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The Pitted Ware culture continues to attract attention from scholars. Being chronologically situated in the Neolithic, the Pitted Ware phenomenon breaks with our traditional view on cultural and social evolution by representing a return to, or continuation of, an otherwise abandoned hunter-gatherer lifestyle. One of the key issues for trying to understand the Pitted Ware Culture is its chronology – when and where did this phenomenon emerge for the first time, how did it spread and when and why did it end? In order to clarify these issues this paper presents the hitherto largest sample of new as well as old recalibrated and error corrected radiocarbon dates from Pitted Ware sites all over Scandinavia. From more than 900 radiocarbon dates, we are able to look through the many obstacles that often hamper the interpretation of the limited numbers of individual dates obtained from single sites. Furthermore, we are able to present a model showing a rapid spread of the “Pitted Ware Culture” or “Pitted Ware phenomenon” from a supposed origin in central eastern Sweden (c. 3400 cal BC) to vast, mostly coastal, areas on the Scandinavian Peninsula and northeastern Denmark. The rapid spread can be explained by Pitted Ware engagement in far-reaching flint exchange networks. The end of the Pitted Ware phenomenon (c. 2200 cal BC) can be seen as a consequence of the agricultural intensification and expansion northwards during the Late Neolithic.

Aim: Biological invasions are likely determined by species dispersal strategies as well as environmental characteristics of a recipient region, especially climate and human impact. However, the contribution of climatic factors, human impact, and dispersal strategies in driving invasion processes is still controversial and not well embedded in the existing theoretical considerations. Here, we study how climate, species dispersal strategies, and human impact determine plant invasion processes on islands distributed in all major oceans in the context of directional ecological filtering. Location: Six mountainous, tropical, and subtropical islands in three major oceans: Island of Hawai'i and Maui (Pacific), Tenerife and La Palma (Atlantic), and La Réunion and Socotra (Indian Ocean). Taxon: Vascular Plants. Methods: We recorded 360 non-native species in 218 plots along roadside elevational transects covering the major temperature, precipitation and human impact (i.e., road density) gradients of the islands. We collected dispersal strategies for a majority of the recorded species and calculated the environmental niche per species using a hypervolume approach. Results: Non-native species’ generalism (i.e., mean community niche width) increased with precipitation, elevation and human impact but showed no relationship with temperature. Increasing precipitation led to environmental filtering of non-native species resulting in more generalist species under high precipitation conditions. We found no directional filtering for temperature but an optimum range of most species between 10 and 20°C. Niche widths of non-native species increased with the prevalence of certain dispersal strategies, particularly anemochory and anthropochory. Main conclusions: Plant invasion on tropical and subtropical islands seems to be mainly driven by precipitation and human impact, while temperature seems to be of little importance. Furthermore, anemochory and anthropochory are dispersal strategies associated with large niche widths of non-native species. Our study allows a more detailed look at the mechanisms behind directional ecological filtering of non-native plant species in non-temperature-limited ecosystems.

Studies of the biogeography of the West Indies are numerous but not all taxonomic groups have received the same attention. Many of the contributions to this field have historically focused on terrestrial vertebrates from a perspective closely linked to the classical theory of island biogeography. However, some recent works have questioned whether some of the assumptions of this theory are too simplistic. In this review, we compiled information about the West Indies biogeography based on an extensive and rigorous literature search. While we offer some background of the main hypotheses that explain the origin of the Caribbean biota, our main purpose here is to highlight divergent diversification patterns observed in terrestrial versus aquatic groups of the West Indian biota and also to shed light on the unbalanced number of studies covering the biogeography of these groups of organisms. We use an objective method to compile existing information in the field and produce a rigorous literature review. Our results show that most of the relevant literature in the field is related to the study of terrestrial organisms (mainly vertebrates) and only a small portion covers aquatic groups. Specifically, livebearing fishes show interesting deviations from the species‐area relationship predicted by classical island biogeography theory. We found that species richness on the Greater Antilles is positively correlated with island size but also with the presence of elevations showing that not only island area but also mountainous relief may be an important factor determining the number of freshwater species in the Greater Antilles. Our findings shed light on mechanisms that may differently drive speciation in aquatic versus terrestrial environments suggesting that ecological opportunity could outweigh the importance of island size in speciation. Investigations into freshwater fishes of the West Indies offer a promising avenue for understanding origins and subsequent diversification of the Caribbean biota., Studies about the biogeography of the West Indies are numerous but not all taxonomic groups have received the same attention. In this review, we analyze and discuss the main hypotheses for the origin of the Caribbean biota and examine both classical and less studied examples of species radiations in the West Indies. We also use an objective method to compile existing information in the field and produce a rigorous literature review about the biogeography of the West Indies.

To better identify biodiversity hotspots for conservation on Hainan Island, a tropical island in southern China, we assessed spatial variation in phylogenetic diversity and species richness using 18,976 georeferenced specimen records and a newly reconstructed molecular phylogeny of 957 native woody plants. Within this framework, we delineated bioregions based on vegetation composition and mapped areas of neoendemism and paleoendemism to identify areas of priority for conservation. Our results reveal that the southwest of Hainan is the most important hot spot for endemism and plant diversity followed by the southeast area. The distribution of endemic species showed a scattered, rather than clustered, pattern on the island. Based on phylogenetic range‐weighted turnover metrics, we delineated three major vegetational zones in Hainan. These largely correspond to natural secondary growth and managed forests (e.g., rubber and timber forests) in central Hainan, old‐growth forests and natural secondary growth forest at the margins of Hainan, and nature reserves on the island (e.g., Jianfeng and Diaoluo National Nature Reserves). Our study helps to elucidate potential botanical conservation priorities for Hainan within an evolutionary, phylogenetic framework., Our results reveal that the southwest of Hainan is the most important hot spot for endemism and plant diversity followed by the southeast area. The distribution of endemic species showed a scattered, rather than clustered, pattern on the island. Based on phylogenetic range‐weighted turnover metrics, we delineated four major vegetational zones in Hainan. These largely correspond to natural secondary growth and managed forests (e.g., rubber and timber forests) in central Hainan, old‐growth forests, natural secondary growth forest at the margins of Hainan, and the nature reserves on the island (e.g., Jianfeng and Diaoluo National Nature Reserves).

We used shore boulders that had been previously colonized, and were scattered in a seagrass bed as models for islands. We tested two predictions of Island Biogeography theory: (1) small boulders harbored fewer species than large boulders, and (2) small boulders had higher rates of extinction than large boulders, as reflected in higher faunal replacement variability. We detected a definite relation between species richness and boulder size although not for all statistical models. We did not confirm higher compositional variability in small boulders.

The Epipalaeolithic and Mesolithic periods of Turkey are poorly understood. the discovery of two sites (Kocaman and Kayadibi) in the Karaburun Peninsula in coastal western Turkey opens a whole new window into our understanding of these periods in Turkey and beyond by providing the first solid evidence for pre-Neolithic foragers. This article presents typological and technological properties of the lithics from these two open-air sites in terms of raw material selection, tool types, and technological preferences and discusses the results in relation to contemporary Anatolian, Aegean, southwest Asian, and southeast European industries. Typological and technological analyses suggest that Kocaman lithics were part of the eastern Mediterranean and northern Aegean Epipalaeolithic traditions; the Kayadibi lithics, on the other hand, correspond well with the Aegean Mesolithic assemblages. the lack of any affinity between the Kayadibi and Initial Neolithic lithic assemblages from western Turkey has important implications about the Neolithization process of western Turkey and the Aegean., Ege University Research Projects Coordination Unit [EDB-16-018, EDB-15-005]; NCN (Polish National Research Center) [2015/19/B/H53/00477]; Groningen Institute of Archaeology; Municipality of Karaburun, This study was supported by Ege University Research Projects Coordination Unit (Projects No: EDB-16-018 and EDB-15-005) and by NCN (Polish National Research Center Grant No: 2015/19/B/H53/00477). Karaburun Archaeological Survey Project is supported by the Groningen Institute of Archaeology and the Municipality of Karaburun.

A dramatic insect decline has been documented on the grasslands and forests of European or North American mainland. Yet, other parts of the world and other ecosystems remain much less studied with unknown patterns. Using a unique time-series dataset, we investigate recent trends on abundance and richness of arthropods sampled in Azorean native forest over 6 years (2013–2018). We test the hypothesis that biodiversity erosion drivers are changing the diversity and relative species abundance structure (species abundance distribution, SAD) of endemics, native non‐endemics and exotic species over time. We also examine temporal trends in abundance for each individual species. In contrast with mainland studies, we observed no decline in overall arthropod diversity, but a clear increase in the diversity of exotic arthropods and some evidence of a tendency for decreasing abundance for some endemic species. We also document stronger species turnover for exotic species, but no specific changes in the SAD. We argue that many changes, particularly in unique systems such as islands, will be noticed not at the richness but mostly at compositional level. Special attention should be given to exotic species which are known to be one of the major drivers of biodiversity erosion on islands. European Commission; Portuguese FCT-NETBIOME-ISLANDBIODIV (0003/2011); Portuguese National Funds, through FCT - Fundacão para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (UID/BIA/00329/2013-2020); Direcção Regional do Ambiente - PRIBES (LIFE17 IPE/PT/000010); Direcção Regional do Ambiente - LIFE-BETTLES (LIFE18 NAT_PT_000864); AZORESBIOPORTAL - PORBIOTA (ACORES-01-0145-FEDER-000072) info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

A new species ofFurculanuridais described and illustrated.Furculanurida bistribussp. nov.differs from other species of the genus by the presence of three eyes, three setae on the dens, and the white and purple coloration pattern. A key for identification of the world species of the genus is included.

