands, which we used to determine temporal and spatial gaps in habitat during a vital stage of the annual migration. We then filled those gaps using a reverse auction marketplace to incent qualifying landowners to create temporary wetlands on their properties. This approach is a cost-effective way of adaptively meeting habitat needs for migratory species, optimizes conservation outcomes relative to investment, and can be applied broadly to other conservation challenges.

Geographically limited dispersal can shape genetic population structure and result in a correlation between genetic and geographic distance, commonly called isolation-by-distance. Despite the prevalence of isolation-by-distance in nature, to date few studies have empirically demonstrated the processes that generate this pattern, largely because few populations have direct measures of individual dispersal and pedigree information. Intensive, long-term demographic studies and exhaustive genomic surveys in the Florida Scrub-Jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens) provide an excellent opportunity to investigate the influence of dispersal on genetic structure. Here, we used a panel of genome-wide SNPs and extensive pedigree information to explore the role of limited dispersal in shaping patterns of isolation-by-distance in both sexes, and at an exceedingly fine spatial scale (within ~10 km). Isolation-by-distance patterns were stronger in male-male and male-female comparisons than in female-female comparisons, consistent with observed differences in dispersal propensity between the sexes. Using the pedigree, we demonstrated how various genealogical relationships contribute to fine-scale isolation-by-distance. Simulations using field-observed distributions of male and female natal dispersal distances showed good agreement with the distribution of geographic distances between breeding individuals of different pedigree relationship classes. Furthermore, we built coalescent simulations parameterized by the observed dispersal curve, population density, and immigration rate, and showed how incorporating these extensions to Malécot’s theory of isolation-by-distance allows us to accurately reconstruct observed sex-specific isolation-by-distance patterns in autosomal and Z-linked SNPs. Therefore, patterns of fine-scale isolation-by-distance in the Florida Scrub-Jay can be well understood as a result of limited dispersal over contemporary timescales., Author summary Dispersal is a fundamental component of the life history of most organisms and therefore influences many biological processes. Dispersal is particularly important in creating genetic structure on the landscape. We often observe a pattern of decreased genetic relatedness between individuals as geographic distances increases, or isolation-by-distance. This pattern is particularly pronounced in organisms with extremely short dispersal distances. Despite the ubiquity of isolation-by-distance patterns in nature, there are few examples that explicitly demonstrate how limited dispersal influences spatial genetic structure. Here we investigate the processes that result in spatial genetic structure using the Florida Scrub-Jay, a bird with extremely limited dispersal behavior and extensive genome-wide data. We take advantage of the long-term monitoring of a contiguous population of Florida Scrub-Jays, which has resulted in a detailed pedigree and measurements of dispersal for hundreds of individuals. We show how limited dispersal results in close genealogical relatives living closer together geographically, which generates a strong pattern of isolation-by-distance at an extremely small spatial scale (

Habitat gap size has been negatively linked to movement probability in several species occupying fragmented landscapes. How these effects on movement behaviour in turn affect the genetic structure of fragmented populations at local scales is less well known. We tested, and confirmed, the hypothesis that genetic differentiation among adjacent populations of Florida scrub jays—an endangered bird species with poor dispersal abilities and a high degree of habitat specialization—increases with the width of habitat gaps separating them. This relationship was not an artefact of simple isolation-by-distance, as genetic distance was not correlated with the Euclidean distance between geographical centroids of the adjacent populations. Our results suggest that gap size affects movement behaviour even at remarkably local spatial scales, producing direct consequences on the genetic structure of fragmented populations. This finding shows that conserving genetic continuity for specialist species within fragmented habitat requires maintenance or restoration of preserve networks in which habitat gaps do not exceed a species-specific threshold distance.

With upcoming global wind-energy build-out estimated in millions of units, cumulative environmental impacts must be considered and understood to promote responsible expansion of this renewable energy source. In June 2009, 30 wildlife scientists convened in Racine, Wisconsin, USA to identify key research priorities concerning wind energy's potential impacts on migratory wildlife (birds and bats). This working group suggested 4 areas where improved science is most needed to evaluate the impacts of wind-energy development on migrating animals more accurately than can be accomplished today: 1) standardized protocols and definitions; 2) new methods and models for assessing and forecasting risk; 3) documenting lethal and sub-lethal effects at existing wind facilities; and 4) improved facility-site access, data access, and data management for researchers. Focused research based on these priorities will both quantify potential risks associated with wind-energy development and help derive science-based, peer-reviewed, best-management practices for existing and future wind projects. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.

