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Amazonia is fundamental for climate change action: it stores an important amount of the planet’s carbon emissions, while also emitting carbon due to deforestation. With higher proportions of primary forest cover, and lower rates of deforestation, Indigenous territories are crucial for climate change mitigation. Yet, the extractive development models of Amazonian countries are threatening the lives and lifeways of Indigenous peoples. This dissertation demonstrates how climate change has become a politically significant object for Amazonian Indigenous organizations. Analyses of Indigenous-led transnational—and plurinational—climate strategies are scarce in the literature. I illustrate how Indigenous climate initiatives in Amazonia incorporate ontological and territorial politics, ancestral knowledges (AK) and the agency of more-than-human beings beyond local scales to global climate politics. To do so, I draw from critical and digital geography, science and technology studies, decolonial and Indigenous studies. My methodology integrates a political ecology of scale approach—i.e., four scales of Indigenous political organization—and Indigenous methods—e.g., open-ended interviews and sharing circles. Fourteen months of fieldwork further involved volunteering with the Coordinator of Indigenous Organization of the Amazon Basin (COICA) and the OPIAC School of Political Training in Colombia.I argue that Amazonian Indigenous climate initiatives are founded on what I call integral territorial ontologies—or conceptions of territories as indivisible entities or lifeworlds that encompass multiple relationships not only between humans and other living beings, but also among more-than-human beings. This dissertation is organized into three articles. In Article I, I analyze COICA’s Amazon Indigenous Initiative to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation (RIA) and argue that RIA is founded on integral territorial ontologies and incorporates more-than-human agency. As such, RIA is tied to territorial defense and challenges understandings of forest/territorial vitality and ordering, as well as the processes of that facilitate the commodification of nature. Article II examines how, through boundary-work—i.e., drawing boundaries around AK—, Indigenous leaders and climate initiatives simultaneously reinforce and move beyond binaries like traditional/modern, local/global, while also scaling-up territorial knowledges. RIA and the OPIAC School take AK beyond the local scale to global climate politics, while also upholding their inextricable link to territories as lifeworlds. In Article III, I argue that forest monitoring programs and technologies co-produce forms of climate and territorial politics in Amazonia. Indigenous organizations imagine and enact territorial defense and autonomy—e.g., incorporating the agency of more-than-human beings in digital tools for territorial planning. But the programs also reinforce a politics of open-access information, strict territorial boundaries, and exclusive rights—that can threaten Indigenous autonomy. In conclusion, this dissertation calls into question what global environmental politics are, and who participates in them. I demonstrate how the central role of Indigenous peoples in global climate politics becomes essential to their purposes of defending Amazonian territories and life itself. Given the urgent and multidimensional threats of climate change, this research begins to shed light on how strategies that emerge from historically marginalized peoples and their lifeways can expand our horizon of imaginable solutions.

Resumo Na região Amazônica do Brasil a exploração dos recursos naturais apresenta o desmatamento da floresta nativa como um dos principais problemas ambientais, ocasionado pelo corte de árvores destinadas ao comércio ilegal de madeira e formação de pastos para a produção pecuária. Atualmente, ocorre uma discussão científica e popular sobre os impactos socioambientais provocados pela instalação de empreendimentos hidrelétricos. Este artigo tem como objetivo expor alguns dos principais problemas socioambientais oriundos da implantação da Usina Hidrelétrica de Belo Monte, no qual se faz uma análise integrada e geossistêmica dos aspectos socioeconômicos e físico-ambientais da área de influência direta e indireta do empreendimento, situado na região do Baixo Curso do rio Xingu, no Estado do Pará. A metodologia geossistêmica permite obter uma visão integrada da relação dos componentes físicos e antrópicos, contribuindo como subsídio para o planejamento ambiental regional, municipal e local. Abstract In the Amazon region of Brazil the exploitation of natural resources presents deforestation of native forests as a major environmental problems caused by the cutting of trees intended for illegal timber trade and formation of pastures for livestock production. Currently, there is a scientific and popular discussion about the environmental impacts caused by the installation of hydroelectric projects. This article aims to expose some of the major environmental problems arising from the implementation of the hydroelectric plant of Belo Monte, in which it makes an integrated and geosystemic environmental and socioeconomic analysis of the area under direct and indirect influence of the project, located in the lower region Xingu river course in the state of Pará. The geosystemic methodology allows an integrated view of relations between physical and anthropic components, contributing as support for regional, municipal and local environmental planning.

The Neotropics harbors a megadiverse ichthyofauna comprising over 6300 species with approximately 80% in just three taxonomic orders within the clade Characiphysi. This highly diverse group has evolved in tropical South America over tens to hundreds of millions of years influenced mostly by re‐arrangements of river drainages in lowland and upland systems. In this study, we investigate patterns of spatial diversification in Neotropical freshwater fishes in the family Curimatidae, a species‐rich clade of the order Characiformes. Specifically, we examined ancestral areas, dispersal events, and shifts in species richness using spatially explicit biogeographic and macroevolutionary models to determine whether lowlands–uplands serve as museums or cradles of diversification for curimatids. We used fossil information to estimate divergence times in BEAST, multiple time‐stratified models of geographic range evolution in BioGeoBEARS, and alternative models of geographic state‐dependent speciation and extinction in GeoHiSSE. Our results suggest that the most recent common ancestor of curimatids originated in the Late Cretaceous likely in lowland paleodrainages of northwestern South America. Dispersals from lowland to upland river basins of the Brazilian and Guiana shields occurred repeatedly across independently evolving lineages in the Cenozoic. Colonization of upland drainages was often coupled with increased rates of net diversification in species‐rich genera such as Cyphocharax and Steindachnerina. Our findings demonstrate that colonization of novel aquatic environments at higher elevations is associated with an increased rate of diversification, although this pattern is clade‐dependent and driven mostly by allopatric speciation. Curimatids reinforce an emerging perspective that Amazonian lowlands act as a museum by accumulating species along time, whereas the transitions to uplands stimulate higher net diversification rates and lineage diversification., The time‐calibrated molecular phylogeny and geographic range evolution of the Neotropical family Curimatidae show a Late Cretaceous origin in lowland basins of South America with subsequent colonization to upland basins at multiple times during the Cenozoic. Dispersal events, especially in the species‐rich genera Cyphocharax and Steindachnerina, were prevalent in the Brazilian Shield during the Paleogene and Neogene. Colonization of uplands increased net diversification rates in some curimatid subclades.

SummaryThe prevention of tropical forest deforestation is essential for mitigating climate change. We tested the machine learning algorithm Maxent to predict deforestation across the Peruvian Amazon. We used official annual 2001–2019 deforestation data to develop a predictive model and to test the model’s accuracy using near-real-time forest loss data for 2020. Distance from agricultural land and distance from roads were the predictor variables that contributed most to the final model, indicating that a narrower set of variables contribute nearly 80% of the information necessary for prediction at scale. The permutation importance indicating variable information not present in the other variables was also highest for distance from agricultural land and distance from roads, at 40.5% and 14.3%, respectively. The predictive model registered 73.2% of the 2020 early alerts in a high or very high risk category; less than 1% of forest cover in national protected areas were registered as very high risk, but buffer zones were far more vulnerable, with 15% of forest cover being in this category. To our knowledge, this is the first study to use 19 years of annual data for deforestation risk. The open-source machine learning method could be applied to other forest regions, at scale, to improve strategies for reducing future deforestation.