Intertidal and larger marine ecosystems surrounding the islands of Bach Long Vi (Northern Vietnam), Con Co (Central Vietnam) and Tho Chu (Southernmost Vietnam) which have typical and valuable ecosystems are planned as marine protected areas. They are the study area of this paper on identification and estimation of these ecosystem services. The total economic valuation concept is used to estimate the total value of the ecosystems during the period March 2014 to October 2015. The marine ecosystems surrounding Bach Long Vi Island were estimated servicing 599,047.8 million VND (Vietnam Dong)/year in total (corresponding to 26.62 million USD (US dollar—1 USD = 22,503.68 VND (rate May 1, 2015)); calculated per hectare; this value corresponds with 94 million VND/year. The marine ecosystems surrounding Con Co Island provide a total monetary service of 267,518 million VND/year (approximately, 12 million USD/year); this corresponds with 307 million VND/ha/year. The marine ecosystems surrounding the Tho Chu archipelago were worth 565,236 million VND/year (approximately, 25 million USD/year); this corresponded with 125.47 million VND/ha/year. These figures show the most significant service value of marine ecosystems, particularly around the three islands.

Anthropogenic pressures have been depleting the global biodiversity. In order to monitor the changes in ecosystems, molecular techniques can be used to characterize species composition. Among molecular markers capable of identifying species, the COI is the most used, and its sequencing is the standard procedure of how taxonomic information can be surveyed. Despite this, new possibilities of biodiversity profiling have become possible through the assessment of highly fragmented DNA molecules in environmental samples. Now, medium- and short-length markers are used in metabarcoding studies. Here, a survey of marine fish from the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago was barcoded, in which the COI barcode procedure identified 21 species of 11 families of fish. Then, the first extensive COI library of these islands located in isolation was constructed; from these sequences, the most appropriate primer pair for future metabarcoding studies was identified. The new Saint Peter and Saint Paul sequence database has 9,183 sequences from 165 species and 62 families of fish. The overall mean distance among all sequences was 0.4. This distance reveals that the archipelago is a reservoir of biodiversity as this attribute is higher than other islands around the world. Due to this, the protection of the archipelago should be enhanced and well monitored with science-based approaches such as DNA metabarcoding. In this case, the primer pair specifically designed from this library should be considered.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:37:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) have been largely used for the biological control of arthropod pests. However, information on the phytoseiid fauna associated with plants of the Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil is still scanty. Surveys were carried out in two areas of Atlantic Forest in Rio de Janeiro State – Jaguanum island and Paraty. We report 11 species of seven genera from all three subfamilies. A complementary re-description is provided for Amblyseius impeltatus Denmark & Muma, 1973 and measurements are provided for ten other species. Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM) Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia (ICET), AM Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT) Instituto de Biociências (IB) Centro de Biodiversidade Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia (PPGZOO), MT Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP) Instituto de Biociências Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE) Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, SP Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia (ECZ), SC Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP) Instituto de Biociências Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE) Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, SP CAPES: 06/52893‑5 FAPESP: 06/52893‑5 CAPES: 06/57868‑9 FAPESP: 06/57868‑9 CNPq: 304479/2019‑5 CNPq: 310617/2018‑9 CAPES: 88887.373867/2019‑00 FAPESP: 88887.373867/2019‑00

[Aim]: Environmental niche tracking is linked to the species ability to disperse. While well investigated on large spatial scales, dispersal constraints also influence small-scale processes and may explain the difference between the potential and the realized niche of species at small scales. Here we test whether niche size and niche fill differ systematically according to dispersal syndrome within isolated oceanic islands. We expect that species with higher dispersal abilities (anemochorous or endozoochorous) will have a higher niche fill, despite their environmental niche size., [Location]: Azores archipelago., [Taxon]: Native seed plants., [Methods]: We combined a georeferenced database of the species distribution within the archipelago (Azorean Biodiversity Portal/GBIF) with an expert-based dispersal syndrome categorization and a high-resolution climatic grid (CIELO model). Using four climatic variables (Annual Mean Temperature, Mean Diurnal Range, Annual Precipitation, Precipitation Seasonality), we calculated a four-dimensional hypervolume to estimate the niche size of each species. Niche fill was quantified as the suitable climatic space of the island that was occupied by the focal species., [Results]: We found a significant relationship between dispersal syndromes and niche size, and also between dispersal syndromes and niche fill. Such relationships presented no phylogenetic signal. Endozoochorous species display higher niche fill compared to epizoochorous and hydrochorous species, and larger niches than anemochorous and epizoochorous. Differences among the remaining groups are not significant for either niche size or for niche fill., [Main conclusions]: The ability of a species to track its niche at small scales is not tightly related to its dispersal syndrome, although endozoochorous species track their niche more efficiently than the rest of groups. Despite being intuitively appealing, dispersal syndrome classifications might not be the most appropriate tools for understanding dispersal processes at small scales., ML was funded by a scholarship supporting faculty-specific gender equality targets at (FAU) and by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity (BES-2016- 077655; project CGL2015-67865-P) and AEI/FEDER, UE (project UNITED, CGL2016-78070-P,). AMCS was funded by the Portuguese Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnología (contract CEEIND/03425/2017). The climatic models of EBA were developed in the framework of the project PROAAcXXIs–Projecções das Alterações Climáticas nos Açores para o século XXI. (PO_Açores 2020–Eixo Prioritário 1–Açores-01-0145–FEDER—000037).Biodiversity data comes from the project AZORESBIOPORTAL–PORBIOTA (AÇORES-01-0145-FEDER-000072), which was financed by FEDER in 85% and by Azorean Public funds by 15% through the Operational Program Azores 2020.

Funding: co-funded by the Canary Government (Consejería de Política Territorial, Sostenibilidad y Seguridad), the Spanish Government (Fundación Biodiversidad and Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Medio Rural y Marino), Fundación La Caixa, and by a number of international projects funded by EU programmes MACETUS (FEDER/INTERREG III-B MAC/4.2/M10), EMECETUS (FEDER/INTERREG III-B56105/MAC/4.2/M10), LIFE (LIFE03NAT0062), INDEMARES LIFE+ (LIFE07/NAT/E/00732). 1. The geographic location and oceanographic, physical, and chemical water properties make the Canary Islands one of the planet's biodiversity hotspots. The short‐finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus) is one of the archipelago's most commonly encountered species and is potentially vulnerable to a range of anthropogenic pressures, including habitat degradation, acoustic pollution, fishing, whale‐watching operations, and shipping. Assessment of impact has not been possible because of a lack of even basic information about occurrence and distribution. 2. Spatial and temporal distributions, ranging behaviour, and residence patterns of short‐finned pilot whales were explored for the first time using survey and photo‐identification data collected in the Canary Islands between 1999 and 2012. In total, 1,081 pilot whale sightings were recorded during 70,620 km of search effort over 1,782 survey days. 3. Pilot whales were detected year round and distributed non‐uniformly within the archipelago, with greater densities concentrated in patchy areas mainly on the leeward side of the main islands. In total, 1,320 well‐marked individuals were identified, which exhibited a large degree of variability in site fidelity. 4. Different but not isolated subpopulations of pilot whales that share ranges and maintain social interactions were apparently present in the Canary Islands. Strong evidence of an island‐associated subpopulation was found, with a group of 50 ‘core resident’ individuals associated particularly with Tenerife. There were also ‘transient’ individuals or temporary migrants, which, probably driven by inter‐ and intra‐specific competition, may travel long distances whilst using the archipelago as part of a larger range. 5. These findings fill a major gap in the knowledge of this species’ occurrence, distribution, movements, and site fidelity in the archipelago and provide much needed data to allow the initiation of informed conservation assessments and management actions. Postprint

The northern Hikurangi plate boundary fault hosts a range of seismic behaviors, of which the physical mechanisms controlling seismicity are poorly understood, but often related to high pore fluid pressures and conditionally stable frictional conditions. Using 2D marine seismic streamer data, we employ full-waveform inversion (FWI) to obtain a high-resolution 2D P-wave velocity model across the Hikurangi margin down to depths of ~2 km. The validity of the FWI velocity model is investigated through comparison with the pre-stack depth migrated seismic reflection image, sonic well data, and the match between observed and synthetic waveforms. Our model reveals the shallow structure of the overriding plate, including the fault plumbing system above the zone of SSEs to theoretical resolution of a half seismic wavelength. We find that the hanging walls of thrust faults often have substantially higher velocities than footwalls, consistent with higher compaction. In some cases, intra-wedge faults identified from reflection data are associated with low-velocity anomalies, which may suggest they are high-porosity zones acting as conduits for fluid flow. The continuity of velocity structure away from IODP drill site U1520 suggests that lithological variations in the incoming sedimentary stratigraphy observed at this site continue to the deformation front and are likely important in controlling seismic behavior. This investigation provides a high-resolution insight into the shallow parts of subduction zones, which shows promise for the extension of modeling to 3D using a recently-acquired, longer-offset, seismic dataset.

