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The study of Groundwater in West Jakarta is to determine the quality of groundwater that is commonly used by residents for their daily needs such as drinking, clean up and etc. This study is important because the water consumed by residents does not necessarily meet standard of raw water quality for drinking set by the government through Permenkes No. 492 of 2010, through physical and chemical parameters. The research focuses on examining free aquifers in densely populated housing by using hydrogeological and hydrochemistry analysis. This research aims to condition groundwater by hydrogeology and hydrochemistry method and also mapping water quality. Hydrogeological analysis is used to map ground water level based on groundwater depth measurements measured in community wells with units of meters below ground level (mgmt) and meters below sea level (m.asl).Hydrochemical data uses two data, namely primary and secondary data. Primary data is data taken by the author in the field in 2021 by focusing on free aquifer groundwater wells taken in densely populated housing. Secondary data is data taken by BKAT in 2018-2020 by focusing on groundwater wells for public spaces such as gas stations, parks, and houses of worship. So that the hydro chemical analysis produces two types of maps, the first map is groundwater quality of free aquifers in public spaces through BKAT data, and a map of groundwater quality in densely populated housing in 2021. The results of the hydrogeological research are making a map of the free aquifer zone, and a map of the average change in groundwater level in West Jakarta. While the hydro chemical analysis was carried out to see the conditions of salinity, type of water, the level of seawater intrusion and the total dissolved solids in the study area.Based on measurements made by the author in March 2021, the deepest water depth is in Semanam Village with a depth of 9.3 mgmt., and the shallowest is in Rawa Buaya village with a depth of 0.2 mbmt. Meanwhile, based on the author’s measurements, groundwater quality are chagrin. Roa Melaka Village has smelly water, also high in Chloride, Sodium, and Natrium. Duri Kepa and Jelambar Village have high iron pollution, through measurement have 0,4 mg/l and 1,65 mg/l.

The research subject under consideration reflects the aspects of the underground water kinetics – ground water formed in the upper non-pressure aquifers. The material of the article is of a scientific and methodological nature, it characterizes the essence of the new developed calculation method – to determine the size of the capacity of the fi rst aquifer (the depth of its bottom – the depth of the confining layer. The article reveals the essence of the problem and the ways of its solution – by improving the existing calculation method based on the processing the materials of long-term observations over the regime of ground water depth. Special attention is paid to the presentation of the mathematical basis for the execution of the calculation; its structure and order of execution are given. At the beginning of the substantial part there is given the current state of the matter, the relevance of the theme and its newness that is to use short-term observation over the regime of the groundwater depth. In the final part there is given the analysis of the results of preliminary practical approbation of computational techniques in the Bryansk area – on the specifi c materials of real long-term observations over the regime of the depth of groundwater. In conclusion, the analysis of the research results and recommendations on the use of the developed methodology in the practice of water management and hydraulic engineering construction is given.

The analysis of long-term observations in the Kamennaya Steppe (over 125 years) for climatic parameters (air temperature and precipitation), ground water level, vegetation species composition revealed the main trends in their variability. Since 1969 there has been an increase in temperature and a reduction in temperature fluctuation during the year. Over the last 30 years, the difference has reached 1.90, and over the last decade it has grown by 0.40 due to the cold season. The amount of precipitation over the same 50-year period has not changed much. In total, an increase of 45 mm was observed over the decade (1999-2008). In the XXI century, there has been registered an increase in the amount of precipitation in the cold season by 12.7% and a decrease in the warm season, which creates certain prerequisites for climate continentality mitigation during the annual cycle. During the first 70 years of observations, the groundwater level in the well No. 1 was on average at the depth of 6.5 m (5.7-7.3 m). At the end of the XX century and at the beginning of the XXI century, there was marked a pronounced rise in the ground water level, the average depth was 3.8 m, which coincided with the growth of average annual temperature and an increase in total rainfall. In this period changes in the long-term regime of ground and surface soil moisture resultedin expanding the area of wetlands and hydromorphic soils on the territory of the steppe. The period of 2009-2018 is characterized by a continued increase in average annual temperatures and a decrease in precipitation, which may lead to a seasonal change in temperature and precipitation to milder and wetter winters and warmer and drier summers. Transformation of vegetation for 100 years of observations had several stages with a general trend to change the steppe grasslands to meadow-steppe, shrubs and woody species.

In drained forest sites, ditch cleaning (DC) may be needed to restore the drainage function of ditches and maintain favourable growing conditions. The main aims of this study were (i) to estimate t...