Due to intense ongoing urbanization in the Amazon, the urban pattern of malaria may be changing, both in its spatial distribution and epidemiological profile. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how the process of production of urban space in Porto Velho, the capital of the state of Rondonia, Brazil has contributed to the occurrence and maintenance of urban malaria. Using data collected from the Malaria Epidemiological Surveillance System (SIVEP-Malaria), we calculated malaria indices for the districts of Porto Velho from 2005 to 2018. We also developed two typologies for classifying urban space based on functional characteristics and features of the landscape. While the former considers characteristics of urban space in Porto Velho, the latter is based on suitability for malaria vectors. We found that the annual parasite index declined in Porto Velho during the study period. However, changes in the index were not uniform across the districts of the city. Periurban areas showed no decline in the index, which we attribute to these areas’ high vegetation density and hydrological characteristics. Resumo A Amazônia tem passado por um intenso processo de urbanização em anos recentes, produzindo transformações na organização espacial da região que podem estar refletindo no padrão espaço temporal da malária urbana. O objetivo deste trabalho é compreender como o processo de produção do espaço urbano do município de Porto Velho-RO, tem corroborado para a ocorrência e manutenção da malária urbana. Os dados levantados no Sistema de Vigilância Epidemiológica (SIVEP-Malária) possibilitaram o cálculo do Índice Parasitário Anual (IPA) de malária para os bairros da cidade de Porto Velho dos anos de 2005 a 2018 e a construção de duas tipologias da paisagem do espaço urbano. A primeira considerou o processo de produção do espaço urbano de Porto Velho; a segunda se baseou nas condições de receptividade para o vetor da malária. A ocorrência da malária em Porto Velho vem declinando de forma diferenciada ao longo do território, havendo uma tendência de permanência nas áreas periurbanas com maior densidade de vegetação e hidrografia.

Colonization projects and the consolidation of commodities production maderanching and agriculture one of the main economic activities in Rondônia (RO).Simultaneously to this process, there was an increase in the consumption ofpesticides, resulting in risks to human health and the environment. Based ondatasets of different origins, this article analyzed the spatial distribution ofpesticide commercialization in the different health regions of the state ofRondônia (RO), between 2015 and 2019. We used data from the RondôniaState Pesticide Trade Inspection System (Sistema de Fiscalização doComércio de Agrotóxicos do Estado de Rondônia – SIAFRO), managed by theAgrosilvopastoral Health Defense Agency of the State of Rondônia (Agênciade Defesa Sanitária Agrosilvopastoril do Estado de Rondônia – IDARON);the Phytosanitary Pesticides System (Sistema de Agrotóxicos Fitossanitários– AGROFIT), the National Health Surveillance Agency (Agência Nacional deVigilância Sanitária – ANVISA), the Brazilian Institue of the Environment andRenewable Natural Resources (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dosRecursos Naturais Renováveis – IBAMA) and of the IBGE Automatic RecoverySystem of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Sistema IBGE deRecuperação Automática do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística –SIDRA/IBGE). The consolidation of these data contributed to the analysis andpresentation of the spatial distribution of the average amount of pesticidessold by health regions in RO and the main active ingredients sold, theiruse classification and quantity applied to each culture. We conclude thatthe production of commodities such as soy, corn, coffee, and pasture are themain drivers of pesticide commercialization in the study region. The main marketed active ingredients suggest potential risks to public health and theenvironment. In addition, the present safety criteria regarding pesticides,especially in Brazil, are outdated and lead to public health and environmentalvulnerability. A criação de projetos de colonização e a consolidação da produçãode commodities tornou a agropecuária uma das principais atividadeseconômicas de Rondônia (RO). Simultaneamente a esse processo,deu-se o aumento do consumo de agrotóxicos, resultando empotenciais riscos à saúde humana e ao meio ambiente. Este artigoapresenta, com base no processamento de diversos bancos dedados, a distribuição espacial da comercialização de agrotóxicosem RO por regiões de saúde entre os anos de 2015 e 2019.Para tanto, foram utilizados dados do Sistema de Fiscalização doComércio de Agrotóxicos de RO (SIAFRO), gerenciado pela Agênciade Defesa Sanitária Agrosilvopastoril de RO (IDARON), consultasao Sistema de Agrotóxicos Fitossanitários (AGROFIT), AgênciaNacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), Instituto Brasileiro doMeio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA) eSistema IBGE de Recuperação Automática do Instituto Brasileiro deGeografia e Estatística (SIDRA/IBGE). A consolidação desses dadoscontribuiu para a análise e a apresentação da distribuição espacialda quantidade média de agrotóxicos comercializada por regiões desaúde de RO e dos principais ingredientes ativos comercializados,classificação de uso e quantidade destinados por cultura. Concluiu-seque a produção de commodities como soja, milho, café epastagem é o principal destino dos agrotóxicos comercializadosnas regiões de saúde de RO e que os principais ingredientes ativoscomercializados apontam um potencial risco à saúde pública e ao meio ambiente. Além disso, os padrões de segurança atuais paraagrotóxicos, sobretudo no Brasil, estão desatualizados e evidenciama vulnerabilidade ambiental e de saúde pública.

We report the first records of Scinax ruberoculatus Ferrão, Fraga, Moravec, Kaefer & Lima, 2018 in the state of Amapá, Brazil. We provide an updated distribution map of this species, comment on its occurrence in French Guiana and Suriname, and provide morphometric and bioacoustic data for a population from the municipality of Porto Grande, Amapá, including the first description of the species’ territorial call. This record from Porto Grande extends the distribution of S. ruberoculatus approximately 1430 km northeast from its type locality and helps to better understand its actual distribution.&nbsp

En el contexto de la dispersión de la Región Metropolitana de Belém, el presente trabajo analiza la actuación de uno de los agentes productores de espacio urbano con mayor influencia en la economía urbana de la metrópolis: las cadenas de supermercados minoristas. La investigación se centra en la lógica de actuación del grupo “líder” y su relación con la tendencia a la dispersión del tejido metropolitano, encabezado por la ciudad Belém. Se parte de la premisa de la emergencia de los grupos de supermercados minoristas como manifestación de una economía metropolitana organizada en torno al sector terciario moderno, especialmente al comercio y los servicios. La metodología de este trabajo abarca tres momentos: revisión bibliográfica, revisión documental, observaciones sistemáticas de campo y producción cartográfica de los procesos observados y datos estadísticos obtenidos.