Questions How does the diversity of native, endemic and alien plant species, as well as the diversity of plant life forms, change during primary succession on lava flows of an oceanic‐volcanic island? How do environmental factors such as moisture and soil properties alter diversity during primary succession? Location La Palma, Canary Islands. Methods We recorded vascular plants and bryophytes in 210 plots on a chronosequence of nine lava flows spanning approx. 6,000years and covering an elevational range of 1,100m. In a subset (n=78 plots) we collected and analyzed soil samples for soil nitrogen and plant‐available phosphorus. We used generalized linear models, variance partitioning and structural equation models (SEMs) to analyze the data. Results Species richness, endemic richness and alien richness increased with time. Natives dominated during early successional stages, whereas endemics and aliens increased with time. At early successional stages, vascular plants and bryophytes had an equal contribution to the species pool, while vascular plants increased up to an 80% contribution at later stages. In the variance partitioning and SEMs, time was the only consistent factor influencing different aspects of diversity during succession (species richness, endemic richness and percent endemism). Only for percent endemism did soil attributes have a substantial impact. Conclusion Primary succession on lava flows on La Palma shows a pattern of increasing overall diversity, endemism and alien richness with time. Time is the only factor consistently explaining diversity and endemism, indicating that environmental influences such as climate and soil properties do not substantially alter them during primary succession. Our study contributes to understanding how different facets of diversity assemble through time by using an understudied, yet important island system, and, for the first time, specifically addresses how endemics contribute to the process of primary succession.

Publisher's version (útgefin grein), Molards have been defined in the past as conical mounds of debris that can form part of a landslide's deposits. We present the first conclusive evidence that molards in permafrost terrains are cones of loose debris that result from thawing of frozen blocks of ice-rich sediments mobilised by a landslide, and hence propose a rigorous definition of this landform in permafrost environments. We show that molards can be used as an indicator of permafrost degradation, and that their morphometry and spatial distribution give valuable insights into landslide dynamics in permafrost environments. We demonstrate that molards are readily recognisable not only in the field, but also in remote sensing data; surveys of historic aerial imagery allow the recognition of relict molards, which can be used as an indicator of current and past permafrost conditions. The triggering of landslides as a result of permafrost degradation will arguably occur more often as global atmospheric temperatures increase, so molards should be added to our armoury for tracking climate change, as well as helping us to understand landslide-related hazards. Finally, we have also identified candidate molards on Mars, so molards can inform about landscape evolution on Earth and other planetary bodies., This work has been funded by a postgraduate studentship grant (NE/L002493/1) from the Central England Natural Environment Research Council Training Alliance (CENTA). This project forms part of and is funded by a British Geological Survey BUFI CASE Studentship (GA/14S/024, Ref: 284). We thank the Natural Environment Research Council Airborne Research Facility (NERC ARF) and their Data Analysis Node (NERC-ARF-DAN) plus the EUropean Facility for Airborne Research (EUFAR) for the air photography and LiDAR data on which this paper relies. Thanks go to NERC Geophysical Equipment Facility (GEF) for the Loans 1048 and 1064 through which differential GPS surveys were possible. We thank the GeoPlanet writing residential scheme for the support in writing this manuscript. C. Jordan publishes with permission of the Executive Director of BGS. S. J. Conway is funded by the French Space Agency, CNES, for her HiRISE related work. We gratefully acknowledge the contribution of Gestur Hansson (Icelandic Meteorological Office) and of our field assistants Francesco Giuntoli, Silvia Crosetto, and Sydney Gunnarson. The authors thank the reviewers Anja Dufresne, Marten Geertsema and Gioachino Roberti for their insightful comments.

Reduced biodiversity and high number of endemics characterize island ecosystems. Island natives and endemics are considered more vulnerable than continental species to exotic species invasions and habitat changes. The effect of replacing a native forest by an exotic wood plantation was studied on the assemblage of native and endemic ant species. The main hypothesis was that endemic and native ant species were more vulnerable to habitat changes than the exotic ant species. Nevertheless, it was found that native ants were more numerous and specious in both native and exotic plantations. Also, high numbers of two endemic ants were detected within exotic plantations, while only one exotic ant Hypoponera opacipeps was relatively abundant, particularly on native forest. In conclusion, exotic ant species did not dominate the communities studied nor the native and endemic ant assemblages seemed to be affected negatively by the forest replacement.

International audience; Biological invasions pose a threat to nearly every ecosystem worldwide.1,2 Although eradication programs can successfully eliminate invasive species and enhance native biodiversity, especially on islands,3 the effects of eradication on cross-ecosystem processes are unknown. On islands where rats were never introduced, seabirds transfer nutrients from pelagic to terrestrial and nearshore marine habitats, which in turn enhance the productivity, biomass, and functioning of recipient ecosystems.4, 5, 6 Here, we test whether rat eradication restores seabird populations, their nutrient subsidies, and some of their associated benefits for ecosystem function to tropical islands and adjacent coral reefs. By comparing islands with different rat invasion histories, we found a clear hierarchy whereby seabird biomass, seabird-driven nitrogen inputs, and the incorporation of seabird-derived nutrients into terrestrial and marine food chains were highest on islands where rats were never introduced, intermediate on islands where rats were eradicated 4–16 years earlier, and lowest on islands with invasive rats still present. Seabird-derived nutrients diminished from land to sea and with increasing distance to rat-eradicated islands, but extended at least 300 m from shore. Although rat eradication enhanced seabird-derived nutrients in soil, leaves, marine algae, and herbivorous reef fish, reef fish growth was similar around rat-eradicated and rat-infested islands. Given that the loss of nutrient subsidies is of global concern,7 that removal of invasive species restores previously lost nutrient pathways over relatively short timescales is promising. However, the full return of cross-ecosystem nutrient subsidies and all of their associated demographic benefits may take multiple decades.

Bathymetric features such as islands and seamounts, as well as dynamic ocean features such as fronts often harbour rich marine communities. We deployed mid-water baited remote underwater video systems on three expeditions in Ascension Island’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), surveying the waters associated with six different bathymetric and dynamic ocean features: Ascension Island, two shallow seamounts (summits ≤ 101 m), one deeper seamount (summit > 250 m), apparent fronts, and haphazardly sampled open ocean areas. At Ascension Island, the pelagic assemblage consisted of a moderate proportion of predators and a diverse range of other taxa, including turtles, dolphins, and large non-piscivores. At the two shallow seamounts, sharks, tunas, billfish, and other large pelagic predators formed the vast majority of the assemblage, contributing > 99.9% of biomass and > 86% of abundance. At the deeper seamount, the pelagic community was comparatively depauperate, however the functional composition of its assemblage indicated some similarities to the shallow seamounts. Apparent fronts did not significantly differ from random offshore sites for metrics such as total abundance and taxonomic richness. However, they harboured assemblages with more abundant sharks, tunas, and large piscivores than random ocean open locations and these differences may be driven by certain front-associated species. Our results illustrate that pelagic assemblages vary markedly among different physical and oceanographic features and that seamounts appear particularly important for pelagic predators. The diversity and abundance of the assemblage, as well as the threatened status of many of the species observed, serve to highlight the conservation value of the Ascension Island EEZ. Our results also provide important baseline information of pelagic wildlife assemblages against which the performance of the recently implemented Ascension Island Marine Protected Area can be evaluated.

Berlengas archipelago is a UNESCO world heritage site and the only location where Armeria berlengensis is found. This species faces various threats, namely, human disturbance, the presence of Carpobrotus edulis, yellow-legged gull, common-rabbit, and black-rat populations. Thus, exclusion areas were installed, which blocked the access of most Gulls, aiming to promote the recovery of A. berlengensis. Additionally, rabbits and rats were removed from the island. After six years of surveys, there has been an increase in the number of individuals of A. berlengensis in the exclusion areas, and a clear shift in the size structure of the A. berlengensis population. Significant changes in the height and diameter of the individuals were also noted. These findings indicate that the population of A. berlengensis is changing and becoming a healthier population. Principal component analysis results show a straightforward dissimilarity between the areas with A. berlengensis and those without the species and allowed the clustering of two groups: the rupicolous species and the nitrophilous species. A. berlengensis produces few seeds (seed set 3.4%), which raises concern regarding the long-term survival of the species. Thus, further conservation efforts must be implemented, such as the control of invasive species, gulls, and ruderals, to allow for the recovery of A. berlengensis.