Biodiversity conservation in an era of global change and scarce funding benefits from approaches that simultaneously solve multiple problems. Here, we discuss conservation management of the island scrub-jay (Aphelocoma insularis), the only island-endemic passerine species in the continental United States, which is currently restricted to 250-square-kilometer Santa Cruz Island, California. Although the species is not listed as threatened by state or federal agencies, its viability is nonetheless threatened on multiple fronts. We discuss management actions that could reduce extinction risk, including vaccination, captive propagation, biosecurity measures, and establishing a second free-living population on a neighboring island. Establishing a second population on Santa Rosa Island may have the added benefit of accelerating the restoration and enhancing the resilience of that island's currently highly degraded ecosystem. The proactive management framework for island scrub-jays presented here illustrates how ...

The Imperial Woodpecker (Campephilus imperialis) of Mexico—the largest woodpecker in the world—probably became extinct in the late 20th century, without known documentation of the species in life. We describe a recently discovered 16-mm color film of an Imperial Woodpecker taken in 1956 by William L. Rhein. The film documents climbing strides, launches, flights, and foraging of one female Imperial Woodpecker. For perches and foraging the woodpecker used dead or recently dead Durango Pines (Pinus durangensis). Trunks of perch and foraging trees were of the largest diameters available in this tree species. After allowing for possible inaccuracies in the frame speed of the film, we found that the Imperial Woodpecker had slow climbing strides and a fast wingflap rate compared with other woodpeckers. Following landmarks documented during the 1956 expedition, we identified and surveyed the film site in 2010. The site was in coniferous forest in lightly undulating terrain at 2,700–2,900 m elevation. In...

Studies comparing dispersal in fragmented versus unfragmented landscapes show that habitat fragmentation alters the dispersal behavior of many species. We used two complementary approaches to explore Florida Scrub-Jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens) dispersal in relation to landscape fragmentation. First, we compared dispersal distances of color-marked individuals in intensively monitored continuous and fragmented landscapes. Second, we estimated effective dispersal relative to the degree of fragmentation (as inferred from two landscape indexes: proportion of study site covered with Florida Scrub-Jay habitat and mean distance to nearest habitat patch within each study site) by comparing genetic isolation-by-distance regressions among 13 study sites having a range of landscape structures. Among color-banded individuals, dispersal distances were greater in fragmented versus continuous landscapes, a result consistent with other studies. Nevertheless, genetic analyses revealed that effective dispersal decreases as the proportion of habitat in the landscape decreases. These results suggest that although individual Florida Scrub-Jays may disperse farther as fragmentation increases, those that do so are less successful as breeders than those that disperse short distances. Our study highlights the importance of combining observational data with genetic inferences when evaluating the complex biological and life-history implications of dispersal.

We examined the demographic consequences of road mortality in the cooperatively breeding Flor- ida Scrub-Jay ( Aphelocoma coerulescens ), a threatened species restricted to the oak scrub of peninsular Flor- ida. Between May 1986 and July 1995 we monitored the survival and reproductive success of a color-banded population of jays along a two-lane highway at Archbold Biological Station. Annual mortality of breeding adults was 0.38 on road territories, significantly higher than the rate of 0.23 for breeders on nonroad territo- ries. High mortality on road territories appeared to be a direct result of automobile traffic per se and not a consequence of road-induced changes in habitat characteristics. Mortality was especially high for immigrants without previous experience living along the road: in their first two years as breeders on road territories, na- ive immigrants experienced annual mortality of 0.50 and 0.45. From year 3 onward, however, annual mor- tality dropped to 0.29, not significantly different from the rate for birds on nonroad territories. This experi- ence-dependent decline in road mortality could be caused either by surviving jays learning to avoid automobiles or by selective mortality operating through time (demographic heterogeneity). Proximity to the road had no effect on nesting success beyond its indirect effects on breeder experience and group size. Because the mortality of 30- to 90-day-old fledglings was significantly higher on road territories than on nonroad ter- ritories, however, breeder mortality greatly exceeded production of yearlings on road territories. Roadside ter- ritories therefore are sinks that can maintain populations of Florida Scrub-Jays only via immigration. Be- cause Florida Scrub-Jays do not avoid roadside habitats and may even be attracted to them, road mortality presents a difficult challenge for the management and conservation of this threatened and declining species. Vida y Muerte en la Carretera: Consecuencias Demograficas de Mortalidad Asociada a la Carretera en la Urraca Azuleja de florida