Resumen Presentamos los resultados obtenidos durante cuatro años de muestreo de mamíferos en diferentes coberturas vegetales del municipio de San José del Guaviare, Guaviare, Colombia. Entre los años 2012 y 2017 recolectamos información de la diversidad de mamíferos a través del muestreo con redes de niebla, trampas para pequeños y medianos mamíferos, cámaras trampa, observaciones directas, entrevistas e información secundaria. Reportamos 121 especies de mamíferos nativos para el municipio. Registramos una completitud del muestreo de 64 % para murciélagos, 60 % para pequeños mamíferos no voladores y de 100 % para medianos y grandes mamíferos. Destacamos dos novedades geográficas para los marsupiales Marmosa waterhousei y Glironia venusta, y seis novedades en los murciélagos Lonchorhina marinkellei, Phyllostomus latifolius, Glyphonycteris sylvestris, Glyphonycteris daviesi, Glossophaga commissarisi y Myotis keaysi. La riqueza encontrada es comparable con otros inventarios a largo plazo de mamíferos neotropicales, y presenta la mayor diversidad de especies de murciélagos y primates reportados en Colombia. Sin embargo, es necesario seguir realizando muestreos intensivos, ya que la riqueza de grupos como pequeños mamíferos no voladores y murciélagos está aún subestimada. Abstract We present the results obtained during four years of sampling of mammals in different plant covers of the municipality of San José del Guaviare, Guaviare, Colombia. Between 2012 and 2017 we collected information about diversity of mammals, through capture with mist nets, traps for small and medium mammals, camera traps, direct observations, interviews, and secondary information. We report 121 species of mammals for the municipality. We recorded sampling completeness of 64 % for bats, 60 % for small non-flying mammals, and 100 % for medium and large mammals. We highlight geographical novelties for the marsupials Marmosa waterhousei, Glironia venusta and for the bats Lonchorhina marinkellei, Phyllostomus latifolius, Glyphonycteris sylvestris, Glyphonycteris daviesi, Glossophaga commissarisi and Myotis keaysi. The richness found in this study is comparable with other long-term neotropical inventories and the area has the largest number of bat and primate species reported for any site in Colombia. However, it is necessary to continue with the intensive sampling, because the richness of small non-volant mammals and bats are still underestimated.

This article contributes to streams of knowledge related to biocultural diversity, food tourism and the cultural impacts of introduced species. Specifically, it explores the concerns that arise from the promotion of tilapia fish Oreochromis niloticus in Indigenous cuisine along a touristic route in the Amazon region of Ecuador. Although the environmental impacts of tilapia in the Amazon ecosystem have been largely documented, reports of cultural impacts are still scarce. This research addresses this gap by applying a biocultural approach, which provides a more systemic and pluralistic view of this introduced species in the local food systems of this region. This qualitative research used semi‐structured interviews, observations, a workshop and the analysis of restaurant menus to understand the complexity of the tilapia issue in this case. The results report the factors influencing the promotion of tilapia fish as traditional food, how locals perceive this promotion and its impacts on local culture and biocultural conservation, and locals’ proposals to mitigate these impacts. The discussion section uses a biocultural ethics approach to analyse these results. We focus on stakeholders' perspectives and actions to address the tilapia issue in their region while navigating their multiple ways of valuing their human–environment relations and adapting to uncertain scenarios.

The quilombo – the name commonly used to describe fugitive slave settlements in Brazil – is firmly ensconced in Brazilian historical memory. My objective is to demonstrate the process by which quilombos in western Maranhão evaded and resisted the repression of the state in order to create autonomous cultural and geographical spaces in the state of Pará and defend those spaces well after abolition when faced with the exploitation of their labor and land for the benefit of a nascent mining economy. Fugitive slave activity was a well-known and continuous phenomenon in western Maranhão, particularly in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Dense forests and abundant rivers offered a path to freedom for enslaved Africans. Quilombos profoundly shaped the land through various methods such as the creation of trails, the exploitation of rich alluvial gold deposits, and planting of various fruit trees. Quilombo inhabitants accumulated a knowledge of the land only matched by its indigenous inhabitants, establishing a territoriality recognized for decades thereafter.This territoriality allowed quilombo descendants to bargain with state actors on the basis of their knowledge of gold deposits and geography along the Maranhão-Pará border region. Quilombo descendants formed permanent communities in this region and avoided capture, even while maintaining relationships with local judges, police officials, and representatives of the Brazilian Empire tasked with building a telegraph line in northern Brazil. With the advent of abolition, quilombo descendants were ignored as mining concessions delivered their lands to foreign capital. Their resistance took on many forms, but I will especially demonstrate how quilombo descendants used a deft understanding of major political events such as the Revolution of 1930 to defend their land and autonomy, fighting for freedom after abolition. By demonstrating the complex nature of interactions between quilombolas and dominant political and economic structures and the nature of subaltern resistance therein, I will add new layers to historiographies of slave resistance as well as Afro-Brazilian political engagement following the abolition of slavery.

Based on field surveys undertaken in two conservation areas, we report new distribution data of Hyalinobatrachium taylori (Goin, 1968) and H. tricolor Castroviejo-Fisher, Vilà, Ayarzagüena, Blanc & Ernst, 2011 from the state of Amapá, northern Brazil. We provide acoustic data from these new populations. These are the first records of H. taylori and H. tricolor from Amapá, extending the geographic distributions of these species by 317 km from Mitaraka and 320 km from Saut Grand Machicou, both in French Guiana, respectively.

This article aims to demonstrate the use of a socio-environmental and cultural georeferencing methodologydeveloped and applied in traditional communities interconnected by the Mamuru and Arapiuns rivers, inthe municipalities of Juruti and Santarém, western Pará State. The methodology based on the GeneralTheory of Systems had the purpose of delimiting the territory of use of the communities with the purposeof preserving them from the flogging imposed by the logging activities resulting from the concessionsof public forests to the private sector since 2010 in the region. As methodological procedures, primaryinformation on land use was collected from interviews with key actors in the communities, whose contentaddressed the use of natural resources in the community territorial environment. The communities weregeoreferenced, using cartographic points, whose cardinal directions and distances were estimated froma "reference point" taken in the villages, necessary for the marking of lines, directions, and areas of useof natural resources. The data were exported to the QGIS software, to obtain polygonal land use, as a domain environment and community control. Five years after the beginning of logging activities, the samemethodology was applied again to verify the spatial situation of communities regarding land use, due toforest public policies implemented in the study area. Este artículo tiene como fin demostrar el desarrollo y aplicación de la metodología de georeferenciación socioambiental y cultural en comunidades tradicionales de los ríos Mamuru y Arapiuns, en los municipios de Juruti y Santarém, en el estado de Pará. La metodología, basada en la Teoría General de Sistemas, tiene por objeto delimitar el territorio de uso comunitario con el propósito de preservar a las comunidades delimpacto de las actividades madereras resultantes de las concesiones de explotación forestal al sector privado, desde 2010. Como procedimiento metodológico, se entrevistó a personas clave de las comunidades y se recopiló información primaria sobre el uso de recursos naturales del entorno territorial comunitario. Las comunidades fueron georeferenciadas utilizando puntos cartográficos, cuyas direcciones cardinales y distancias se estimaron a partir de un "punto de referencia" tomado en las aldeas y pueblos, necesarios para establecer las líneas, direcciones y estimaciones de las áreas de uso de los recursos naturales. Los datos se exportaron al software QGIS, para obtener una proyección del uso del suelo, como entorno de dominio y control comunitario. Cinco años después del inicio de las actividades madereras, se volvió a aplicar la misma metodología para verificar la situación espacial de las mismas comunidades con respecto al uso de la tierra, como resultado de las políticas públicas forestales implementadas en el área de estudio. Este artigo objetiva demonstrar o desenvolvimento e aplicação da metodologia de georreferenciamento socioambiental e cultural em comunidades tradicionais nos rios Mamuru e Arapiuns, oeste do estado do Pará. A metodologia, apoiada na teoria dos sistemas, resultou na delimitação do território de uso comunitário com o propósito de preservação das comunidades frente aos impactos das atividades madeireiras decorrentes das outorgas florestais ao setor privado desde 2010 na região. Como procedimentos metodológicos, as informações primárias sobre o uso da terra foram coletadas a partir de entrevistas com atores-chave das comunidades, cujo conteúdo abordou o uso de recursos naturais no entorno territorial comunitário. As comunidades foram georreferenciadas, utilizando pontos cartográficos, cujas direções cardiais e as distâncias foram estimadas a partir de um "ponto de referência" tomado nas comunidades, necessários à marcação das linhas, direções e áreas de uso de recursos naturais. Os dadosforam exportados para o software QGIS para a obtenção de uma poligonal de uso da terra, como entorno de domínio e controle comunitário. Após cinco anos do início das atividades madeireiras, aplicou-se novamente a mesma metodologia para verificar a situação espacial das comunidades quanto ao uso da terra em decorrência das políticas públicas florestais implementadas na área de estudo.