As Veredas sao responsaveis pelo equilibrio geoecologico do bioma Cerrado, alem de contribuirem protegendo as nascentes e fornecendo recursos para a fauna silvestre em que nelas esta inserida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever a distribuicao temporal e espacial de anuros em uma vereda no municipio de Campo Grande, estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Foram selecionados tres pontos de coleta ao longo de toda Vereda, estes foram amostrados mensalmente entre novembro de 2008 e outubro de 2009. Foram encontradas 20 especies distribuidas em tres familias: Bufonidae (1), Hylidae (09), Leptodactylidae (09) e Phyllomedusidae (01). O numero de especies em atividade de vocalizacao foi influenciado pela temperatura (Z = 2,623, p = 0,008), pela umidade relativa do ar (Z = 4,539, p = 5.65e-06) e pela precipitacao (Z = 2,729, p = 0,006). Quanto a distribuicao espacial, as especies divergiram na utilizacao de vegetacoes herbaceas emergentes e marginais, arvores e arbustos ao redor do corpo d’agua, chao da vereda e nivel d’agua. A correlacao positiva dos dados abioticos com a riqueza se mostrou tipica de regioes tropicais. Para a distribuicao espacial, os sitios de vocalizacao foram identicos aos registrados para as mesmas especies em outras localidades. A sobreposicao espacial pode indicar que e um mecanismo secundario no isolamento reprodutivo. TEMPORAL AND SPACIAL DISTRIBUTION OF ANURANS IN A VEREDA IN MATO GROSSO DO SUL, BRAZIL. The Veredas are responsible for the maintenance of fauna and flora and contribute to the continuity and regularity of the rivers. This work describes the spacial and temporal distribution of anurans in a vereda, at municipality of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. We selected three sampling points along the entire vereda, which were sampled monthly between November 2008 and October 2009. We founded 20 species in four families: Bufonidae (01), Hylidae (09) e Leptodactylidae (09) e Phyllomedusidae (01). The number of species in calling activity was influenced by temperature (Z = 2.623, p = 0.008), by relative humidity (Z = 4.539, p = 5.65e-06) and by accumulated rainfall (Z = 2.729, p = 0.006). The spatial distribution of the species diverged in the use of emergent herbaceous vegetation, marginal trees, shrubs around the pond, the path and ground water level. The positive correlation of abiotic data with richness was typical of tropical regions. For the spacial distribution, the vocalization sites were alike to those recorded for the same species in other locations. Spatial overlap may indicate that it is a secondary mechanism in reproductive isolation.

The present study was performed in order to determine the engineering geology and geotechnical details of soils and rocks along Tabriz Metro Line 2(TML2) by using the information and raw data which were acquired by borehole drilling and all field and laboratory tests in the study area. The minimum and maximum depths of the boreholes were 15 and 40 m, respectively. The results of their analysis revealed that geologically, the areas of metro route, mainly formed by alternating layers of claystone, siltstone, marl, and conglomerate, covered mainly by the alluvial deposits and in addition to older, dextral, strike-slip North Tabriz Fault (NTF) which is a major and most important geological structure of Tabriz area, there are also many minor and generally young and seismically active faults. The results of investigation on the groundwater depth in boreholes of TML2 also indicated that the groundwater depth varies between 1.5 and 30 m, along the route of metro. Eventually, based on the standard penetration test values (N-SPT), it was revealed that soils of the western parts of TML2 are in the group of dense to very dense, the central parts are in the group of very dense (Bazaar area) and dense (Fahmideh area), and the eastern parts are very dense. And finally the results achieved from determining groundwater sulfate values according to Concrete Code of Iran (CCI) indicated that the amount of soluble sulfate in the soil is mild to extremely high. Accordingly, the amount of sulfate increases from the western to the eastern parts. So that, this value is between 200 and 26,500 ppm. Based on these studies, the average of sulfate in the western, central and eastern parts is, respectively, 1118, 1275 and 4840 ppm. Thus, the groundwater in the east part is highly aggressive, and deterioration of concrete lining of the tunnel is expected in the near future.

Embankment structures are important to protect against flooding damage. Suffusion, in which fine particles within the soil are transported and washed away following the seepage flow, intensifies the instability of embankment structures. Therefore, it is possible that some embankment structures that repeatedly experienced flooding and rainfall penetration have been deteriorated. However, there is little research investigating the relation between seepage flow histories and deterioration within the embankments. In this study, small-scale modeling tests duplicating a river levee were conducted under different seepage flow histories: (i) short term-critical ground water level, (ii) continuous-high ground water level and (iii) repeatedhigh ground water level. The work in this paper investigates changes in “drainage flow rate”, “height of ground water level” and “particle size distribution” during the seepage tests, and evaluates the effects of seepage flow histories on them. Soils gradually showed lower permeability under the first seepage experience in each cases. In the case of relatively longer flooding duration, the drainage flow rate is gradually increased. Fine particles were eroded, regardless of the seepage flow histories; “the number of fluctuations” and “height” of ground water level could particularly be a trigger of suffusion.