Until recently, the reptile fauna of Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean comprised five endemic species (two skinks, two geckos, and one snake) and one native, non‐endemic skink. Four of these species were common and widespread until at least 1979, but by 2012 had disappeared from the wild. During the years of decline, little research was undertaken to examine why the species were disappearing. Here, we use a retrospective expert elicitation to rank potential factors that contributed to the loss of Christmas Island's reptiles and to assess the likelihood of re‐establishing populations of two species now listed as Extinct in the Wild. We additionally considered why one endemic lizard, the Christmas Island giant gecko (Cyrtodactylus sadleiri), and three introduced lizards remain common. Experts considered that the introduced common wolf snake (Lycodon capucinus) was the most likely cause of decline, as its temporal and spatial spread across the island closely matched patterns of lizard disappearances. An Asian co‐occurrence in recent evolutionary timeframes of the common wolf snake with the Christmas Island giant gecko and three introduced reptiles was the most marked point of difference between the extant and lost lizard species. The demise in less than 20 years of 80% of Christmas Island's native lizard assemblage highlights the vulnerability of island fauna to invading species.

In the last decades, the colonization of Mediterranean Europe and of other temperate regions by Aedes albopictus created an unprecedented nuisance problem in highly infested areas and new public health threats due to the vector competence of the species. The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) and the Incompatible Insect Technique (IIT) are insecticide-free mosquito-control methods, relying on mass release of irradiated/manipulated males, able to complement existing and only partially effective control tools. The validation of these approaches in the field requires appropriate experimental settings, possibly isolated to avoid mosquito immigration from other infested areas, and preliminary ecological and entomological data. We carried out a 4-year study in the island of Procida (Gulf of Naples, Italy) in strict collaboration with local administrators and citizens to estimate the temporal dynamics, spatial distribution, and population size of Ae. albopictus and the dispersal and survival of irradiated males. We applied ovitrap monitoring, geo-spatial analyses, mark-release-recapture technique, and a citizen-science approach. Results allow to predict the seasonal (from April to October, with peaks of 928–9,757 males/ha) and spatial distribution of the species, highlighting the capacity of Ae. albopictus population of Procida to colonize and maintain high frequencies in urban as well as in sylvatic inhabited environments. Irradiated males shown limited ability to disperse (mean daily distance travelled, Author summary Mosquitoes represent a nuisance as well as public health risk due to their ability to transmit pathogens to humans. The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is an invasive species nowadays established in all Mediterranean countries, reaching highest abundance in Italy. Innovative control approaches have been proposed to complement conventional ones and to increase the success of the fight against this aggressive day-biting species, but still need to be validated in the field. Small islands are ideal places for these validation experiments as they are naturally protected by the spill over of mosquitoes from neighbouring untreated areas. The island of Procida, in the gulf of Naples (Italy), has the right ecological characteristics (e.g., homogeneous landscape and high densities of human and Ae. albopictus populations) to represent an ideal experimental site. In collaboration with the Municipality and the residents we obtained relevant data on the mosquito distribution and seasonality on the island and performed preliminary experiments, creating an instrumental baseline information which will facilitate the effective testing of novel control schemes.

An aggregation of sandbar sharks Carcharhinus plumbeus occurs every summer around the remote uninhabited islet of Lampione (Pelagie Islands Marine Protected Area, south-western Mediterranean Sea), attracting an increasing number of tourists for a shark watching experience. Despite the ecological and socio-economic importance of this rare occurrence in Mediterranean waters, there is a lack of scientific data and lack of information as to the potential impact of tourist activities on the presence and behaviour of this shark species. Using baited underwater videos, this study provides the first assessment of this shark aggregation, as well as a preliminary evaluation of the potential effects that boating and diving activities may have on sandbar sharks during two different periods within the tourism season (July and September 2019). Overall, 241 sandbar shark sightings (with up to five individuals together) were recorded in July, whereas there were only six sightings in September. The average MaxN was 1.18 hr−1 (±0.21 hr−1 SE) and 0.22 hr−1 (±0.10 hr−1 SE) individuals in July and September respectively. Higher frequentation levels of divers and boats significantly reduced the number of shark sightings at the aggregation site. This study emphasizes the need for further investigations on Mediterranean shark aggregations and the implementation of specific conservation measures, such as an increase of protection level in Lampione and better enforcement, aside from strategies that promote sustainable tourism, including restrictions on the number of boats and divers’ visits per day. In the meantime, a precautionary approach aimed at regulating the interactions between tourists and sharks should be implemented through the application of a self-regulatory code of conduct for divers when sharks aggregate around the island.

The paper introduces a special issue dedicated to cross-disciplinary research on insular condition and insularity. Situated at the crossroads of legal and geographical studies, it explores the intriguing topic of “Island-ness” by placing emphasis on how physical, legal, and imaginative remoteness articulates a variety of geographical connections. These reflect several issues, such as territorial (and maritime) localisation, insular ontology, colonial and post-colonial imaginaries. The special issue delivers both a synthetic view of these questions and opens up further perspectives for reflection. The papers examine how geographical connections trigger different legal, as well as constitutional, frameworks suitable for geographically distant islands, which, evidently, depend on how remote these islands actually are. The contributions survey various topics and adopt different approaches in order to ascertain how geographical connections and remoteness intertwine. Beyond this richness of inputs, the essays reveal some common features of islands and remoteness as objects of geographical and legal representation. Besides organising society, the law arranges geographical connections so as to act as a bridge linking the reality of remoteness to an imagined alternative able of securing the governance of the above-mentioned remote societal contexts.

A compact urban form has shown many benefits in efficiency. Yet multiple studies have found that residents of urban, dense, and centrally located areas travel more frequently than those living in suburbs, small towns, or the countryside. As air travel is already causing more emissions than ground transport in many affluent urban locations and is predicted to increase, this pattern could undermine efforts in climate change mitigation. Explanations of these patterns and motivations for long-distance travel connected to the built environment have been examined quantitatively before, but with inconclusive answers. We studied this topic qualitatively in Reykjavik, Iceland, offering an in-depth perspective through semi-structured interviews. Results showed various links between the urban environment and long-distance travel. Some indications of compensatory travel behavior emerged, particularly connected to a lack of quality green areas, hectic urban life, and commuting stress. Compensatory trips were typically domestic. Furthermore, residential preferences seemed connected to leisure travel preferences—living in green neighborhoods was connected to more domestic travel to nature. The results show there are more factors for ‘escape’ trips than urban density and lack of green spaces. Examples of car-free lifestyles hindering domestic leisure travel were also found. Our study shows how a qualitative approach offers nuanced insight into the travel motivations of urbanites. Considering our results and travel motivation literature, the compensation hypothesis appears to be an overly narrow theoretical framing. Our study supports the conclusion that planning policies should aim at reducing car-dependence. Further research is needed for specific policy recommendations.

Background: Testate amoebae are a polyphyletic group of protists living preferentially in soils, freshwaters and wetlands. These Protozoa have a worldwide distribution, but their presence and diversity in the Azores (a remote oceanic archipelago) is poorly known, with only twelve taxa recorded so far. The published information reflects occasional collections from sporadic field visits from naturalists to São Miguel Island, mainly in the nineteenth century. To overcome this limitation, a standardised survey was carried out on the Island, sampling different types of habitats from several localities to provide the distribution and information on species ecology of testate amoebae. New information: In this study, 43 species of testate amoebae were recorded (within a total of 499 occurrences), belonging to two orders of Protista (26 Arcellinida and 17 Euglyphida). The most frequently occurring testate amoebae were Euglypha strigosa, Trinema lineare, Euglypha rotunda, Assulina muscorum and Cyclopyxis eurystoma. The most diverse genus was Euglypha (six species). A total of 38 species are new records for the Azores Archipelago. These data help to improve knowledge of the geographical distribution of testate amoebae in the northern hemisphere and their diversity in the Azores Archipelago This work was funded by FCT – Foundation for Science and Technology, the European Union, QREN, FEDER, COMPETE programmes (PMR - DL57/2016/ICETA/EEC2018/25; MSS - ICETA/EEC2018/25; DiscoverAzores Project - PTDC/CTA-AMB/28511/2017; UID/BIA/50027/2020 and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006821), AZORESBIOPORTAL – PORBIOTA (ACORES-01-0145-FEDER-000072) and Consolidation and Structuring Project 2018 GRC-ED431C 2018/32 of Xunta de Galicia government SI

Islands have traditionally served as model systems to study ecological and evolutionary processes (Warren et al. 2015) and could also represent a relevant system to study environmental DNA (eDNA). Isolated island reefs that are affected by climatic threats would particularly benefit from cost- and time-efficient biodiversity surveys to set priorities for their conservation. Among time efficiency methods, eDNA has emerged as a novel molecular metabarcoding technique to detect biodiversity from simple environmental samples even in remote marine environments. However, eDNA monitoring techniques for marine environments are at a developmental phase, with a few remaining unknowns related to DNA residence time and movement. In particular, the redistribution of eDNA, via ocean currents, could blur the composition signal and its association with local environmental conditions (Goldberg et al. 2016). Here, we investigated the detection variation of eDNA along a distance gradient across four islands in the French Scattered Islands. We collected 30 L of surface water per filter at an increasing distance from the islands reefs (0m, 250m, 500m, 750m). Using a metabarcoding protocol, we used the teleo primers to target a fraction of 12S mitochondrial DNA to detect Actinopterygii and Elasmobranchii. We then applied a sequence clustering approach to generate Molecular Taxonomic Units (MOTUs), which were assigned to a taxonomic group using a reference database. By assigning eDNA sequences to species using a public reference database, we classified species according to their preferred habitat types between benthic/demersal and pelagic. Our results show no significant relationship between distance and MOTUs richness for both habitat types. By using a Joint Species Distribution Modelling approach (JSDM, Hierarchical Modelling of Species Communities), we retained the multidimensional information captured by eDNA and detect species- and family-specific responses to distance (Fig. 1). We showed that benthic MOTUs were found in closer proximity to the reef, while typical pelagic MOTUs were found at greater distances from the reef. Hence, MOTU-level analyses coupled with JSDM were more informative that when aggregating it into coarser richness. Altogether, our eDNA distance sampling gradient detected an ecological signal of habitat selection by fish species, which suggest that eDNA could help understand the behavior of species and their distribution in marine environments at a fine spatial scale.