This article proposes two premises that underlie biomedical health care delivery provided through medical missions to Madiha (Kulina) Indigenous Amazonian people living in forest villages. First, that health care is implemented through a set of detached transferable goods and services. Second, that health is a condition that requires the importation of knowledge and resources. The premises were induced through qualitative research on the Brazilian government’s medical missions that provide biomedical care to Madiha (Kulina) in the southwestern Amazon as part of the national health care system. Despite policy rhetoric, delivery practices disregard embedding health and health care in local infrastructure and cultural conditions. There is little or no collaboration with Indigenous healers, capacity building of the local (Indigenous) health care system, education of resident lay health monitors, or extensive and lasting infrastructural development. The article recommends reorientation of delivery to prioritize local health care infrastructure development.

This article identifies homogeneous precipitation regions in Ecuador and their relationship to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), using monthly records from 215 rain stations for the 1968–2014 period. A k-means clustering analysis was used to divide the study area into k regions based on monthly and annual precipitation variables and geographic location (latitude, longitude, and altitude). The robustness of each cluster was evaluated using the “silhouette” coefficient. The groupings were then validated using the regional vector method (RVM). Twenty-two regions of homogeneous precipitation were identified. Seven regions are related to regional climate processes on the Pacific coast (unimodal precipitation). Two regions in the western foothills of the Andes show significant orographic rainfall. Eight regions in the inter-Andean region present a bimodal precipitation regime characterized by a reduction of precipitation from north to south and local variability. Five regions were identified in the Amazon area: three on the outer flanks of the eastern mountain range, one sub-Andean area, and one in the Amazon plain with regular rainfall throughout the year, influenced by the Amazon basin. Although Tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) is strongly related to precipitation in the coastal regions of Ecuador, our findings indicate that SST influence varies among the regions of the country because Ecuador is influenced by the modes of precipitation variability in Colombia and Peru.

The Venezuelan economic crisis, combined with the creation of the Orinoco Mining Arc (OMA), has pushed thousands of people to work in wildcat mines in the Venezuelan Guayana. Even though attempts have been made to control illegal mining in the past, the absence of planning and lack of concrete economic alternatives have made these efforts unsuccessful. Spatial planning could play an important role in developing a rural regional strategy aimed at making other livelihood options available. This is a challenging endeavour, however, because the Venezuelan Guayana is the largest and least populated region of the country, with most of its surface covered by fragile forests rich in ecological and cultural diversity. Moreover, data to inform decision-making are unavailable or severely limited. This paper presents an approach that attempts to overcome those obstacles and seeks to identify which are the peripheral remote areas where resource extraction and its negative externalities are most present, conflicting with the preservation of the forest, its biodiversity and the livelihoods of Indigenous populations. The conclusions presented here might assist spatial planners and policymakers who seek to explore territorial approaches for rural development and inform decision-making in peripheral regions where data are scarce.

No artigo, propõe-se um duplo objetivo. De um lado, questiona-se “quais os lugares da Amazônia nos estudos de RI no Brasil?”. De outro, inquirimos sobre o potencial de repensar pressupostos da disciplina a partir de um evento recente transcorrido na Amazônia: o Encontro Amazônia Centro do Mundo. Para responder à primeira pergunta, sistematizamos produções acadêmicas em RI apresentadas/publicadas nos três últimos Encontros Nacionais da Associação Brasileira de Relações Internacionais (ABRI) e nas revistas Carta Internacional, Contexto Internacional e Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional. Organizamos os resultados obtidos em termos de: (1) alocação nas Áreas Temáticas da ABRI; (2) divisões temáticas em categorias por nós identificadas; (3) produções por região geográfica do Brasil e (4) divisões temáticas por região geográfica. A partir do que observamos sobre o estado da arte em estudos de Amazônia nas RI no Brasil, propomos uma “outra inscrição” da Amazônia na disciplina a partir do Encontro Amazônia Centro do Mundo (EACM) e das perspectivas e reivindicações dos “povos da floresta” ali articuladas. Sob essa base, apresentamos uma breve reflexão crítica sobre os conceitos de “poder” e “resistência” nas RI, e concluímos apontando o potencial do EACM para se pensar nas potencialidades de uma “cosmopolítica da Amazônia”.

The Western Amazonian Dwarf Porcupine, Coendou ichillus Voss & Da Silva, 2001, is poorly known in South America. The species is known only from eight localities in the Amazon and Orinoquia regions of Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. In Colombia, it is known from one locality in the Orinoquía region, based on a specimen collected in 1956. We present a new distribution record which adds information about the presence of C. ichillus in the Napo Moist Forests ecoregion, in the Department of Putumayo, Amazon region of Colombia. We suggest that C. ichillus is more widely distributed in the Amazon region of the country. However, based on the number of known records to date, C. ichillus is the rarest species of porcupine.

The objective of this work was to detect land use and land cover changes in the municipality of Rondon do Pará, in the Brazilian Legal Amazon, through the Geographic Object-based Image Analysis (GEOBIA), aiming to identify whether its inclusion in the list of priority municipalities for actions to prevent, monitor and control deforestation in the Amazon (Decree 6.321/2007), has inhibited this process. The methodological procedure involved the calculation of vegetation indices to highlight interest classes, the segmentation of the images into geo-objects and the classification using Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm. Also, we evaluated the relationship between annual rates of particulate material with a diameter of fewer than 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5) emitted from fires and deforestation in Rondon do Pará. The results show the reduction of deforestation rates but the conversion, in absolute values, of 984,47 km² of natural vegetation to anthropized areas along the 2006-2017 period, and the reduction of the average PM2.5 fire emissions from 31,107 tons year-1 between 2002 and 2007 to 10,394 ton year-1 in the post-inclusion period (2008-2019). This represents that the inclusion of Rondon do Pará in this list was beneficial, but the suppression of natural vegetation was not totally curbed, reinforcing that changes from environmental policies are gradual. Activities that do not use fire to suppress natural vegetation, such as selective logging, common in Rondon do Pará, had impact. This makes it necessary to intensify inspections and the development of sustainable actions in the region.