Groundwater is the primary source for drinking, irrigation, and industrialpurposes. Groundwater provides about 24 per cent of global water supply.Groundwater level fluctuates depending on the groundwater recharge anddischarge from the aquifer. The climate change, changing rainfall pattern andgrowing water demand lead to the groundwater level variation year by year.Rainfall is the major source for groundwater recharge. As rainfall increases,groundwater level also increases. Theni District also called Cardamom citylocated in the foot of Western Ghats is chosen as the study area. The majorsource of irrigation was well. For analysis of groundwater level status, theAverage - Ground Water Level data and Categorization of the firkas in Thenidistrict was collected from State Ground and Surface Water Resources DataCenter. Arithmetic averages of Rainfall of stations under the Theni districtwas collected from India Meteorological Department. Groundwater levelrise and fall analysis of Average-Groundwater level data (2011 to 2019)was carried out using the line chart. Comparative analysis was done usingRainfall data Vs Average – Groundwater level data (2014-2018). Consideringthe last five years, the groundwater level in Theni District has increased. Thestatistical correlation between the rainfall and groundwater level fluctuationwas poor. Categorization of firkas was used as a performance indicator.It was observed that the Safe Firkas increased from 18% to 41% and theCritical Firkas increased from 6% to 12%. In Periyakulam and Theni Talukthere is no change in Firkas category and remains the same as on 2011.This helps in focusing groundwater development in those taluks which arein the fringe of groundwater status.

Shallow seismic measurement, specifically seismic refraction tomography, is an effective geophysical method that has applications in various sectors. It enables the search for and determination of the course of the interfaces, thus helping to resolve geological, environmental, hydrogeological, engineering, geotechnical and other problems. The paper demonstrates the possibilities of using these methods through examples of shallow seismic measurements that have been performed at various four locations in the Western Carpathian Mountains. The first case study describes Monastery Pond at Katarínka. It was found that, the basement of the Monastery pond is at a depth of 2-3 m below the surface and the results were also confirmed by electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). The next measurement through the thermal power station waste storage showed that the storage area base runs at a depth of about 20 m under the measured profile. The third case study addresses the depth of groundwater depth in the area of Borská nízina. The measurement confirmed the assumed depth of ground water level at 3.35 m below the surface. In the last case study, border fault between the Turiec Basin and the Malá Fatra Mts. was mapped by application of shallow refraction methods. The results show that shallow seismic methods shed light on the problem and in combination with other geophysical methods are an effective tool with great potential. They provide very useful data for shallow mapping applications.

Field investigations and indoor experiment were carried out to clarify the effect of temperature and chlorophyll a concentration of the sediment, photon flux density, and ground water level on the absorption and emission of CO 2 from the surface sediment of the artificial salt marsh. The flux of CO 2 absorption was closely related to sediment temperature, chlorophyll a and photon flux density. On the other hand, flux of CO 2 emission changed depending on the sediment temperature and ground water level. The ground water level was thought to be indispensable for estimating CO 2 emission from the sediment of the intertidal zone of the salt marsh. Using equations of CO 2 flux with sediment temperature, chlorophyll a, photon flux density and ground water level, the total CO 2 absorption and emission of the artificial north salt marsh of Osaka Nanko bird sanctuary was estimated as ca. 23 tons (4.3 g CO 2 m −2 day −1 ) for absorption and ca.14 tons (2.6 g CO 2 m −2 day −1 ) for emission in May to September 2014. These results suggest that a net of 9 tons of CO 2 (1.7 g CO 2 m −2 day −1 ) was absorbed, and that this salt marsh performs the function of a CO 2 sink in high temperature seasons.

Large number of rain-induced landslides occurred on 16 September 2011 in Nanjiang, southwest of China. The typical depth of failure surface was from 1 to 5 m at the gently inclined interface between the superficial red silty clay and bedrock. In order to explain the failure characteristics of these shallow landslides, we conducted a rainfall infiltration simulation test, calculated rainfall infiltration depth using modified Green-Ampt (G-A) infiltration model as well as considered the atmospheric effects on the slope failures. Results show that the permeability of red clay is extremely low and the rainfall infiltration depth is limited to around 0.5 m during a rainstorm. The rainfall infiltration capacity can be enhanced within the depth of atmospheric influence, which is determined as 5.4 m in the study area. With the increase of soil depth and the lower degree of weathering, the void ratio and permeability are gradually reduced; thus, the rainfall infiltration continues following a decreasing trend until the bedrock is reached. Within the shallow landslides in the study area, under the condition of rainfall, the slope can keep in a stable state when the depth of wetting front is less than the thickness of soil layer. When the wetting front proceeds to the interface between the silty clay and bedrock, the potential slip surface can develop on such soil-bedrock interface, in relation to the increased pore water pressure and ground water level. Consequently, shallow failures will occur along the soil-bedrock interface in a depth of 1–5 m.