We describe massive autumn migrations of dragonflies (Odonata) which occurred at Chicago, Illinois (14 September 1978), Cape May, New Jersey (11 September 1992), and Crescent Beach, Florida (3–5 September 1993). Estimated numbers of migrant dragonflies involved in these flights were approximately 1.2 million, >400,000, and 200,000, respectively. We also document other recent observations of large swarm migrations of dragonflies in eastern North America, review previous reports of this phenomenon, and compare these events to the flights at Chicago, Cape May and Crescent Beach. Records of large dragonfly migrations show several distinct patterns: (1) all reports fell between late July and mid-October, with a peak in September; (2) most of the large flights occurred along topographic leading lines such as coastlines and lakeshores; (3) massive swarm migrations generally followed the passage of synoptic-scale cold fronts; and (4) the common green darner (Anax junius) was the principal species involve...

We describe a new species of tyrant flycatcher (Tyrannidae) based on nine specimens from the forested Andean foothills of southeastern Peru and one specimen from adjacent northern Bolivia. The new form appears most closely related to Phylloscartes flaviventris. We cite evidence that the latter species is endemic to the coast range of northern Venezuela. We hypothesize that these two sister-species are more distantly related to a third, P. superciliaris, which has a relictual distribution in midmontane forests of Middle America and the northern Andes. The new species is an obligate member of mixed-species flocks and forages high in the canopy of intact primary forest. In Peru it inhabits moist forest between 650 and 1,200 m elevation; elevational range may be somewhat lower in Bolivia, but even there the species is confined to the foothills. Conservation of large tracts of these vanishing forests is essential for the persistence of this and many other species narrowly restricted to the Andean foothills. Resumen. Decribimos una especie nueva de atrapamoscas (Tyrannidae), conocida de nueve ejemplares de los bosques humedos premontanos del sudeste de Peru, y un ejemplar del norte de Bolivia. El pariente mas cercano de la nueva especie es Phylloscartes flaviventris, que es endemico a las montanas de la costa venezolano. Nuestra hipotesis es que Phylloscartes superciliaris es el pariente mas cercano a esta par de especies. Phylloscartes superciliaris, tambien, tiene una patron de distribuci6n de tipo-reliquia en los bosques de elevaciones medias en America Central y los Andes al norte. La nueva especie es un miembro obligado de bandadas mixtas, y forrajea en las copas de bosque primario. En Peru, la distribucion elevacional esta limitada entre 650 y 1,200 m. La distribucion elevacional en Bolivia puede ser un poco mas baja, pero todavia la especie esta limitada a los bosques premontanos. Es esencial la conservacion de areas grandes de estos bosques, que son desapareciendo, para la persistencia de esta especie y muchas otras, que son especialistas dependientes de los bosques premontanos en los Andes. In 1899 the German collector Otto Garlepp obtained a small, yellowish tyrant flycatcher near the town of Marcapata, in the forested Andean foothills of southeastern Peru (male; depto. Cuzco, 1,000 m; collector's number 1398; Mus. Berlepsch no. 43968). Hellmayr (1927: 349) correctly predicted that this specimen would "doubtless prove to be an undescribed form," noting several ways in which it differed from the Venezuelan endemic, "Pogonotriccus" (= Phylloscartes) flaviventris. In 1972 John Terborgh and John Weske mist-netted, photographed, and released an unidentified tyrannid (see frontispiece), at their "Camp 0" on the Cordillera Vilcabamba, depto. Apurfmac, Peru (685 m). They suspected this to be the same form as Garlepp's specimen but did not encounter the species again (Terborgh, pers. comm.). In 1981 JWF located and collected several specimens of this same species in the lower Cosnipata Valley of southeastern Peru, and in 1982 DFS collected a single male near Puerto Bermudez, depto. Pasco, Peru. We later discovered the species to be a regular member of mixedspecies canopy flocks in foothill forests throughout southeastern Peru. Theodore A. Parker III also encountered the species at several localities in the foothills of southern Peru and in depto. La Paz, Bolivia, and in 1995 Bret Whitney, Alan Perry and Marcelo Hinojosa secured one specimen from depto. Beni, Bolivia.