Aim: Ecoinformatics offer new opportunity to test islands as biogeographic and eco- logical models. In this paper we predicted three hypotheses: (1) plot-based data issu- ing from vegetation surveys can be used to predict Island Species-Area Relationships (ISARs) or island similarity; (2) the habitat area is an independent predictor of species richness patterns within island; (3) species richness and composition are more de- pendent on habitat type than island identity in land-bridge islands. Area: Tuscan Archipelago, Italy. Methods: We assembled a database of all the vegetation plots available for the archi- pelago. For the first hypothesis we calculated ISARs, using Arrhenius model, and Beta Diversity, using Jaccard dissimilarity, on both published floras and cumulative plot data. For the second hypothesis, we modelled Habitat Species-Area Relationships (HSARs), using Arrhenius model. For the third hypothesis, we used additive partition- ing of species richness, NMDS and PERMANOVA. Results: Island Species-Area Relationships based on plot data mirrored those on pub- lished floras, but absolute values of c and z parameters were different. Beta diversity based on plot data resembled those of published floras, but was higher. Species rich- ness was significantly related to the habitat area. The total species richness of the archipelago was linked to large scale drivers, such as island identity, while plot species composition was driven by both habitat type and island identity. Conclusions: Data assembled issuing from vegetation surveys are useful to describe biogeographic patterns. Species richness in the archipelago is driven by spatial fac- tors such as the amount of habitats and the differences among islands, while the spe- cies composition of local assemblages is largely driven by habitat filters rather than by island identity, as expected in land-bridge islands.

Understanding patterns of colonisation is important for explaining both the distribution of single species and anticipating how ecosystems may respond to global warming. Insular flora may be especially vulnerable because oceans represent severe dispersal barriers. Here we analyse two lake sediment cores from Iceland for ancient sedimentary DNA to infer patterns of colonisation and Holocene vegetation development. Our cores from lakes Torfdalsvatn and Nykurvatn span the last c. 12,000 cal yr BP and c. 8600 cal yr BP, respectively. With near-centennial resolution, we identified a total of 191 plant taxa, with 152 taxa identified in the sedimentary record of Torfdalsvatn and 172 plant taxa in the sedimentary record of Nykurvatn. The terrestrial vegetation at Torfdalsvatn was initially dominated by bryophytes, arctic herbs such as Saxifraga spp. and grasses. Around 10,100 cal yr BP, a massive immigration of new taxa was observed, and shrubs and dwarf shrubs became common whereas aquatic macrophytes became dominant. At Nykurvatn, the dominant taxa were all present in the earliest samples; shrubs and dwarf shrubs were more abundant at this site than at Torfdalsvatn. There was an overall steep increase both in the local accumulated richness and regional species pool until 8000 cal yr BP, by which time ¾ of all taxa identified had arrived. The period 4500-1000 cal yr BP witnessed the appearance of a a small number of bryophytes, graminoids and forbs that were not recorded in earlier samples. The last millennium, after human settlement of the island (Landnám), is characterised by a sudden disappearance of Juniperus communis, but also reappearance of some high arctic forbs and dwarf shrubs. Notable immigration during the Holocene coincides with periods of increased incidence of sea ice, and we hypothesise that this may have acted as a dispersal vector. Thus, although ongoing climate change might provide a suitable habitat in Iceland for a large range of species only found in the neighbouring regions today, the reduction of sea ice may in fact limit the natural colonisation of new plant species.

Evidence for chronological change in intra-site subsistence strategies is very rare in the Amerindian record of the Lesser Antilles. The study of the vertebrate assemblage from the archeological site of Roseau in the Guadeloupe Islands underlines the complexity and variability of Ceramic Age Amerindian subsistence behavior. This study establishes a more precise chronology of the previously identified strata of the site, and demonstrates that the Contact period was only represented by rare archeological artifacts dispersed in the stratigraphy. The results from this assemblage indicate that the earlier occupations of the site exhibit a more intensive exploitation of aquatic vertebrate resources compared to later occupations, which have a larger focus on terrestrial fauna, especially rodents and iguanas. This unusual pattern highlights how subsistence behaviors in the Lesser Antilles during the Late and Final Ceramic periods were highly variable. This new evidence of strong inter-site variability shows that the behaviors of Amerindians are not only dependent of large-scale environmental conditions but also influenced by more complex socio-cultural and local environmental parameters. Introduction The site of Roseau Materials and methods - 14C dating and calibration - Archeological material recovery - Ceramic analysis - Zooarchaeological analysis - Paleoproteomic analysis Results - Ceramic analysis - Revaluation of the stratigraphy and dating of the site - Zooarchaeological analysis -- Fish remains -- Reptile remains -- Bird remains -- Mammal remains -- Paleoproteomic analysis -- General zooarchaeological remarks Discussion - The Roseau zooarchaeological assemblage in the regional context - Evolution of fishing techniques - Evolution of vertebrate exploitation strategies Conclusion

Salmonella infection can pose serious health issues, especially to children, elders or immunosuppressed humans. Wild populations of reptiles can reach Salmonella prevalence of up to 100% and the direct or indirect transmission from reptiles to humans have been extensively reported. Fernando de Noronha (FN) is an inhabited oceanic archipelago in the northeast coast of Brazil, with an economy based on tourism. The tegu (Salvator merianae) is the largest lizard native to South America and was introduced to the archipelago in the early 20th century. This study determines the prevalence, serotypes, antimicrobial resistance, and molecular epidemiology of Salmonella enterica in the tegu population from FN archipelago. Results show that S. enterica is widely distributed in the FN tegu population, with 43.8% prevalence. The bacteria were isolated from 70.5% of the sampled sites and a total of 15 serotypes were detected in 98 S. enterica isolates. Strains were further classified into 31 genotypes. Recaptured animals presented distinct genotypes in each season, demonstrating a seasonal strain turnover. Most S. enterica isolates from FN tegus presented low antimicrobial resistance. This is possibly due to geographical isolation of the island population, hampering contact with strains from livestock from the continent, where antimicrobial resistance is common.

Pollinators with different vision are a key driver of flower coloration. Islands provide important insights into evolutionary processes, and previous work suggests islands may have restricted flower colors. Due to both species richness with high endemism in tropical–subtropical environments, and potentially changing pollinator distributions with altitude, we evaluated flower color diversity across the mountainous island of Taiwan in a comparative framework to understand the cause of color diversity. We sampled flower color signaling on the tropical–subtropical island of Taiwan considering altitudes from sea level to 3300 m to inform how over-dispersion, random processes or clustering may influence flower signaling. We employed a model of bee color space to plot loci from 727 species to enable direct comparisons to data sets from continental studies representing Northern and Southern Hemispheres, and also a continental mountain region. We observed that flower color diversity was similar to flowers that exist in mainland continental studies, and also showed evidence that flowers predominantly had evolved color signals that closely matched bee color preferences. At high altitudes floras tend to be phylogenetically clustered rather than over-dispersed, and their floral colors exhibited weak phylogenetic signal which is consistent with character displacement that facilitated the co-existence of related species. Overall flower color signaling on a tropical–subtropical island is mainly influenced by color preferences of key bee pollinators, a pattern consistent with continental studies.

Megachile sculpturalis (Smith, 1853) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) is an invasive solitary bee that is rapidly spreading all over Europe. The present study aims to update the distribution of this species in Italy. The research led to the collection of 177 records, obtained through bibliographic research and data-mining from websites, blogs and social networks. We here present the first record of M. sculpturalis on a Mediterranean island and discuss its possible effect on the native ecosystem. Given the particular discovery of M. sculpturalis on Elba Island (Tuscany), we suggest possible monitoring, containment and possible eradication measures of the species.

Within the cross-disciplinary research on “Law, Changes and Technology,” this essay introduces the focus on “Islands and insularity: between law, geography, and fiction.” The intriguing and enthralling topic of “Island-ness” places emphasis on the manifold intersections between law, geographic studies, political power, and the humanities. These intersections reflect several issues, such as territorial localisation, environmental crises, colonial imaginaries, as well as the insular societal contexts in which they are imbricated. The focus delivers both a synthetic view of these questions and opens up further perspectives for reflection. The contributions engage various topics and adopt different approaches. Beyond this richness of inputs, the essays reveal some common characteristics of islands and insularity as objects and subjects of human imagination, social organisation, and scientific reflection. In particular, two main issues of islands and insularity can be identified, i.e. dialectics and metaphor.