Este artigo surgiu como uma espécie de “etnografia em retalhos” em que um grupo de estudantes de antropologia e um professor da Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, na Amazônia brasileira, buscaram superar as barreiras do confinamento e entrelaçaram seus olhares sobre a pandemia de Covid-19. Inspirados em leituras comuns feitas durante as aulas que precederam a época de suspensão das atividades universitárias, as suas reflexões à beira dos rios Amazonas e Tapajós tecem esta experiência de escrita colaborativa, quando o novo coronavírus irrompe precisamente em um dos momentos mais exacerbados de agressão à floresta amazônica e a seus habitantes.

Although taxonomy, ecology, and natural history information of the arboreal spiny rats is available, many gaps in some species distribution still exist. We report here the first records of the Peruvian Toro, Toromys rhipidurus (Thomas, 1928), in southern Colombia. This arboreal spiny rat was only known from the Peruvian Amazonia. These new records extend the known geographical distribution of the species by about 61 km northward from its nearest known locality, at Río Yavarí, Peru. In addition, we provide some notes on the natural history of the species.

In this study we present an overview of the dissemination of the new Coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) in the municipalities of the Alto Solimoes micro-region in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. The data used comes from the Monitoring System of cases of COVID-19 infection in the municipalities of the State of Amazonas, and from the Monitoring System of cases of COVID-19 among indigenous peoples in Brazil, which are organized in the database and WebSig coordinated by researchers from the federal universities of Rio Grande do Sul and Amazonas, and the university of the State of Amazonas. We systematize and analyze information from municipal and state public agencies responsible for preventing and combating the pandemic, giving special attention to data on indigenous health, present in the bulletins of the Special Secretary of Indigenous Health, but, which are questioned by reports made by indigenous organizations. By comparing these data with the geographical, political and socio-economic characteristics of the Alto Solimoes micro-region, the numbers of new coronavirus infections and of deaths resulting from complications of the disease, we forecast a scenario of vulnerability and risk for the population, especially for the indigenous peoples. The ineffectiveness of public health policies in the context of the pandemic reveals a worsening of situations in which the services and actions of health professionals are deficient, which favours the spread of the virus in a cross-border context.

Access to safe drinking water is limited in many isolated areas, such as the Amazon where Indigenous peoples frequently reside. Identifying safe forms of drinking water accepted by the communities could have positive health benefits for Indigenous peoples. Many Amazon Indigenous peoples traditionally prepare and consume a fermented beverage called masato, which is frequently the only form of water consumption. Despite its widespread consumption and evidence of the health benefits of fermentation, masato remains poorly investigated. We partnered with a Shawi Indigenous community in the Peruvian Amazon to conduct participatory photography to research masato preparation, and to characterize key cultural features and to assess the presence of total and fecal coliform bacteria by using a membrane filter technique. Pictures show that masato preparation is a key part of cultural practices and that there are clear gender roles in the preparation process. We found that 100% of communal water sources (26/26) were contaminated with coliform bacteria; by contrast, fewer, 18% of masato samples (2/11), were positive for coliform. This exploratory study suggests that fermented beverages like masato merit further investigation as they represent an Indigenous method to improve water quality in Amazonian communities where water safety cannot be assured.

A extração seletiva de madeiras é uma atividade florestal que inclui a exploração de um grupo de espécies florestais em florestas nativas, normalmente as de maior valor ou interesse comercial. A extração seletiva de madeiras pode ser executada legalmente, em áreas de manejo e de exploração florestal para desmatamentos autorizados ou, ilegalmente, em situações não autorizadas, que ocorrem de forma predatória. No presente estudo, a dinâmica espaço-temporal da extração seletiva de madeiras no estado de Mato Grosso foi avaliada a partir de uma série temporal (de 1992 a 2016) de dados de florestas exploradas seletivamente detectadas, usando dados de sensoriamento remoto. A interpretação visual e a classificação semiautomática de imagens Landsat foram utilizadas para detectar as florestas alteradas por atividades de extração seletiva de madeiras na área de estudo. Com base nos presentes resultados, estimou-se que 41.926 km2 de florestas nativas foram exploradas ao menos uma vez entre 1992 e 2016 em Mato Grosso, com área média anual de 1.747 km2. As florestas exploradas seletivamente e detectadas com distúrbios persistentes ou recorrentes foram mais frequentes nos anos mais recentes desta análise. A maioria das florestas exploradas seletivamente na área e no período de estudo não foram desmatadas até 2016. Esse fato indica que a extração seletiva de madeiras consiste em um fenômeno desagregado do desmatamento no estado de Mato Grosso. Observou-se que uma média de 18 km2.ano-1 e 268,18 km2.ano-1 de florestas foram exploradas seletivamente dentro de Unidades de Conservação e Terras Indígenas, respectivamente, entre 1992 e 2016. As atividades de extração seletiva não apresentaram tendências significativas de aumento ou redução dentro de áreas protegidas no período analisado. As áreas de exploração seletiva de madeira foram persistentemente detectadas nos antigos polos madeireiros localizados na região centro-norte do Estado com, possivelmente, novos ciclos de corte nas áreas manejadas. Mais recentemente, a extração seletiva se expandiu à última fronteira florestal nativa no noroeste do estado de Mato Grosso. Finalmente, concluiu-se que a exploração madeireira impacta grande extensão de florestas nativas anualmente no estado de Mato Grosso e, por isso, precisa ser devidamente considerada e monitorada pelos órgãos ambientais devido aos seus potenciais impactos nas florestas e para apoiar a definição de políticas públicas para garantir a sustentabilidade da produção florestal futura naquele Estado.

The Brazilian Porcupine, Coendou prehensilis (Linnaeus, 1758), is the most widespread species of Coendou Lacépède, 1799 in South America, but little is known on its natural history, ecology and distribution. In Colombia, it has been reported in the lowlands and inter-Andean valleys of 18 continental departments, but there are still gaps on its distribution, natural history and ecology. We present new distribution records and add information of the presence of C. prehensilis in 10 additional departments of Colombia located at the Amazonia, Orinoco, Peri-Caribbean Arid Belt, and North Andean Biogeographic provinces. We suggest that C. prehensilis is the most widespread species in the lowlands of Colombia, although it does not occur in the Biogeographic Chocó and in the inter-Andean medium and high valleys of the Cauca and Magdalena rivers.

Methane (CH4) atmospheric mixing ratio measurements are analyzed for the period between June 2013 and November 2018 at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO). We describe the seasonal and diurnal patterns of nighttime events in which CH4 mixing ratios at the uppermost (79 m a.g.l.) inlet are significantly higher than the lowermost inlet (4 m a.g.l.) by 8 ppb or more. These nighttime events were found to be associated with a wind direction originating from the southeast and wind speeds between 2 and 5 m s−1. We found that these events happen under specific nighttime atmospheric conditions when compared to other nights, exhibiting less variable sensible heat flux, low net radiation and a strong thermal stratification above the canopy. Our analysis indicates that even at wind speeds of 5.8 m s−1 the turbulence intensity, given by the standard deviation of the vertical velocity, is suppressed to values lower than 0.3 m s−1. Given these findings, we suggest that these nighttime CH4 enhancements are advected from their source location by horizontal nonturbulent motions. The most likely source location is the Uatumã River, possibly influenced by dead stands of flooded forest trees that may be enhancing CH4 emissions from those areas. Finally, biomass burning and the Amazon River were discarded as potential CH4 sources.