A number of bird species in southwestern Amazonia are associated with stands of bamboo. We studied the birds in bamboo in two regions, eastern Rondonia near the Rio Jiparana where a single small patch was located, and near Alta Floresta, in northern Mato Grosso, where several extensive bamboo stands were explored. We found a moderately large bamboo avifauna at each site, with eight species in Rondonia and ten at Alta Floresta. In species accounts, we discuss the significance of these records and provide notes on the ecology and behavior of these bamboo species. For most of these species, these records represented significant range extensions. Four species were recorded in Brazil for the first time. We also located a population of Poecilotriccus tricolor, previously known from a unique type, in Rondonia. We determined that it should be treated as a weakly differentiated subspecies of Poecilotriccus capitalis. Resumo. VaYias espe*cies de aves no sudoeste da Amazonia associam-se com bambuzais. Investigamos as aves de bambu em duas regioes: na regiao leste de Rondonia, perto ao no Jiparana* onde encontramos um pequeno bambuzal, e perto de Alta Floresta, no norte de Mato Grosso, onde emploramos v£rios bambuzias. Encontramos uma avifauna bastante diversa associada com bambus, composta de oito especies em Rondonia, e de dez em Atla Floresta. No relato de espe*cies, discutimos a importancia destes registros, e fornecemos imforma9oes sobre a ecologia e o comportamento destas especies. Para a maioria destas espe*cies, estes registros representam um aumento significante na drea de distribuic.ao. Quatro especies foram registradas no Brasil pela primeira vez. Tambe*m, localizamos uma populac^o de Poecilotriccus tricolor, antes conhecido s6mente do holotipo, em Rondonia. Determinamos que esta forma e" uma subespe*cie pouco differenciada de Poecilotriccus capitalis. During ornithological surveys in Rondonia and Mato Grosso, Brazil, in 1986 and 1989, we made observations on birds inhabiting tall, dense thickets of spiny bamboo (Guadua spp.) within both disturbed and undisturbed rainforests. Large species of bamboo occur patchily in southern Amazonia, primarily in floodplain forests along riverbanks or on natural landslides in hilly terrain. Guadua bamboos quickly invade clearings, and some bamboo-dwelling bird species may be spreading because of deforestation in SW Amazonia (Parker and Remsen 1987). On 6 and 11 November 1986, during an avifaunal survey in Rondonia conducted by the Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH) and the Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo (MZUSP), Stotz and Fitzpatrick, together with T. S. Schulenberg, D. E. Willard, S. M. Lanyon and A. T. Peterson surveyed an isolated bamboo area of ca. 4 ha in partly disturbed terra firme forest at the edge of a recently planted corn field, along the road from Jam to Mac.adinho, ca. 40 km W of Cachoeira NazarS (9°44'S, 61°53'W), Rio Jiparana\ This was the only substantial

The ivory-billed woodpecker ( Campephilus principalis ), long suspected to be extinct, has been rediscovered in the Big Woods region of eastern Arkansas. Visual encounters during 2004 and 2005, and analysis of a video clip from April 2004, confirm the existence of at least one male. Acoustic signatures consistent with Campephilus display drums also have been heard from the region. Extensive efforts to find birds away from the primary encounter site remain unsuccessful, but potential habitat for a thinly distributed source population is vast (over 220,000 hectares).

Studies comparing dispersal in fragmented versus unfragmented landscapes show that habitat fragmentation alters the dispersal behavior of many species. We used two complementary approaches to explore Florida Scrub-Jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens) dispersal in relation to landscape fragmentation. First, we compared dispersal distances of color-marked individuals in intensively monitored continuous and fragmented landscapes. Second, we estimated effective dispersal relative to the degree of fragmentation (as inferred from two landscape indexes: proportion of study site covered with Florida Scrub-Jay habitat and mean distance to nearest habitat patch within each study site) by comparing genetic isolation-by-distance regressions among 13 study sites having a range of landscape structures. Among color-banded individuals, dispersal distances were greater in fragmented versus continuous landscapes, a result consistent with other studies. Nevertheless, genetic analyses revealed that effective dispersal decreases as the proportion of habitat in the landscape decreases. These results suggest that although individual Florida Scrub-Jays may disperse farther as fragmentation increases, those that do so are less successful as breeders than those that disperse short distances. Our study highlights the importance of combining observational data with genetic inferences when evaluating the complex biological and life-history implications of dispersal.