Genetic structuring of wild populations is dependent on environmental, ecological, and life‐history factors. The specific role environmental context plays in genetic structuring is important to conservation practitioners working with rare species across areas with varying degrees of fragmentation. We investigated fine‐scale genetic patterns of the federally threatened Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake (Sistrurus catenatus) on a relatively undisturbed island in northern Michigan, USA. This species often persists in habitat islands throughout much of its distribution due to extensive habitat loss and distance‐limited dispersal. We found that the entire island population exhibited weak genetic structuring with spatially segregated variation in effective migration and genetic diversity. The low level of genetic structuring contrasts with previous studies in the southern part of the species’ range at comparable fine scales (~7 km), in which much higher levels of structuring were documented. The island population's genetic structuring more closely resembles that of populations from Ontario, Canada, that occupy similarly intact habitats. Intrapopulation variation in effective migration and genetic diversity likely corresponds to the presence of large inland lakes acting as barriers and more human activity in the southern portion of the island. The observed genetic structuring in this intact landscape suggests that the Eastern Massasauga is capable of sufficient interpatch movements to reduce overall genetic structuring and colonize new habitats. Landscape mosaics with multiple habitat patches and localized barriers (e.g., large water bodies or roads) will promote gene flow and natural colonization for this declining species., We investigated fine‐scale genetic patterns of the federally threatened Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake (Sistrurus catenatus) on a relatively undisturbed island in northern Michigan, USA. We detected an isolation‐by‐distance pattern and weak genetic structuring with spatially segregated variation in effective migration and genetic diversity. The lack of strong genetic structuring in this intact landscape suggests that the Eastern Massasauga is capable of sufficient interpatch movements to colonize new habitats and maintain gene flow at this scale. ​

Aim: Antarctica's remote and extreme terrestrial environments are inhabited by only two species of native vascular plants. We assessed genetic connectivity amongst Antarctic and South American populations of one of these species, Colobanthus quitensis, to determine its origin and age in Antarctica. Location: Maritime Antarctic, sub-Antarctic islands, South America. Taxon: Antarctic pearlwort Colobanthus quitensis (Caryophyllaceae). Methods: Four chloroplast markers and one nuclear marker were sequenced from 270 samples from a latitudinal transect spanning 21–68° S. Phylogeographic, population genetic and molecular dating analyses were used to assess the demographic history of C. quitensis and the age of the species in Antarctica. Results: Maritime Antarctic populations consisted of two different haplotype clusters, occupying the northern and southern Maritime Antarctic. Molecular dating analyses suggested C. quitensis to be a young (

The Western North-Pacific (WNP) gray whale feeding grounds are off the northeastern coast of Sakhalin Island, Russia and is comprised of a nearshore and offshore component that can be distinguished by both depth and location. Spatial movements of gray whales within their foraging grounds were examined based on 13 years of opportunistic vessel and shore-based photo-identification surveys. Site fidelity was assessed by examining annual return and resighting rates. Lagged Identification Rates (LIR) analyses were conducted to estimate the residency and transitional movement patterns within the two components of their feeding grounds. In total 243 individuals were identified from 2002-2014, among these were 94 calves. The annual return rate over the period 2002-2014 was 72%, excluding 35 calves only seen one year. Approximately 20% of the individuals identified from 2002-2010 were seen every year after their initial sighting (including eight individuals that returned for 13 consecutive years). The majority (239) of the WNP whales were observed in the nearshore area while only half (122) were found in the deeper offshore area. Within a foraging season, there was a significantly higher probability of gray whales moving from the nearshore to the offshore area. No mother-calf pairs, calves or yearlings were observed in the offshore area, which was increasingly used by mature animals. The annual return rates, and population growth rates that are primarily a result of calf production with little evidence of immigration, suggest that this population is demographically self-contained and that both the nearshore and offshore Sakhalin feeding grounds are critically important areas for their summer annual foraging activities. The nearshore habitat is also important for mother-calf pairs, younger individuals, and recently weaned calves. Nearshore feeding could also be energetically less costly compared to foraging in the deeper offshore habitat and provide more protection from predators, such as killer whales.

Publisher's version (útgefin grein), Overtourism has emerged as a common concept to describe the perceived negative impacts that large numbers of tourists can have on destinations. Iceland is one of the destinations which has been most associated with the concept of overtourism. Tourism in Iceland grew rapidly from 2010 to 2019, much higher than in most other countries, with Iceland reaching a ranking as high as thirteenth on a list of countries with the highest ratio of tourists per inhabitant. The increase in visitors to the country has had various impacts on Iceland’s economy, society and environment. This paper provides an overview of the different ways in which overtourism has revealed itself at a national level in Iceland. The implications of supposed overtourism are shown to be complex, with management responses limited by their relative focus., This research received no external funding.

In this study, we performed model simulations to investigate the spatial, seasonal, and annual dew yield during 40 years (1979&ndash, 2018) at ten locations reflecting the variation of climate and environmental conditions in Jordan. In accordance with the climate zones in Jordan, the dew formation had distinguished characteristics features with respect to the yield, seasonal variation, and spatial variation. The highest water dew yield (an overall annual mean cumulative dew yield as high as 88 mm) was obtained for the Mountains Heights Plateau, which has a Mediterranean climate. The least dew yield (as low as 19 mm) was obtained in Badia, which has an arid climate. The dew yield had a decreasing trend in the past 40 years due to climate change impacts such as increased desertification and the potential of sand and dust storms in the region. In addition, increased anthropogenic air pollution slows down the conversion of vapor to liquid phase change, which also impacts the potential of dew formation. The dew yield showed three distinguished seasonal patterns reflecting the three climates in Jordan. The Mountains Heights Plateau (Mediterranean climate) has the highest potential for dew harvesting (especially during the summer) than Badia (semi-arid climate).

The paper analyzes again the unique Greek inscription – the votive poem honouring Achillesgod and his island founded in 1987 on the Berezan.The purpose of the studyis to analyze the reading options of the famous Berezan hymn to the island and Achilles and establish which of them most closely matches the idea of the ancient poet and the current state of the work he created.Scientific novelty. For the first time, a comprehensive study of all the versions of the Berezan votive reconstruction proposed in world science is undertaken.The research methodologyis based on the principle of scientific objectivity and the generally accepted methods, and the technique of historical and epigraphic discipline.Conclusions. The criteria for the restoration of this epigraphic document have been determined. The boundaries of the permissible in its reconstruction have been established. The meaning, structure and condition of the inscription correspond to the version published by the author in 1990 the most closely: [Κυκλο]τερὲς κτεάτισμα θεῶν| [Ἀχιλῆο]ς ὄχημα, νῆσσε περικλυ|[τή. ἥ], κύμασι γηθομένη, σὸν πέ|[ρι εἴ]ληχεν Θέτιδος γόνος αἷμα|[ἔνερ]θε Αἰακίδης Ἀχιλλεὺς ἀθα|[νατοῖ]σιν ἵσος. Ἀλλ’ Ἀχιλλεῦ δέ|[ξ’ εὔθυ]σίην καὶ εἵλλαος ἴσθι ἡμετέ|ρ[αν ὁσιὴ]ν μοῦσαν ἀπὸ γραφίδος. “Oh, carved around the gods’ property, Achilles’ chariot, glorious, wave-rejoiced island. You, who before all received your blood as an inheritance, the child of Thetis, equal to the immortals below (= in hell) Achilles Eakid. You, O Achilles, receive a good sacrifice and, merciful, acknowledge (= accept) our (outgoing) pious muse”.