This study analyzed the size of 172 rainfall-induced landslides in Taiwan during 2006–2012. Comparing the landslide size with rainfall conditions, this study found that large and deep landslides usually occurred due to long-duration and moderate-intensity rainfall (11.5–31.0 mm/h; 26.5–62.5 h), whereas small and shallow landslides occurred in a wide range of rainfall intensity and duration (8.5–31.0 mm/h; 4.0–62.5 h). This observation is ascribable to the fact that large and deep landslides need a high ground water level caused by a prolonged rainfall. Concerning the area of landslides, their frequency–area distribution correlates well with a power law relation having an exponent of −1.1 ± 0.07, over the range 6.3 × 102 to 3.1 × 106 m2. The slope of the power law relation for the size–frequency distribution of landslides in Taiwan is lower than those for other areas around the world. This indicates that for the same total area or total number of landslides, the proportion of large landslides is higher in Taiwan than in other areas.

In this paper, as a basic research for the restoration and construction of easuary saltmarsh, To observe the habitat environment for reed, we observed sediment environment (Particle size, water content, pH, nutrient analysis (, )), ground water level, ground level, individual numbers of reed, maximum reed height. As a result of this study, sediment particle size and moisture content of soil on the study area not effected reed habitat, pH showed no difference in each site. and concentration also no difference in each site. Ground level of reed habitat area is more higher than none reed habitat. However Ground water level of reed habitat area is more lower than none reed habitat. As a results of analyzing the influence factors for reed habitat in Nakdong estuary saltmarsh, ground water level and ground level is most influenced factor for reed habitat.

A simple model was developed to describe the dependence of net CO2 exchange in a sphagnum peat bog as a function of incoming solar radiation, air temperature, and soil moisture. It was parameterized using the field measurement data from two neighboring sites in an undisturbed peat bog (the pine mire with shrub and sphagnum and the shrub-sphagnum mire with rare pine) in Moscow Region. Measurements were conducted during the second part of the growing season, when the groundwater level was below 30 cm. It was shown that is a key parameter influencing the photosynthesis and respiration rates of a sphagnum moss and peat soil. The developed model allows to explain from 71 % to 74 % of the variation of CO2 exchange in the peat bog.

Groundwater levels in embankments often rise due to heavy rainfall, which can occasionally cause embankments to collapse. In order to decrease the ground water level, it is important to take countermeasures to drain the water from areas in embankments which could weaken in heavy rain. The drain pipe method for embankments has been adopted widely by Japanese railways as a water draining method. However, installation specifications for drain pipes have not yet been established, and the finer details of construction work currently depend on experience. This study therefore set out to evaluate the effect of drain pipes quantitatively, with a view to proposing a set of installation specifications for drain pipes in embankments, based on the evaluation and considering the height of the embankment, external permeance, inter alia.

At around 5000 years BP sea level peaked in the Persian Gulf region at a level of +0.3 m as now determined in Qatar. This coincides with the famous flooding of the ancient city of Ur, originally interpreted as due to local changes in the fluvial system. We can now propose that, in fact, it was the sea level rise that triggered the fluvial reorganization and rise in ground water level that ultimately led to “the flooding of Ur”.

Summary The termination of industrial activities may have side effects with harmful impact on civil infrastructure. The drastic increase of ground water level may endanger the quality of the fresh water resources and the basement stabilities of the surface infrastructures. Geoelecric survey is an effective method in solving environmental or geotechnical problems in urban areas. This study introduces two case histories on geophysical characterization of sites that are endangered with the reappearance of karstic water. Validated with drill hole data the subsurface structures were reliably imaged. Extended with laboratory analysis of water and mud samples the source of water contamination was identified. The successful designation of subsurface aquifers and flow directions gave useful information for mitigation planning.

International audience; This work focuses on the development of FLAME (Forecasting Landslides induced by Acceleration Meteorological Events) that analyze of the relationship between displacements and precipitations using a statistical approach in order to predict the surface displacement at active landslide. FLAME is an Impulse Response model (IR) that simulates the changes in landslide velocity by computing a transfer function between the input signal (e.g. rainfall or recharge) and the output signal (e.g. displacement). This model has been applied to forecast the displacement rates at Séchilienne (French Alps). The FLAME model is enhanced by achieving the calibration using joint inversion of multiple time series data. We consider that the displacements at two different sensors are explained by the same long-term response of the system to ground water level variations. The parameters describing the long-term response of the system are therefore identical for all sensors. The joint inversion process allows decreasing the ratio between the number of parameters to be inverted and the volume of data and is thus more statically steady. The results indicate that the models are able to reproduce the displacement pattern in general to moderate kinetic regime but not extreme kinetic regime. Our results do not give clear evidence of an improvement of the models performance with joint inversion of multiple time series of data. The reasons which could explain these inconclusive results are discussed in the paper.

The effect of embankments on the temperature regime of ground with continuous and discontinuous permafrost was simulated. Ground conditions are considered based on the example of the Zapolyarnoe field. The temperature dependences of the groundwater level and the capacity of the water-saturated embankment layer in the winter and summer were found. The most favorable conditions for irrigation of embankments for raising and lowering the ground temperature were ascertained.