Cercomacra manu is a distinctive new species in the family Formicariidae. The species is distributed locally in southeastern Peru and adjacent Bolivia at elevations below 1,200 meters. C. manu is secretive and restricted largely to extensive bamboo thickets. The female is gray below; this unusual feature-along with other plumage and vocal characteristics-places C. manu within a species group that contains four other, allopatric South American taxa. We suggest that manu is closest to C. melanaria of eastern Bolivia and Mato Grosso, Brazil. Received 7 March 1989, accepted 23 October 1989. IN 1975 we encountered an unusual antbird several times in mist nets set among dense riparian vegetation near the Manu River, well inside the Manu National Park of southeastern Peru (Terborgh et al. 1984). We tentatively identified these birds as Cercomacra nigricans, a species then thought to occur in the Amazon basin on the basis of one specimen taken by J. A. Feduccia and J. P. O'Neill at Balta, Department Ucayali, Peru, in 1964 (LSUMZ 34211; O'Neill 1969). Because the collection of specimens inside the Manu National Park is prohibited, our identification could not be confirmed. Subsequently we obtained other specimens of this antbird during intensive surveys of the lower Manu River, the banks of the Alto Madre de Dios River, and adjacent Andean foothills. These specimens confirm that these birds are members of a distinctive new species of Cercomacra, to which the Balta specimen also belongs. The species is virtually restricted to dense bamboo thickets, as discussed more fully below. 1 Present address: Archbold Biological Station, Box 2057, Lake Placid, Florida 33852 USA. Cercomacra manu sp. nov. Manu Antbird Holotype.-Field Museum of Natural History no. 310653; adult female (skull 80% pneumatized), taken 12 river km downstream from Shintuya on left bank of Alto Rio Madre de Dios, Dept. Madre de Dios, Peru, 12?33'S, 71?17'W, elevation 420 m; collected 17 August 1980 by John W. Fitzpatrick, field number 80221. Diagnosis. -Medium-sized antbird, identifiable as Cercomacra by graduated tail with whitetipped rectrices, long bill with broad base and slightly hooked tip, and gray-bellied female plumage. Within the gray-bellied species group (see below), manu females are unique in having dull olive crown and dorsal plumage, rather than blackish or grayish upperparts. Males are extremely similar to C. nigricans, carbonaria, melanaria, and ferdinandi, but are dark sooty gray to dull black rather than deep, glossy black over most of their plumage. Flank plumes are dark gray, and suffused with olive in some specimens, rather than pure black as in the other similar species. White tips of rectrices, though variable, are narrower than in nigricans, ferdi239 The Auk 107: 239-245. April 1990 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.64 on Sun, 04 Sep 2016 06:32:25 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 240 FITZPATRICK AND WILLARD [Auk, Vol. 107 nandi, and carbonaria. Rictal, loral, and supraorbital bristles are longer, stiffer, and more numerous in manu than in the four related species; the longest are 6-8 mm and have basal barbs. All five members of this species group are allopatric (see below). Description of holotype. -Overall appearance is "two-toned," with olive-brown above and neutral gray below. Crown, dorsum, and outer webs of remiges dull olive-brown, between Olive (Color 30) and Olive-Green (Color 48; capitalized colors are from Smithe [1975, 1981]). Concealed interscapular patch white. Marginal coverts from shoulder to wrist white, producing a semiconcealed white "shoulder patch." Wing linings white; lesser and median secondary coverts black, broadly tipped white; greater secondary coverts, primary coverts, and alula dusky brown, tipped white and with outer margins olive like back. Tail graduated; rectrices uniformly dark gray-brown, closest to Blackish Neutral Gray (Color 82), each narrowly tipped with white crescent, broadest on outermost (shortest) pair and reduced to a few white barbs at the tips of the central pair. Eyering, lores, cheeks, and entire underparts uniform neutral gray, between Medium and Dark Neutral Gray (Colors 84 and 83); chin and throat slightly paler, faintly streaked with whitish; long flank plumes gray, suffused with dull olive. Long, black rictal bristles about eyes, face and gape. Soft part colors in life: irises pale sandy brown, maxilla black, mandible silvery gray mottled darkish; tarsi and feet pale gray. Measurements of holotype (mm).