Reflexões sobre ensino da aquicultura no arquipélago do Marajó, Amazônia Oriental A aquicultura é uma atividade agropecuária em crescimento no arquipélago do Marajó, Estado do Pará, Brasil. Assim, é importante discuti à criação de organismos aquáticos em cursos técnicos da área de ciências agrárias. Diante disso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo entender os estudantes em agropecuária quanto a área da aquicultura, por meio da aplicação da análise diagnóstica. A metodologia consistiu em uma pesquisa de campo, qualitativa e explicativa. O estudo foi desenvolvido com 50 alunos do primeiro ano do ensino médio do curso técnico em Agropecuária do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará (IFPA), Campus Breves. Em conclusão, os estudantes declaram achar importante o assunto da aquicultura como disciplina dentro do curso técnico, apesar de, também demonstrarem pouca afinidade com a área; os que demonstraram afinidade apresentam o interesse pela criação de peixes. A falta de conhecimento sobre empreendimentos de aquicultura no Marajó pode ser um dos fatores responsáveis pelo desinteresse dos estudantes pela área, isso porque, na região, a cultura da atividade de pesca tem sido ainda bem mais forte para geração de pescado no arquipélago do Marajó. Palavras-chave: Educação do Campo, Organismos Aquáticos, Ilha, Amazônia. Reflections on teaching aquaculture in the Marajó archipelago, Eastern Amazon ABSTRACT. Aquaculture is a growing agricultural activity in the Marajó Archipelago, State of Pará, Brazil. Thus, it is important to discuss the creation of aquatic organisms in technical courses in the field of agrarian sciences. Given this, the present study aimed to understand the students’ reflections in agriculture regarding the area of aquaculture, through the application of diagnostic analysis. The methodology consisted of a qualitative and explanatory field research. The study was developed with 50 students of the first year of high school of the technical course in Agriculture of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Pará (IFPA), Campus Breves. In conclusion, the students declared that they found the subject of aquaculture important as a discipline within the technical course, although they interested in fish farming. The lack of knowledge about aquaculture ventures in Marajó may be one of also demonstrate little affinity with the area; those who have shown affinity are the factors responsible for the students' lack of interest in the area, because in the region the culture of fishing activity has been even stronger for fish generation in the Marajó archipelago. Keywords: Rural education, Aquatic Organisms, Island, Amazon. Reflexiones sobre la enseñanza de la acuicultura en el archipiélago de Marajó, Amazonía oriental RESUMEN. La acuicultura es una actividad agrícola en crecimiento en el archipiélago de Marajó, Estado de Pará, Brasil. Por lo tanto, es importante discutir la creación de organismos acuáticos en cursos técnicos en el campo de las ciencias agrícolas. En vista de esto, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender a los estudiantes de agricultura en el área de la acuicultura, mediante la aplicación de análisis de diagnóstico. La metodología consistió en una investigación de campo cualitativa y explicativa. El estudio fue desarrollado con 50 estudiantes del primer año de secundaria del curso técnico en Agricultura del Instituto Federal de Educación, Ciencia y Tecnología de Pará (IFPA), Campus Breves. En conclusión, los estudiantes declaran que consideran el tema de la acuicultura como una disciplina dentro del curso técnico, aunque también demuestran poca afinidad con el área; aquellos que han demostrado afinidad están interesados en la piscicultura. La falta de conocimiento sobre las empresas de acuicultura en Marajó puede ser uno de los factores responsables de la falta de interés de los estudiantes en el área, porque, en la región, la cultura de la actividad pesquera ha sido aún más fuerte para generar peces en el archipiélago de Marajó. Palavras clave: Educación del campo, Organismos Acuáticos, Isla, Amazonas. Reflexões sobre ensino da aquicultura no arquipélago do Marajó, Amazônia Oriental A aquicultura é uma atividade agropecuária em crescimento no arquipélago do Marajó, Estado do Pará, Brasil. Assim, é importante discuti à criação de organismos aquáticos em cursos técnicos da área de ciências agrárias. Diante disso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo entender os estudantes em agropecuária quanto a área da aquicultura, por meio da aplicação da análise diagnóstica. A metodologia consistiu em uma pesquisa de campo, qualitativa e explicativa. O estudo foi desenvolvido com 50 alunos do primeiro ano do ensino médio do curso técnico em Agropecuária do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará (IFPA), Campus Breves. Em conclusão, os estudantes declaram achar importante o assunto da aquicultura como disciplina dentro do curso técnico, apesar de, também demonstrarem pouca afinidade com a área; os que demonstraram afinidade apresentam o interesse pela criação de peixes. A falta de conhecimento sobre empreendimentos de aquicultura no Marajó pode ser um dos fatores responsáveis pelo desinteresse dos estudantes pela área, isso porque, na região, a cultura da atividade de pesca tem sido ainda bem mais forte para geração de pescado no arquipélago do Marajó. Palavras-chave: Educação do Campo, Organismos Aquáticos, Ilha, Amazônia. Reflections on teaching aquaculture in the Marajó archipelago, Eastern Amazon ABSTRACT. Aquaculture is a growing agricultural activity in the Marajó Archipelago, State of Pará, Brazil. Thus, it is important to discuss the creation of aquatic organisms in technical courses in the field of agrarian sciences. Given this, the present study aimed to understand the students’ reflections in agriculture regarding the area of aquaculture, through the application of diagnostic analysis. The methodology consisted of a qualitative and explanatory field research. The study was developed with 50 students of the first year of high school of the technical course in Agriculture of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Pará (IFPA), Campus Breves. In conclusion, the students declared that they found the subject of aquaculture important as a discipline within the technical course, although they interested in fish farming. The lack of knowledge about aquaculture ventures in Marajó may be one of also demonstrate little affinity with the area; those who have shown affinity are the factors responsible for the students' lack of interest in the area, because in the region the culture of fishing activity has been even stronger for fish generation in the Marajó archipelago. Keywords: Rural education, Aquatic Organisms, Island, Amazon. Reflexiones sobre la enseñanza de la acuicultura en el archipiélago de Marajó, Amazonía oriental RESUMEN. La acuicultura es una actividad agrícola en crecimiento en el archipiélago de Marajó, Estado de Pará, Brasil. Por lo tanto, es importante discutir la creación de organismos acuáticos en cursos técnicos en el campo de las ciencias agrícolas. En vista de esto, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender a los estudiantes de agricultura en el área de la acuicultura, mediante la aplicación de análisis de diagnóstico. La metodología consistió en una investigación de campo cualitativa y explicativa. El estudio fue desarrollado con 50 estudiantes del primer año de secundaria del curso técnico en Agricultura del Instituto Federal de Educación, Ciencia y Tecnología de Pará (IFPA), Campus Breves. En conclusión, los estudiantes declaran que consideran el tema de la acuicultura como una disciplina dentro del curso técnico, aunque también demuestran poca afinidad con el área; aquellos que han demostrado afinidad están interesados en la piscicultura. La falta de conocimiento sobre las empresas de acuicultura en Marajó puede ser uno de los factores responsables de la falta de interés de los estudiantes en el área, porque, en la región, la cultura de la actividad pesquera ha sido aún más fuerte para generar peces en el archipiélago de Marajó. Palavras clave: Educación del campo, Organismos Acuáticos, Isla, Amazonas. Reflexões sobre ensino da aquicultura no arquipélago do Marajó, Amazônia Oriental A aquicultura é uma atividade agropecuária em crescimento no arquipélago do Marajó, Estado do Pará, Brasil. Assim, é importante discuti à criação de organismos aquáticos em cursos técnicos da área de ciências agrárias. Diante disso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo entender os estudantes em agropecuária quanto a área da aquicultura, por meio da aplicação da análise diagnóstica. A metodologia consistiu em uma pesquisa de campo, qualitativa e explicativa. O estudo foi desenvolvido com 50 alunos do primeiro ano do ensino médio do curso técnico em Agropecuária do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará (IFPA), Campus Breves. Em conclusão, os estudantes declaram achar importante o assunto da aquicultura como disciplina dentro do curso técnico, apesar de, também demonstrarem pouca afinidade com a área; os que demonstraram afinidade apresentam o interesse pela criação de peixes. A falta de conhecimento sobre empreendimentos de aquicultura no Marajó pode ser um dos fatores responsáveis pelo desinteresse dos estudantes pela área, isso porque, na região, a cultura da atividade de pesca tem sido ainda bem mais forte para geração de pescado no arquipélago do Marajó. Palavras-chave: Educação do Campo, Organismos Aquáticos, Ilha, Amazônia. Reflections on teaching aquaculture in the Marajó archipelago, Eastern Amazon ABSTRACT. Aquaculture is a growing agricultural activity in the Marajó Archipelago, State of Pará, Brazil. Thus, it is important to discuss the creation of aquatic organisms in technical courses in the field of agrarian sciences. Given this, the present study aimed to understand the students’ reflections in agriculture regarding the area of aquaculture, through the application of diagnostic analysis. The methodology consisted of a qualitative and explanatory field research. The study was developed with 50 students of the first year of high school of the technical course in Agriculture of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Pará (IFPA), Campus Breves. In conclusion, the students declared that they found the subject of aquaculture important as a discipline within the technical course, although they interested in fish farming. The lack of knowledge about aquaculture ventures in Marajó may be one of also demonstrate little affinity with the area; those who have shown affinity are the factors responsible for the students' lack of interest in the area, because in the region the culture of fishing activity has been even stronger for fish generation in the Marajó archipelago. Keywords: Rural education, Aquatic Organisms, Island, Amazon. Reflexiones sobre la enseñanza de la acuicultura en el archipiélago de Marajó, Amazonía oriental RESUMEN. La acuicultura es una actividad