It is generally known that managed, drained peatlands act as carbon (C) sources. In this study we examined how mitigation through the reduction of the intensity of land management and through rewetting may affect the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and the C balance of intensively managed, drained, agricultural peatlands. Carbon and GHG balances were determined for three peatlands in the western part of the Netherlands from 2005 to 2008 by considering spatial and temporal variability of emissions (CO2, CH4 and N2O). One area (Oukoop) is an intensively managed grass-on-peatland area, including a dairy farm, with the ground water level at an average annual depth of 0.55 (±0.37) m below the soil surface. The second area (Stein) is an extensively managed grass-on-peatland area, formerly intensively managed, with a dynamic ground water level at an average annual depth of 0.45 (±0.35) m below the soil surface. The third area is a (since 1998) rewetted former agricultural peatland (Horstermeer), close to Oukoop and Stein, with the average annual ground water level at a depth of 0.2 (±0.20) m below the soil surface. During the measurement campaigns we found that both agriculturally managed sites acted as C and GHG sources and the rewetted former agricultural peatland acted as a C and GHG sink. The ecosystem (fields and ditches) total GHG balance, including CO2, CH4 and N2O, amounted to 3.9 (±0.4), 1.3 (±0.5) and −1.7 (±1.8) g CO2-eq m−2 d−1 for Oukoop, Stein and Horstermeer, respectively. Adding the farm-based emissions to Oukoop and Stein resulted in a total GHG emission of 8.3 (±1.0) and 6.6 (±1.3) g CO2-eq m−2 d−1, respectively. For Horstermeer the GHG balance remained the same since no farm-based emissions exist. Considering the C balance (uncertainty range 40–60%), the total C release in Oukoop and Stein is 5270 and 6258 kg C ha−1 yr−1, respectively (including ecosystem and management fluxes), and the total C uptake in Horstermeer is 3538 kg C ha−1 yr−1. Water bodies contributed significantly to the terrestrial GHG balance because of a high release of CH4. Overall, this study suggests that managed peatlands are large sources of GHGs and C, but, if appropriate measures are taken, they can be turned back into GHG and C sinks within 15 years of abandonment and rewetting. The shift from an intensively managed grass-on-peat area (Oukoop) to an extensively managed one (Stein) reduced the GHG emissions mainly because N2O emission and farm-based CH4 emissions decreased.

This paper reviews the analytical solutions for the impact of land reclamation on the ground water level and the saltwater interface with unconfined groundwater conditions in coastal aquifers. The applicability of the analytical solutions is somewhat limited by assumptions such as Dupuit-type flow and the Ghyben-Herzberg relation. Variable-density flow and solute transport simulations conducted by the numerical code FEFLOW were used to evaluate the accuracy of these analytical solutions. Three field-scale hypothetical cases were simulated for the numerical verification. The results show that a seepage face occurs in the numerical results rather than in the analytical solutions, but only minor difference occurs between the numerical and analytical solutions. This implies that the analytical solutions are reasonable despite the used assumptions.

Information on the depth and dynamics of the ground water level below the groundsurface, ‘Gt’, associated with the soil map of The Netherlands, is updated incrementally. Only recently(2014), an updated Gt-map of the lower, western Netherlands was completed. A Gt-map of the highergrounds was produced in 2016, based on ‘Gd’ information established in 2004. The proceduresfollowed and the results are reported in this volume. At this time, the compilation of a Gd map for thelower Netherlands is due. After completion, in conjunction with the update of the ‘Gd’ data for thehigher grounds, a comprehensive, nationwide ‘Gd’ map of The Netherlands will be available. De Grondwatertrap (Gt)-informatie bij de bodem- en Gt-kaart van Nederland wordtstapsgewijs geactualiseerd. Onlangs (2014) is een geactualiseerde Gt-kaart van laag Nederlandgerealiseerd. Voor hoog Nederland is in 2016, op basis van een uit 2004 daterende kaart van degrondwaterdynamiek (Gd), een beschrijving gemaakt van de grondwaterkarakteristieken per Gtklasse.De hierbij gebruikte procedures en het resultaat worden in dit rapport beschreven. Dekomende periode zal van laag Nederland een Gd-kaart worden samengesteld. In combinatie met teactualiseren Gd-gegevens van hoog-Nederland zal de Gd-kaart dan compleet zijn, en beschikbaar inde vorm van een gedetailleerde, landsdekkende G×G-kaart.

A simulation technique using storage unit of SWMM was suggested to estimate capacity of infiltration facilities. Using the suggested method, runoff reduction effect of tree box type infiltration facility was simulated for single and long-term continuous events. As the results, an efficiency of infiltration facility was affected by not only rainfall intensity, but also continuous rainfall characteristics like dry days, antecedent rainfall volume, and so on. The facility was capable of 10 percent runoff reduction, which was expected to reach 144.4 mm or 98,533 at the study area. In the short run, a water control effect like peak discharge reduction and an environmental effect like first flush capture is expected by installation of the facilities. In long term, the facility can contribute to recovery of healthy hydrologic cycle like increasing the ground water level and preventing dry stream at urban areas.