-Wing chord 64.0, central rectrices 66.5, outermost rectrices 46.0, culmen from base 19.0, culmen from anterior edge of nostril 10.0, tarsus 22.0; mass 17.0 g. Distribution. -Cercomacra manu occurs (Fig. 1) locally in bamboo thickets and associated habitats in the lowlands and lower Andean slopes (up to 1,200 m, above Pilcopata, Dept. Cusco) of southeastern Peru, and extreme northwestern Bolivia along the Rio Tahuamanu (2 km W Porvenir, Dept. Pando, 300 m). The northernmost record is the single specimen from Balta, Dept. Ucayali. The species is regularly encountered in bamboo along the banks of the Rio Manu and the Rio Madre de Dios. Numerous sight records exist from the Tambopata Reserve near Puerto Maldonado, and from the Rio Heath at the Bolivian border (T. A. Parker III pers. comm.). The species is not recorded from Brazil, but almost certainly occurs in proper habitat in the state of Acre (Parker and Remsen 1987). Etymology-We are pleased to name this species in honor of the Manu National Park, one of the most important reservoirs of biological diversity on earth. Encompassing nearly 1.5 million hectares of pristine rain forest, cloud forest, and puna grassland, the park protects the richest avifauna in the world. To date more than 870 bird species are recorded from the vicinity of the park. The total species within the park is probably near 1,000. By honoring the historical and present-day importance of this region and park, we also honor the efforts of the Peruvian government and the World Wildlife Fund in protecting it for future generations. Cercomacra manu is a regular inhabitant of extensive bamboo thickets at lower elevations in the Manu region. Specimens examined.-We examined the following specimens from Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo (MZUSP), Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ), Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH), Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia (ANSP), American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History (LACM), and Louisiana State University Museum of Natural Science (LSUMZ): C. manu (14 males, 10 females): Peru-Dept. Ucayali: Balta (LSUMZ 16); Dept. Madre de Dios: Cerro de Pantiacolla, E slope, 5 km NNE Shintuya (FMNH 16, 1Q); Alto Rio Madre de Dios, left bank: 17 km downstream from Shintuya (FMNH 16 [plus 1 skeleton, 1 in alcohol], 2Q), 12 km downstream from Shintuya (FMNH 26), 10 km downstream from Shintuya (FMNH 1Q? in alcohol), 7 km downstream from Shintuya (FMNH 16); Rio Palotoa, left bank, 12 km from mouth (FMNH 16?); ridge above Hacienda Amazonia (FMNH 16, 1Q); lower Rio Manu, left bank (AMNH 16, 1Q); Dept. Cuzco: Consuelo (km #165), 17 road km above Pilcopata (FMNH 1Y). Bolivia-Dept. Pando: 2 km W Porvenir (LSUMZ 26 [plus 1 skeleton], 1Q [plus 1Q? in alcohol]). C. melanaria (30 males, 8 females): BrazilMato Grosso: Agua Blanca de Corumba (AMNH 16); Faz. San Juan, R. Cuyaba (AMNH 26, 1Q); Cuiaba (MZUSP 16); Descalvados (FMNH 26; AMNH 16; ANSP 26, 1Q); rio Sao Lorenzo (AMNH 26, 1Q); Chapada (AMNH 1Q); Porta Esperanza (MZUSP 16); Miranda (MZUSP 26, 19); R. Paraguay (MZUSP 16); Xarqueada Ottilia, R. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.64 on Sun, 04 Sep 2016 06:32:25 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms April 1990] New Amazonian Antbird 241 X t m ela n u f ei a n, d Fig. 1. Northwestern South America and the Amazon drainage basin, showing distributions in the "Cercomacra nigricans" species group: nigricans (hatched areas), carbonaria (squares), ferdinandi (diamonds), melanaria (triangles), and manu (closed circles = specimen localities, open circles = sight records). Northernmost plotted locality for ferdinandi is uncertain (see text). Paraguay (MNRJ 16); Rio Piquiri (MNRJ 16); Porto Esperidiao (MNRJ 16); Salobra (MZUSP 16, MNRJ 18); Caceres (MZUSP 16); Santo Antonio (MZUSP 16, 1Q). Bolivia-Dept. Santa Cruz: Buena Vista (LSUMZ 16); Isama (LSUMZ 19); Dept. Beni: Rio Yacuma, 2 km from mouth (AMNH 16); Rio Tijamuchi, 4 km from mouth (AMNH 16); Laguna Suarez, 5 km SW of Trinidad (FMNH 16); 6 road km SE of Trinidad (LSUMZ 16 [alcohol], 19); Dept. Cochabamba: mouth of Rio Chapare (ANSP 26); Todos Santos, Rio Chapare (ANSP 16). C. carbonaria (11 males, 3 females): BrazilRoraima: Rio Mucajai, S of Boa Vista (LACM 66, 29; FMNH 26; MZUSP 16); Ilha Sao Jose, Rio Branco (FMNH 19); Forte do Rio Branco (AMNH 16); Caracarahy, Rio Branco (AMNH 16). C. ferdinandi (6 males, 6 females): BrazilGoiaz: Ilha do Bananal (MZUSP 19); Santa Isabel do Morro, Ilha do Bananal (MNRJ 16, 19); Furo de Pedra, Ilha do Bananal (MNRJ 46, 39); Araguatins (MZUSP 16, 19). C. nigricans: more than 100 specimens, from Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Middle Amer