agrícola en crecimiento en el archipiélago de Marajó, Estado de Pará, Brasil. Por lo tanto, es importante discutir la creación de organismos acuáticos en cursos técnicos en el campo de las ciencias agrícolas. En vista de esto, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender a los estudiantes de agricultura en el área de la acuicultura, mediante la aplicación de análisis de diagnóstico. La metodología consistió en una investigación de campo cualitativa y explicativa. El estudio fue desarrollado con 50 estudiantes del primer año de secundaria del curso técnico en Agricultura del Instituto Federal de Educación, Ciencia y Tecnología de Pará (IFPA), Campus Breves. En conclusión, los estudiantes declaran que consideran el tema de la acuicultura como una disciplina dentro del curso técnico, aunque también demuestran poca afinidad con el área; aquellos que han demostrado afinidad están interesados en la piscicultura. La falta de conocimiento sobre las empresas de acuicultura en Marajó puede ser uno de los factores responsables de la falta de interés de los estudiantes en el área, porque, en la región, la cultura de la actividad pesquera ha sido aún más fuerte para generar peces en el archipiélago de Marajó. Palavras clave: Educación del campo, Organismos Acuáticos, Isla, Amazonas. Reflexões sobre ensino da aquicultura no arquipélago do Marajó, Amazônia Oriental A aquicultura é uma atividade agropecuária em crescimento no arquipélago do Marajó, Estado do Pará, Brasil. Assim, é importante discuti à criação de organismos aquáticos em cursos técnicos da área de ciências agrárias. Diante disso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo entender os estudantes em agropecuária quanto a área da aquicultura, por meio da aplicação da análise diagnóstica. A metodologia consistiu em uma pesquisa de campo, qualitativa e explicativa. O estudo foi desenvolvido com 50 alunos do primeiro ano do ensino médio do curso técnico em Agropecuária do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará (IFPA), Campus Breves. Em conclusão, os estudantes declaram achar importante o assunto da aquicultura como disciplina dentro do curso técnico, apesar de, também demonstrarem pouca afinidade com a área; os que demonstraram afinidade apresentam o interesse pela criação de peixes. A falta de conhecimento sobre empreendimentos de aquicultura no Marajó pode ser um dos fatores responsáveis pelo desinteresse dos estudantes pela área, isso porque, na região, a cultura da atividade de pesca tem sido ainda bem mais forte para geração de pescado no arquipélago do Marajó. Palavras-chave: Educação do Campo, Organismos Aquáticos, Ilha, Amazônia. Reflections on teaching aquaculture in the Marajó archipelago, Eastern Amazon ABSTRACT. Aquaculture is a growing agricultural activity in the Marajó Archipelago, State of Pará, Brazil. Thus, it is important to discuss the creation of aquatic organisms in technical courses in the field of agrarian sciences. Given this, the present study aimed to understand the students’ reflections in agriculture regarding the area of aquaculture, through the application of diagnostic analysis. The methodology consisted of a qualitative and explanatory field research. The study was developed with 50 students of the first year of high school of the technical course in Agriculture of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Pará (IFPA), Campus Breves. In conclusion, the students declared that they found the subject of aquaculture important as a discipline within the technical course, although they interested in fish farming. The lack of knowledge about aquaculture ventures in Marajó may be one of also demonstrate little affinity with the area; those who have shown affinity are the factors responsible for the students' lack of interest in the area, because in the region the culture of fishing activity has been even stronger for fish generation in the Marajó archipelago. Keywords: Rural education, Aquatic Organisms, Island, Amazon. Reflexiones sobre la enseñanza de la acuicultura en el archipiélago de Marajó, Amazonía oriental RESUMEN. La acuicultura es una actividad agrícola en crecimiento en el archipiélago de Marajó, Estado de Pará, Brasil. Por lo tanto, es importante discutir la creación de organismos acuáticos en cursos técnicos en el campo de las ciencias agrícolas. En vista de esto, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender a los estudiantes de agricultura en el área de la acuicultura, mediante la aplicación de análisis de diagnóstico. La metodología consistió en una investigación de campo cualitativa y explicativa. El estudio fue desarrollado con 50 estudiantes del primer año de secundaria del curso técnico en Agricultura del Instituto Federal de Educación, Ciencia y Tecnología de Pará (IFPA), Campus Breves. En conclusión, los estudiantes declaran que consideran el tema de la acuicultura como una disciplina dentro del curso técnico, aunque también demuestran poca afinidad con el área; aquellos que han demostrado afinidad están interesados en la piscicultura. La falta de conocimiento sobre las empresas de acuicultura en Marajó puede ser uno de los factores responsables de la falta de interés de los estudiantes en el área, porque, en la región, la cultura de la actividad pesquera ha sido aún más fuerte para generar peces en el archipiélago de Marajó. Palavras clave: Educación del campo, Organismos Acuáticos, Isla, Amazonas. Reflexões sobre ensino da aquicultura no arquipélago do Marajó, Amazônia Oriental A aquicultura é uma atividade agropecuária em crescimento no arquipélago do Marajó, Estado do Pará, Brasil. Assim, é importante discuti à criação de organismos aquáticos em cursos técnicos da área de ciências agrárias. Diante disso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo entender os estudantes em agropecuária quanto a área da aquicultura, por meio da aplicação da análise diagnóstica. A metodologia consistiu em uma pesquisa de campo, qualitativa e explicativa. O estudo foi desenvolvido com 50 alunos do primeiro ano do ensino médio do curso técnico em Agropecuária do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará (IFPA), Campus Breves. Em conclusão, os estudantes declaram achar importante o assunto da aquicultura como disciplina dentro do curso técnico, apesar de, também demonstrarem pouca afinidade com a área; os que demonstraram afinidade apresentam o interesse pela criação de peixes. A falta de conhecimento sobre empreendimentos de aquicultura no Marajó pode ser um dos fatores responsáveis pelo desinteresse dos estudantes pela área, isso porque, na região, a cultura da atividade de pesca tem sido ainda bem mais forte para geração de pescado no arquipélago do Marajó. Palavras-chave: Educação do Campo, Organismos Aquáticos, Ilha, Amazônia. Reflections on teaching aquaculture in the Marajó archipelago, Eastern Amazon ABSTRACT. Aquaculture is a growing agricultural activity in the Marajó Archipelago, State of Pará, Brazil. Thus, it is important to discuss the creation of aquatic organisms in technical courses in the field of agrarian sciences. Given this, the present study aimed to understand the students’ reflections in agriculture regarding the area of aquaculture, through the application of diagnostic analysis. The methodology consisted of a qualitative and explanatory field research. The study was developed with 50 students of the first year of high school of the technical course in Agriculture of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Pará (IFPA), Campus Breves. In conclusion, the students declared that they found the subject of aquaculture important as a discipline within the technical course, although they interested in fish farming. The lack of knowledge about aquaculture ventures in Marajó may be one of also demonstrate little affinity with the area; those who have shown affinity are the factors responsible for the students' lack of interest in the area, because in the region the culture of fishing activity has been even stronger for fish generation in the Marajó archipelago. Keywords: Rural education, Aquatic Organisms, Island, Amazon. Reflexiones sobre la enseñanza de la acuicultura en el archipiélago de Marajó, Amazonía oriental RESUMEN. La acuicultura es una actividad agrícola en crecimiento en el archipiélago de Marajó, Estado de Pará, Brasil. Por lo tanto, es importante discutir la creación de organismos acuáticos en cursos técnicos en el campo de las ciencias agrícolas. En vista de esto, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender a los estudiantes de agricultura en el área de la acuicultura, mediante la aplicación de análisis de diagnóstico. La metodología consistió en una investigación de campo cualitativa y explicativa. El estudio fue desarrollado con 50 estudiantes del primer año de secundaria del curso técnico en Agricultura del Instituto Federal de Educación, Ciencia y Tecnología de Pará (IFPA), Campus Breves. En conclusión, los estudiantes declaran que consideran el tema de la acuicultura como una disciplina dentro del curso técnico, aunque también demuestran poca afinidad con el área; aquellos que han demostrado afinidad están interesados en la piscicultura. La falta de conocimiento sobre las empresas de acuicultura en Marajó puede ser uno de los factores responsables de la falta de interés de los estudiantes en el área, porque, en la región, la cultura de la actividad pesquera ha sido aún más fuerte para generar peces en el archipiélago de Marajó. Palavras clave: Educación del campo, Organismos Acuáticos, Isla, Amazonas.

The major springs in the Infranz catchment are a significant source of water for Bahir Dar City and nearby villages, while sustaining the Infranz River and the downstream wetlands. The aim of the research was to understand the hydrogeological conditions of these high-discharge springs and the recharge&ndash, discharge relations in the Infranz catchment. The Infranz catchment is covered by highly pervious and young quaternary volcanic rocks, consisting of blocky, fractured, and strongly vesicular scoriaceous basalt. At the surface, these rocks crop out as lineaments forming ridges, delimiting closed depressions in which water accumulates during the rainy season without causing surface runoff. Geology and geomorphology thus combine to produce very favorable conditions for groundwater recharge. Three groundwater recharge methods were applied to estimate groundwater recharge and the results were compared. Groundwater recharge was calculated to be 30% to 51% of rainfall. Rapid replenishment raises the groundwater level during the rainfall period, followed by a rapid decline during the dry season. Shallow local flow paths discharge at seasonal springs and streams, while more regional and deeper flow systems downstream sustain the high-discharge springs and perennial Infranz River. The uptake of 75% of spring water for the water supply of Bahir Dar City, local extraction for domestic and small-scale irrigation use from springs, rivers and hand-dug wells, encroaching farming, and overgrazing are exacerbating wetland degradation.