In all ground fissures in Beijing, Gaoliying Ground Fissure has characteristics of highly activity, and it cause serious damages on constructoins. With the distribution as well as the development of land subsidence and the change of the groundwater level, a series of work has been conducted to explain the mechanism of the formation of Gaoliying Ground Fissure. For example, field damage investigations and trench observations were used to define the affected distance of ground fissure; three-dimensional deformation was monitored to determine active characteristic of ground fissure. This paper points out that Gaoliying ground fissure is controlled by Huangzhuang-Gaoliying Fault, which mainly moves in the vertical direction. The rapid decrease of the ground water level greatly increases the development of ground fissure. The distance of damaged zones affected by ground fissure in the hanging-wall of the fault reaches 49.5m, and the distance of damaged zones in the footwall of the fault is 17.5 m. A suggested safety distance of type-one and type-two buildings is 100 m. For type-three buildings, the suggested safety distance is 80 m.

This article presents a method of describing maximum recessions of groundwater level, drawing on an analysis based on data gathered from 41 sites for the monitoring of groundwater level located in central Poland. Maximum weekly recessions for all of the measurement points were selected, before being employed as a basis for approximating the regression lines used to calculate the theoretical “top speed” recession curves between maximum and minimum groundwater levels, and the estimated time needed for such a recession to be achieved. Studied characteristics of all the examined groundwater recessions were compared with geographical characteristics of the aquifers involved, in order that relations between them could be determined.

A World Bank-aided project on sodic land reclamation in Uttar Pradesh is being executed by U.P. Bhumi Sudhar Nigam, Lucknow, and Remote Sensing Applications Centre, U.P., Lucknow has the responsibility of sodic land mapping for the execution of land reclamation programme at the cadastral level. Sodic lands are mainly concentrated in the Gangetic alluvial plains but the problem of sodicity is particularly acute in the canal-irrigated areas. A study of the distribution pattern of sodic lands in canal and noncanal command areas in a reclamation site (covering 60 villages out of which sodic lands were mapped in 51 villages) of Etah district in Uttar Pradesh, indicates that 18.39 per cent area of the canal command villages was barren sodic which was 13.41 per cent of the total geographical area of the site (15417 ha), however, 11.69 per cent area was recorded to be barren sodic in the non-canal command villages which was only 3.16 per cent of the geographical area of the site. The results of soil chemical analysis indicate that barren sodic lands of canal command area are saline-sodic with higher concentration of soluble salts (pH2 >8.5, EC2 >4 dSm−1), however, those of non-canal command area are sodic (pH2 >8.5, EC2

Water lies beneath the surface of the earth broadly in two zones, saturated and unsaturated. The uppermost level of the saturated zone is called the groundwater level. This level is controlled by hydrogeological setup and human interference. The groundwater system is more complicated in alluvium than a hard rock hydrogeological setup. In an alluvium setup where thick clay belongs to the uppermost layer, a dug-well water level is never synonymous with groundwater level. The present chapter is an argument to establish that the water level of a dug well cannot be treated as the groundwater level in an area where thick clay lies on the earth surface. The water comes into the dug well either from soil seepage or from direct rainfall. This water level is directly influenced by the surrounding pond water. The present work is an attempt to look into how groundwater level and dug-water level exist in the study area distinctively. The investigation has been done on Chandernagore Municipal Corporation (CMC) and Hooghly–Chinsurah Municipality (HCM), two class-I cities of West Bengal. The supporting database is mainly primary; however, a secondary database has also been used for the better reflection of the work. The samples have been selected purposively from CMC and HCM.

A 60-year database of nitrate concentrations from more than 200 wells in and around Phoenix, Arizona, was studied using geographic information system tools. This information, augmented with land-use maps, ground water levels, and well construction details, was used to examine ground water nitrate concentrations and changes in concentration and their relationship to land use, land-use changes, and changes in hydrologic conditions (as indicated by ground water level changes). Spatially integrated data for the 1960s to 1990s time period suggest slow and subtle temporal changes in the nitrate mass and overall average nitrate concentration in the aquifer, with increases associated with increased nitrogen fertilizer application rates. More recently, declines in nitrate concentration have been observed, which are thought to reflect the combination of declining ground water levels and transitions from agricultural to urban land use in many areas. Temporal trends in ground water nitrate concentration are presented for wells under desert, agricultural, and urban land use and desert-toagriculture, desert-to-urban, and agriculture-to-urban land-use change scenarios.