* Preferred citation: Walker, B., D. F. Stotz, T. Pequeno, and J. W. Fitzpatrick. 2006. Birds of the Manu Biosphere Reserve, pp. 23–49. In Patterson, B. D., D. F. Stotz, and S. Solari, eds., Mammals and Birds of the Manu Biosphere Reserve, Peru. Fieldiana: Zoology, n.s., No. 110. { Director, Manu Expeditions, P.O. Box 606, Cusco, Peru. { Conservation Ecologist, Environmental and Conservation Programs, The Field Museum, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605-2496, U.S.A.

Claims that the bird in the Luneau video is a normal pileated woodpecker are based on misrepresentations of a pileated's underwing pattern, interpretation of video artifacts as plumage pattern, and inaccurate models of takeoff and flight behavior. These claims are contradicted by experimental data and fail to explain evidence in the Luneau video of white dorsal plumage, distinctive flight behavior, and a perched woodpecker with white upper parts.

In the search for ivory-billed woodpeckers ( Campephilus principalis ) in the Big Woods region of eastern Arkansas [“Ivory-billed woodpecker ( Campephilus principalis ) persists in continental North America,” Reports, 3 June, p. [1460][1]], our unattended digital autonomous recording units (ARUs) recorded over 17,000 hours of ambient sound at 153 sites between 18 December 2004 and 31 May 2005. Review and analysis of these recordings are ongoing, and a full account will be published when analyses are complete. Here we briefly describe examples of the possible nasal “kent” notes and “doublek-nock” display drums mentioned in our Report and provide them as supporting online material (SOM) ([1][2]). ![Figure][3] A painting of the ivory-billed woodpecker and the device used to record its calls.CREDITS: (PAINTING) LARRY CHANDLER; (PHOTO) SUSAN SPEAR, CORNELL LABORATORY OF ORNITHOLOGY On four different mornings in January 2005, a single ARU in the White River National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) recorded a sequence of kent-like vocalizations. The four sequences, which lasted 8 to 41 s and contained between 11 and 26 notes, are extremely similar; the recording of 29 January (audio S2) is typical of them. In the same area, experienced observers have heard blue jays ( Cyanocitta cristata ) produce atypical notes resembling these ARU recordings. Quantitative comparisons of these kent-like sounds with sounds of known ivory-bills (SOM text; audio S1), white-breasted nuthatch ( Sitta carolinensis ), and the most kent-like notes of blue jay in the collection of the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology's Macaulay Library indicate that the notes recorded by the ARU are most similar to those of ivory-bills. Sounds that are strikingly similar to the double knocks of other Campephilus woodpeckers (SOM text; audio S3) were recorded by ARUs in several areas of the White River and Cache River NWRs. One recording (audio S4), made 1.3 km from the site of the kent-like notes discussed above at 0645 local time on 24 January, includes a low-amplitude, apparently distant double knock followed 3.5 s later by a higher-amplitude, apparently closer double knock. Although the sequence and cadence of this recording match an exchange between two individuals of a Campephilus woodpecker, the relative amplitude of the separate strikes in each double knock is atypical (SOM text). Additional descriptions and discussion of our acoustic data are available at [www.birds.cornell.edu/ivory/field/listening][4]. Further acoustic monitoring and field observation (including intensive efforts to record a large sample of the vocal repertoire of local blue jays) are planned for the areas where these recordings were made. 1. [↵][5]The SOM is available on Science Online at . [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1114103 [2]: #ref-1 [3]: pending:yes [4]: http://www.birds.cornell.edu/ivory/field/listening [5]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text"