We present the first record of Paint-billed Crake, Mustelirallus erythrops (Sclater 1867), for Amazonas, Colombia. We observed six individuals in water channels at the Leticia airport, in Amazonas department, while monitoring the avifauna associated with the airport. Our photographs and recordings represent the first record of the species in the Amazon region in Colombia, and the first documented record of the species in all western Amazonia.

Purpose of ReviewLeprosy is one of the first pathologies described in the history of mankind. However, the ecology, transmission, and pathogenicity of the incriminated bacilli remain poorly understood. Despite effective treatment freely distributed worldwide since 1995, around 200,000 new cases continue to be detected yearly, mostly in the tropics. This review aims to discuss the unique characteristics of leprosy in Amazonian countries, which exhibit a very heterogeneous prevalence among human and animal reservoirs.Recent FindingsGroundbreaking discoveries made in the last 15 years have challenged the dogmas about leprosy reservoirs, transmission, and treatment. The discovery of a new leprosy causative agent in 2008 and the scientific proof of zoonosis transmission of leprosy by nine-banded armadillos in the southern USA in 2011 challenged the prospects of leprosy eradication. In the Amazonian biome, nine-banded and other armadillo species are present but the lack of large-scale studies does not yet allow accurate assessment of the zoonotic risk. Brazil is the second country in the world reporting the highest number of new leprosy cases annually. The disease is also present, albeit with different rates, in all neighboring countries. Throughout the Amazonian biome, leprosy is mainly found in hyperendemic foci, conducive to the emergence and transmission of drug-resistant strains.SummaryThe deepening of current knowledge on leprosy reservoirs, transmission, and therapeutic issues, with the One Health approach and the help of molecular biology, will allow a better understanding and management of the public health issues and challenges related to leprosy in Amazonia.

Considerando o cenário de redução dos limites da APA Aramanaí em Belterra-PA, o objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar o uso e cobertura da terra na APA nos anos de 2004, 2014 e 2018, contextualizando a sua importância como área prioritária para a conservação da biodiversidade na Amazônia. Um banco de dados contendo classes de uso e cobertura da terra do Projeto TerraClass foi utilizado para o cálculo de áreas e tabulação das mudanças ocorridas no período anterior à aprovação da Lei Municipal nº 237/2017, enquanto para análise posterior foi realizada a classificação supervisionada da imagem do satélite Sentinel-2 com os procedimentos de realce, segmentação e mapeamento de classes. Os resultados mostraram a cobertura florestal como principal classe com mais de 60% da área, além disso foi possível identificar a expansão de áreas construídas no período anterior à criação da lei de alteração. Verificou-se que, do total da área excluída, 21,5 km² é de cobertura vegetal, e que nesse período houve uma aceleração no processo de antropização em vários pontos. Evidenciam-se, assim, as mudanças ocorridas na APA Aramanaí e a importância da sistematização de informações que subsidiem discussões para contribuir com a gestão ambiental da região.

Loin d’être une région sous-peuplée, sauvage ou vierge, l’Amazonie apparaît au contraire comme la fabrique des plantes globales. Quels sont les mécanismes de la globalisation des plantes d’Amazonie ? Nous verrons au cours de cet article que la globalisation des végétaux d’Amazonie repose sur un ensemble de processus socio-écologiques à l'œuvre dans le temps et l’espace que nous nommons strates de mondialisation et qui, combinées, forment la globalisation des plantes. Ces strates s’articulent autour de filières marchandes globales, qui sont elles-mêmes alimentées par une logique extractiviste-capitaliste. La compréhension de la fabrique des plantes globales apparaît comme une condition nécessaire pour mettre en œuvre une répartition équitable des richesses issues de la biodiversité, dont les peuples amazoniens et la région n’ont que peu bénéficié. Far from being an under-populated, wild or pristine region, the Amazon rainforest appears on the contrary to be a maker of global plants. What are the mechanisms of the globalization of Amazonian plants? We will see through this article that the globalization of Amazonian plants is based on a set of socio-ecological processes through time and space that we call layers of mondialisation which, when combined, shape the globalization of crops. These layers are structured around global commodity chains that are fed by an extractivist-capitalist logic. The comprehension of the making of global plants appears to be a necessary condition for implementing a fair repartition of the richness issued from biodiversity, from which Amazonian people and the region did not really benefit. Longe de ser uma região subpovoada, selvagem ou imaculada, a Amazônia aparece ao contrário como a fábrica das plantas globais. Quais são os mecanismos da globalização das plantas da Amazônia? Ao longo deste artigo, veremos que a globalização das plantas da Amazônia está baseada num conjunto de processos sócio-ecológicos no tempo e no espaço que chamamos de estratos de mundialização e que, combinados, geram a globalização. Esses estratos são articulados ao redor de cadeias de valor globais, alimentadas por uma lógica extrativista-capitalista. A compreensão da fábrica das plantas globais aparece como uma condição necessária para garantir uma repartição justa das riquezas oriundas da biodiversidade, da qual os povos amazônicos e a região não se beneficiaram.

International audience; Ethnopharmacological relevance: In French Guiana, traditional phytotherapies are an important part of self-healthcare, however, a precise understanding of the interactions between local phytotherapies and biomedicine is lacking. Malaria is still endemic in the transition area between French Guiana and Brazil, and practices of self-treatment, although difficult to detect, have possible consequences on the outcome of public health policies.Aim of the study: The objectives of this research were 1) to document occurences of co-medication (interactions between biomedicine and local phytotherapies) against malaria around Saint-Georges de l’Oyapock (SGO), 2) to quantify and to qualify plant uses against malaria, 3) and to discuss potential effects of such co-medications, in order to improve synergy between community efforts and public health programs in SGO particularly, and in Amazonia more broadly.Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2017 in SGO. Inhabitants of any age and nationality were interviewed using a questionnaire (122 questions) about their knowledge and habits regarding malaria, and their use of plants to prevent and treat it. They were invited to show their potential responses on a poster illustrating the most common antimalarial plants used in the area. In order to correlate plant uses and malaria epidemiology, all participants subsequently received a medical examination, and malaria detection was performed by Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).Results: A total of 1566 inhabitants were included in the study. Forty-six percent of them declared that they had been infected by malaria at least once, and this rate increased with age. Every person who reported that they had had malaria also indicated that they had taken antimalarial drugs (at least for the last episode), and self-medication against malaria with pharmaceuticals was reported in 142 cases. A total of 550 plant users was recorded (35.1% of the interviewed population). Among them 95.5% associated pharmaceuticals to plants. All plants reported to treat malaria were shared by every cultural group around SGO, but three plants were primarily used by the Palikur: Cymbopogon citratus, Citrus aurantifolia and Siparuna guianensis. Two plants stand out among those used by Creoles: Eryngium foetidum and Quassia amara, although the latter is used by all groups and is by far the most cited plant by every cultural group. Cultivated species accounts for 91.3% of the use reports, while wild taxa account for only 18.4%.Conclusions: This study showed that residents of SGO in French Guiana are relying on both traditional phytotherapies and pharmaceutical drugs to treat malaria. This medical pluralism is to be understood as a form of pragmatism: people are collecting or cultivating plants for medicinal purposes, which is probably more congruent with their respective cultures and highlights the wish for a certain independence of the care process. A better consideration of these practices is thus necessary to improve public health response to malaria.