[ES] En este trabajo damos a conocer el hallazgo excepcional de varios objetos de madera localizados durante la excavación de un pozo-depósito en la antigua Fábrica de Tabacos (Gijón) realizada entre 2007 y 2009. Los materiales fueron arrojados en su Interior durante el momento de su abandono, fechado a principios del vi d. C. Entre estos elementos, destaca la presencia de varios recipientes de madera, cubos, una silla y otros objetos como un travesaño de madera. Este estudio nos permite determinar la funcionalidad de piezas singulares y dar a conocer con bastante precisión la datación de cada uno de los materiales aparecidos por el método del C14 en un arco cronológico comprendido entre inicios del s. vi d. C. y el x d. C. El conjunto constituye un descubrimiento poco frecuente en la Península Ibérica que se ha podido desvelar gracias a las condiciones del medio en el que se encontraban, bajo el nivel freático, y que han permitido mantener las piezas en un estado de conservación extraordinario., [EN] In this paper, we present the incredible discovery of various wooden objects found during the excavations at the ancient Fábrica de Tabacos in Gijón that took place between 2007 and 2009. The objects were thrown into the water tank during the time of abandonment, dated from early 6th century ad. Among these were pieces of crockery, wooden containers, buckets, a chair and other objects such as well lintel. This study allows us to determine the function of unique pieces and the dating of each of the materials appeared by the radiocarbon method dating back to the early 6th century ad until the 10th century. This was an unusual undertaking for the Iberian Peninsula that succeeded thanks to the climate conditions of the region where the objects were found –such as the low ground water level– all of which allowed for an extraordinary preservation of these objects.

Between Klanec and Crni Kal, on a 6.5 km route of the motorway, 67 caves opened during earthworks, road cutting and tunnel digs. The majority consisted of old caves, i.e. caves which once had water passing through. Two thirds of these caves were filled with alluvium. Research carried out in these caves augmented knowledge about the development of this part of the Karst region. A cave system extending more than 500 m, which we tried to preserve in full, opened in the Kastelec tunnel near the Brezno na Skrklovici Shaft. Underneath the road, the passages of this system are connected with concrete tubes which are accessible via a gully at the side of the road. Most of the motorway route runs over alveolinid-nummulitid limestone which is relatively resistant against karstification, accounting for the fact that in most cases only its surface and the parts close to the surface are distinctly karstified. Due to the construction of the tunnel and extensive roadcuts, the impact of the activities affecting the Karst Edge and its hinterland was significant, in several places leading to the unearthing of today’s epikarst and a part of the vadose zone, both of which are also intersected with old caves. Besides the palaeokarst, these caves provide the oldest traces of karst development in this area. The caves which were discovered during construction gave us new insights about the cavernosity of the Karst and its development.

The use of infiltration well as a flood controller can also be useful in anticipation of the decrease in the watertable in the dry season. Infiltration well also serves to maintain the ground water level, decrease groundwatercontamination, reduce groundwater degradation, help to overcome the lack of clean water, maintain water balance in thesoil, reduce the stagnant residential areas due to poorly functioning drainage system, and reduce soil erosion in someplaces due to lack of water infiltration into the soil. The water from the infiltration well will lead to a deep soil layer sothat the decrease of the ground water surface will not occur in a short time due to its existence. Community participationin implementing infiltration wells is very functional and will significantly reduce the impact of floods. In general, infiltration wells that can help reduce surface water are those that have a well dimension of 2 x 2 x 2 meters, thusaccommodating the water volume of 8 m3 expected to be impregnated into the ground as soon as possible to cope with flooding

過去の調査によると, 高速道路の凍上被害は切土部と低盛土部に頻発しており, 通常の盛土部ではほとんど報告されていない. これは切土部と盛土部では地下水の給水条件が異なるためではないかと考え, 凍上量に及ぼす地下水位の影響を調べた. そのために, 室内大型凍上試験と実際の盛土施工地点での原位置凍上試験を実施している. 一連の試験結果から, 凍上量は地下水位の低下とともに急激に減少するものの, 土の初期含水比に強く依存することが見出された. これらの事実にもとづいて, 高速道路の盛土部の凍上率を推定する実用式を提案するとともに, その検証を行った.

This study aims to determine ground water level in Karanganyar regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia. Karanganyar regency is located in west flank of Lawu volcano, the third highest volcano in Central Java Province. Karanganyar lays from the top submit of Lawu volcano to down town of city with altitude 3265 m to 88 m. Same as other mountain area, Karanganyar has a lot of ground water potential. We use geoelectric method to finds out how deep of ground water level. The survey locations are distributed surround Karanganyar regency which contain 22 sites, in period survey of 2013 - 2015. Schlumberger configuration is used for acqusition data with lenght of current electrode distance varies from 1 m to 700 m. The result shows that ground water level are located in depth from 50 meter to 150 meter with lithology of tuff and sand. In Munggur and Kedung Jeruk sites, we found two potential aquifers, which are shallow and deep aquifers.

Bank erosion in populated areas could cause fatalities and property damage if banks collapse abruptly, compromising the integrity of residential buildings and civil facilities. Bank erosion study is in general a very complex problem because of it involves multi-processes such as bank surface erosion, bank toe erosion and bank material mechanic failure, etc. Each of these processes is related to several parameters: sediment size distribution, bank material cohesion, slope, homogeneity, consolidation, soil moisture and ground water level, as well as bank height. The bank erosion rate is also related to the strength of the flow in the river indicated by the flow shear stress, water depth and channel curvature, etc. In this study, the numerical model CCHE2D has been applied to study real-world bank erosion cases in a mountain river, Khoske Rud Farsan River, Iran, which is a braided river with high sediment loads and channel mobility; the bank erosion of this river is dominated by floods during rainy seasons.