Cymbilaimus sanctaemariae (Formicariidae), previously regarded as a poorly known subspecies of C. lineatus, is a distinct species. The two forms overlap broadly in geographical range and are distinct in morphology, plumage, voice, and habitat. We propose the vernacular name Bamboo Antshrike. The species apparently links Cymbilaimus and Thamnophilus. It is a member of the growing list of bamboo-associated birds endemic to southwestern Amazonia.

A color-banded population of Black-capped Donacobius (Donacobius atricapillus) on a Peruvian oxbow lake was studied during one breeding season and censused for 3 yr thereafter. Eighteen territories along a marshy shoreline were occupied by groups of 24 donacobius. Each group contained a mated pair and 0-2 helpers, apparently offspring produced during 1-2 preceding breeding seasons. Helpers participated in nest surveillance, territorial displays, and feeding nestlings. Displays occurred at territory boundaries and consisted of loud duetting by the pair or group. Breeding coincided with the rainy months, October through April, and peaked in November-January. Clutch size was always two. Egg and nestling periods each lasted 17-18 days. No correlation was demonstrable between group size and overall fledging success. Trios, however, accounted for all cases in which both young successfully fledged, whereas pairs never fledged more than one young. Annual survivorship of breeding adults averaged 71%. Cooperative breeding in donacobius is associated with limited opportunities for acquiring breeding territories, as in many other cooperative breeders. The relatively short period during which young serve as helpers (and the resulting small family sizes), however, suggests that at other times or places breeding territories are more readily available to young. Received 9 November 1983, accepted 19 April 1984. THE Black-capped Donacobius (Donacobius atricapillus) is distributed widely in lowland tropical South America (Meyer de Schauensee 1970). Little has been published on the behavior and ecology of this aberrant monotypic species, which was recently reclassified as a wren (Troglodytidae) rather than as a mimid (Clench et al. 1982, A.O.U. 1983). Only Skutch (1968) has briefly described the nesting of donacobius in Venezuela. In this paper, we describe the social organization and reproductive attributes of a population of donacobius living along the shore of an oxbow lake in southeastern Peru. With this report, the species joins the ever-growing list of birds exhibiting cooperative breeding. METHODS AND STUDY SITE All observations were made on Cocha Cashu (Fig. 1), an oxbow lake about 1 km from the Manu River in the Manu National Park, Dept. Madre de Dios, Peru (71?19'W, 11051'S), at about 400 m elevation. The lake is surrounded by tall tropical moist forest (Holdridge 1967, see Terborgh et al. 1984 for detailed habitat descriptions and a complete checklist of birds at the site). On the shallower (western) side of the lake, most of the margin is lined with marsh grass and sedge (primarily Panicum grande and Scleria microcarpa) up to 2 m tall. Other vegetation on this shore includes scattered patches of Heliconia marginata up to 5 m tall, occasional figs (Ficus trigona and two unidentified species), and, at the extreme northern end, some overhanging limbs of other forest trees. The opposite (eastern) shore has little marsh but, instead, is lined with overhanging limbs of forest trees and

Florida Scrub Jays are an excellent example of a cooperative-breeding species, in which adult birds often help raise offspring not their own. For more than a decade Glen E. Woolfenden and John W. Fitzpatrick studied a marked population of these birds in an attempt to establish a demographic base for understanding the phenomenon of "helping at the nest." By studying both population biology and behavior, the authors found that habitat restraints, rather than kin selection, are the main source of the behavior of Florida Scrub Jays: the goal of increasing the number of close relatives other than descendants in future generations is of relatively minor importance in their cooperative-breeding behavior. The Florida Scrub Jay lives only in the Florida oak scrub. All acceptable habitat is constantly filled with breeders. Each year about half of the pairs are assisted by one to several nonbreeding helpers. This book provides extensive data on fecundity, survivorship, relatedness, and dispersal to establish the demographic milieu and to address questions arising out of observed helping behavior--whom, how, when, and why the helpers help.