Phylogenetic proximity suggests some degree of diet similarity among species. Usually, studies of diet show that species coexistence is allowed by partitioning food resources. We evaluate how visually oriented piscivorous fishes (Characiformes) share prey before and after building the Santo Antônio Hydroelectric Power Plant (HPP) in the Madeira River (Brazil), the largest muddy-water tributary of the Amazon River. Piscivorous species (Acestrorhynchus falcirostris, Acestrorhynchus heterolepis, Hydrolycus scomberoides, and Rhaphiodon vulpinus) were sampled under pristine (pre-HPP) and disturbed (post-HPP) environmental conditions. We analyzed species abundance and stomach contents for stomach fullness and prey composition to check variations between congeneric and non-congeneric species. The percent volume of prey taxa was normalized by stomach fullness and grouped into the taxonomic family level to determine diet, niche breadth, and overlap. Only R. vulpinus abundance increased in post-HPP. There was no significant variation in niche breadth between the periods, while niche overlap decreased in congeneric and non-congeneric species. Our results indicate that river impoundment affected piscivorous fishes in distinct ways and modified their resource partitioning. Therefore, evaluate interspecific interactions is a required tool to understand how fishes respond to river damming. Resumo A proximidade filogenética pode indicar similaridade da dieta entre espécies e a partilha de recursos alimentares é um mecanismo que possibilita a coexistência. Neste trabalho, avaliamos como peixes piscívoros compartilham presas antes e depois da construção da Usina Hidrelétrica (UHE) Santo Antônio no rio Madeira (Brasil), o maior afluente de águas brancas do rio Amazonas. Espécies piscívoras (Acestrorhynchus falcirostris, Acestrorhynchus heterolepis, Hydrolycus scomberoides e Rhaphiodon vulpinus) foram coletadas em condições ambientais pristinas (pré-HPP) e impactadas (pós-HPP). Nós avaliamos as abundâncias e as dietas para identificar variações entre as espécies congenéricas e não-congenéricas. O percentual de volume de cada presa foi corrigido pelo grau de repleção estomacal e os itens agrupados ao nível taxonômico de família para determinar dieta, amplitude e sobreposição alimentar. Apenas a abundância de R. vulpinus aumentou no pós-HPP. Não houve diferença na amplitude alimentar das espécies após o represamento, contudo a sobreposição de nicho diminuiu para as espécies congenéricas e não congenéricas. Nossos resultados indicam que o represamento do rio afetou os peixes piscívoros modificando sua partilha de recursos. Avaliar as interações interespecíficas, portanto, é uma ferramenta necessária para entender como os peixes respondem ao represamento de rios.

Malaria is an acute febrile infectious disease that represents an important public health problem in the Brazilian amazon region. The present study described the socio-epidemiological and spatial characteristics of malaria in a population from the Tapajós mining areas, Pará, Brazilian Amazon. A cross-sectional study, including individuals from Itaituba city, an area under mining activity influence, was conducted. The geographic coordinates were obtained in the field using the Global Positioning System (GPS) Garmin 78csx, for spatial analysis, we used the Kernel Density Estimator with the application of scanning statistics with the SaTScan software. Of the 908 individuals, 311 were positive for malaria. Most of the malaria cases were associated with male individuals, gold miners and with a monthly income of 4-6 salaries. Binary logistic regression analysis demonstrated that gold miners were nearly five times more likely to acquire malaria. In addition, a context of risk for sexually transmitted infections, substance abuse and poor support conditions was observed, worsening the healthcare scenario in this endemic area for malaria. The spatial distribution of malaria cases is irregular in the municipality with hotspot areas located in the Amana Flona that coincide with areas of illegal mining and high human mobility. Finally, the presented socio-epidemiological and spatial distribution data may aid in the development of more effective control measures for malaria in the area.

The trade in wild meat is an important economic component of rural people's livelihoods, but it has been perceived to be among the main causes of the decline of wildlife species. Recently, the COVID-19 pandemic has brought to light an additional concern of wildlife markets as a major human-health challenge. We analyzed data from the largest longitudinal monitoring (1973-2018) of the most important urban wild-meat markets in Iquitos, Peru, to examine the trends in and impacts of these markets on people's livelihoods. Over the last 45 years, wild meat sales increased at a rate of 6.4 t/year (SD 2.17), paralleling urban population growth. Wild meat sales were highest in 2018 (442 t), contributing US$2.6 million (0.76%) to the regional gross domestic product. Five species of ungulates and rodents accounted for 88.5% of the amount of biomass traded. Vulnerable and Endangered species represented 7.0% and 0.4% of individuals sold, respectively. Despite growth in sales, the contribution of wild meat to overall urban diet was constant: 1-2%/year of total meat consumed. This result was due to greater availability and higher consumption of cheaper meats (e.g., in 2018, poultry was 45.8% cheaper and was the most consumed meat) coupled with the lack of economic incentives to harvest wild meat species in rural areas. Most wild meat was sold salted or smoked, reducing the likelihood of foodborne diseases. Community-based wildlife management plans and the continued trade bans on primates and threatened taxa may avoid biodiversity loss. Considering the recent COVID-19 pandemic, future management plans should include potential viral hosts and regulation and enforcement of hygiene practices in wild-meat markets.Comercio de Carne de Monte en los Últimos 45 Años en la Amazonia Peruana Resumen El comercio de carne de monte es un componente económico importante del sustento de habitantes de zonas rurales, pero se ha percibido como una de las principales causas de la declinación de especies de vida silvestre. Recientemente, la pandemia de COVID-19 ha traído a la luz una preocupación adicional de los mercados de vida silvestre como un reto importante para la salud humana. Analizamos datos del monitoreo longitudinal más extenso (1973-2018) de los mercados urbanos de carne de monte más importantes en Iquitos, Perú, para examinar las tendencias y los impactos de estos mercados sobre el sustento de los habitantes. Las ventas de carne de monte incrementaron en los últimos 45 años a una tasa de 6.4 t/año (DS 2.17), en paralelo con el crecimiento de la población. Las ventas de carne de monte fueron más altas en 2018 (442 t), aportando U.S. $2.6 millones (0.76%) al producto interno bruto de la región. Cinco especies de ungulados y roedores comprendieron el 88.5% de la biomasa comercializada. Especies vulnerables y en peligro representaron 7.0% y 0.4% de los individuos vendidos, respectivamente. A pesar del incremento de las ventas, la contribución de la carne de monte al total de la dieta urbana fue constante: 1-2%/año del total de carne consumida. Este resultado se debió a una mayor disponibilidad y consumo de carnes más baratas (e. g., en 2018 la carne de pollo fue 45.8% más barata y fue la más consumida) aparejado con la falta de incentivos económicos para cosechar carne de especies silvestres en áreas rurales. La mayor parte de la carne de monte se vendía salada o ahumada, reduciendo con ello la probabilidad de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos. Los planes de manejo de vida silvestre basados en comunidades y la prohibición continua del comercio de primates y taxa amenazados pueden evitar la pérdida de biodiversidad. Considerando la reciente pandemia de COVID-19, los planes de manejo futuros deben incluir potenciales huéspedes virales y la regulación y aplicación de prácticas de higiene en los mercados de carne de especies silvestres.摘要: 野味贸易是农村人民维持生计的重要经济组成部分, 但也一直被认为是野生动物数量下降的主要原因之一。近期的新冠肺炎疫情暴露了野生动物市场另一个令人担忧的问题, 即对人类健康的重大挑战。本研究利用秘鲁伊基托斯市区内最重要的野味市场的最大纵向监测数据集 (1973-2018 年), 分析了野味市场的趋势及其对人们生计的影响。在过去的 45 年里, 野味销售量以每年 6.4 吨 (标准差 2.17) 的速度增长, 与城市人口增长同步。 2018 年野味的销售量最高 (442 吨), 为该地区国内生产总值贡献了 260 万美元 (0.76%) 。其中五种有蹄类和啮齿类动物占交易重量的 88.5%。易危物种和濒危物种分别占售出个体的7.0%和0.4%。尽管野味销售量有所增长, 但它对城市整体饮食的贡献仍保持不变, 占每年肉类消费总量的 1%-2%。这一结果是由于廉价的肉类有更高的供应量和消费量 (例如, 2018 年家禽价格比野味便宜 45.8%, 是消费最多的肉类), 再加上农村地区捕猎野味物种缺乏经济激励。此外, 该地区大多数野味都是腌制或熏制后出售的, 降低了导致食源性疾病的可能性。基于社区的野生动物管理计划以及对灵长类动物和受威胁物种的长期贸易禁令可能有助于遏制生物多样性丧失。考虑到近期的新冠肺炎疫情, 未来的管理计划应将潜在病毒宿主及野味市场卫生规范监管与执行纳入考虑。【翻译: 胡怡思; 审校: 聂永刚】.