A method for time series analysis of hydrological variables that have a response relation with an incitement variable such as precipitation has not been established yet. In this paper, we propose an analyzing method to estimate the periods of change in the relation of two variables of them based on the time series analysis of observed data such as fluctuation of ground water level in Shimabara city. Using the result, we have examined the relation between abnormality of ground water and phenomena such as volcanic activity and seismism.

Ground-water investigations recently carried out by the Department of Land Improvement and Drainage, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, have clearly shown that there exists a gravitational effect on the fluctuations of ground-water level in Archaean bedrock in Central Sweden. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1965.tb01433.x

Jharia coalfield, the chief storehouse of prime coking coal in India, has lost the original controls of ground water conditions. Here, ground water level is dependent mainly upon the presently existing topography, geomorphic features such as abandoned channels, confluence of channels, losing streams etc. and human-induced recharge conditions. These features are reflected by the soil moisture content and presence of vegetative cover. The ground water map of Jharia coalfield has been prepared from the aerial photographs using the grey tone and vegetation cover as the criteria. The observations are supported with field checks. The ground water map prepared will be very much useful to the society because some parts of the coalfield suffer from severe drought during summer.

Foundations of a new building in old urban or built-up areas are very demanding and condi-tioned by eliminating their influence on surrounding buildings. In this paper we are presenting the numerical analysis and design solutions of an accommodation business building foundations, nearby the centre of the city of Rijeka, Croatia. The site of future building was surrounded by old masonry buildings so as a new un-derground garage. In geological point of view the location is built on the alluvial deposits in the Rjecina river mouth covered with an embankment. Extra complication is insisting on one store underground garage below the ground water level and shallow foundation of the nearby masonry buildings. In the process of selecting the foundation construction, the optimization of possible alternate constructions was conducted. Based on results of the analyses, solution with bored piles to the 22 m deep gravel layer was adopted for the foundation con-struction designed.

We observed amount of flow at the sametime for 32 rivers existing on the Musashino plateau. Specific discharges were obtained each rivers, and Urban river was divided according to characteristic of catchment area. We observated of unconfined groundwaterlevel at typical urbanized catchment area of Zenpukuji river. This report provides comparative study of this time observed results and already reported results of about 25-50 years ago, and this report provides a comparative study of dry season and rainfall season of unconfined ground water level. The result that base flow of Zenpukuji river during the last twenty years, the relationship between urbanization and unconfined groundwater levels, was obtained actually.

Water-level changes were ob served in 107 wells at 67 monitoring stations in the southern coastal plain of Tai wan during the 2006 Mw 7.1 Hengchun earthquake doublet. Two consecutive coseismic changes induced by the earth quake doublet can be observed from high-frequency data. Obervations from multiple-well stations indicate that the magnitude and direction of coseismic change may vary in wells of different depths. Coseismic rises were dominant on the south east side of the costal plain; whereas, coseismic falls prevailed on the north west side. In the transition zone, rises appeared in shallow wells whilst falls were evident in deep wells. As coseismic ground water level changes can reflect the tectonic strain field, tectonic extension likely dominates the deep subsurface in the transition area, and possibly in the en tire southern coastal plain. The coseismic rises in water level showed a tendency to de crease with distance from the hypocenter, but no clear trend was found for the coseismic falls.

Eighty years have passed since systematic river improvement works in the Ishikari River basin started in 1910.Laid down by the alluvial soil along the middle reaches and sand clay in the downstream reaches, topographic features caused the meandering of the Ishikari River and a rather small gradient of river bed.Since 1917 cutoff works were readily adopted as the best method to direct the flood overflow smoothly, to prevent flood overflow and to lower the ground water level of many swamps, based on detailed studies of hydraulics and regional developments in the future.River realignments by cutoff projects implemented in 29 channel reaches have succeeded in preventing flood damages in the Ishikari River basin.This paper describes the decision-making processes of cutoff works adopted in the Ishikari River and tremendous effects of large-scale projects on hydraulic characteristics and regional developments.

Many of already existing roads cross wetland river valleys. Also the roads nowadays planned are cutting through valuable wetlands. It is necessary to evaluate the range of their impact on the natural environment. This paper focuses only on the analysis of the road crossing impact on the groundwater level. Two options of crossing the wetlands were analyzed, building the road on embankments and in the bridge. It was assumed that the valley is filled with organic material under laid by permeable sands. Calculation results showed that building a road in the valley affects groundwater level only to the slight extend. Water conditions in the valley may be affected only during the construction of the road. Calculation results were confirmed by field observations.