The fishery of mapará (Hypophthalmus marginatus) is of great economic importance in the Amazon region. Despite this, it is observed that the current norms of management disagree with the ethnoknowledge of fishermen of the Tocantins river. Therefore, there are many seizures and fines in the Tocantins Low region. This work appeared as a demand of the fishermen of the region and had as purpose to test the pertinence of the fishing legislation on the capture of the species and to provide subsidies for the adaptation of the norms to the local reality. For this, a mapará fishery was taken on the Pindobal Grande river, in the municipality of Igarapé-Miri, in the state of Pará. A sample of the captured individuals was collected, and identification, sexing and biometry were done. Fishing was described, and the sex ratio tested with the Chi-Square test and the mean length differences between the sexes with the Student's t-test. The results were compared with current legislation and literature data. The captured mapará individuals were mostly above 30 cm, as determined by legislation. It is concluded that, despite using a network that is prohibited, the capture of the species in the region acts selectively, due to the ethno-cognition and the fisherman's action ("taleiro"). Therefore, it is necessary that the legislation be revised, seeking the reconciliation between the conservation of ecosystems, the traditional knowledge and the socioeconomic development of the region. La pesca del sorgo (Hypophthalmus marginatus) tiene una gran importancia económica en la región amazónica. Sin embargo, se observa que las normas de gestión vigentes están en desacuerdo con los conocimientos étnicos de los pescadores del río Tocantins. Por lo tanto, hay un gran número de incautaciones y multas en la región del Bajo Tocantins. Este trabajo surgió como una demanda de los pescadores de la región y su objetivo era comprobar la pertinencia de la legislación pesquera sobre la captura de la especie y proporcionar subvenciones para adaptar la normativa a la realidad local. Así, seguimos una pesquería de mapará en el río Pindobal Grande, municipio de Igarapé-Miri, estado de Pará; donde se tomó una muestra de los individuos capturados y se procedió a su identificación, sexado y biometría. Se describieron las pesquerías y se comprobaron las proporciones de los sexos con la prueba de Chi Cuadrado y las diferencias de longitud media entre los sexos con la prueba t de Student. Los resultados se compararon con la legislación vigente y con los datos de la literatura. La mayoría de los ejemplares de mapará capturados superaban los 30 cm, tal y como exige la ley. Se puede concluir que, a pesar del uso de una red prohibida, la captura de la especie en la región es selectiva, debido al conocimiento étnico y a las acciones del pescador ("taleiro"). Por lo tanto, es necesario que se revise la legislación, buscando conciliar la conservación de los ecosistemas, los conocimientos tradicionales y el desarrollo socioeconómico de la región. A pescaria do mapará (Hypophthalmus marginatus) é de grande importância econômica na região amazônica. Apesar disso, observa-se que as normas de manejo vigentes estão em discordância com o etnoconhecimento dos pescadores do rio Tocantins. Logo, há uma grande quantidade de apreensões e multas na região do Baixo Tocantins. Este trabalho surgiu como demanda dos pescadores da região e teve como finalidade testar a pertinência da legislação de pesca sobre a captura da espécie e fornecer subsídios para a adequação das normas à realidade local. Para isso acompanhou-se uma pescaria do mapará no rio Pindobal Grande, município de Igarapé-Miri, estado do Pará. Retirou-se uma amostra dos indivíduos capturados, e foi feita a identificação, sexagem e biometria. A pesca foi descrita e a proporção sexual testada com o teste de Qui Quadrado e as diferenças do comprimento médio entre os sexos com o teste t de Student. Os resultados foram comparados com a legislação vigente e com dados da literatura. Os indivíduos de mapará capturados estavam em sua maioria acima dos 30 cm, determinado pela legislação. Conclui-se então, que apesar de utilizar uma rede que é proibida, a captura da espécie na região atua de forma seletiva, por conta do etnoconhecimento e da atuação do pescador (“taleiro”). Logo, faz-se necessário que a legislação seja revista, buscando a conciliação entre a conservação dos ecossistemas, o saber tradicional e o desenvolvimento socioeconômico da região.

RESUMEN Las políticas públicas de los estados inciden en las dinámicas propias de los pueblos indígenas y sus territorios en la Amazonía, muchas de las cuales dan lugar a conflictos por la reducida visión y consideraciones en torno a la diversidad cultural, que se remiten a discursos y políticas uniculturales. En la Amazonía ecuatoriana, el pueblo de reciente contacto waorani, y grupos familiares en aislamiento, mantienen y reproducen formas culturales propias de orden social y territorialidad, lo cual choca con las delimitaciones impuestas por el Estado, al no estar apegadas a esas formas propias de control y manejo territorial. La Región del Yasuní, en la Amazonía ecuatoriana, es un espacio donde confluyen formas de vida tradicional de uso y movilidad, bajo referentes de antepasados que habitaron ese territorio, y que heredaron ese lugar a sus generaciones posteriores; y donde las actividades petroleras marcan el día a día, pero sobre todo inciden en el desarrollo de conflictos que llegan a afectar las dinámicas propias y la reproducción de sus formas culturales, tanto de waorani de reciente contacto, como de aquellos que optaron por el aislamiento. RESUMO As políticas públicas dos estados afetam a dinâmica dos povos indígenas e seus territórios na Amazônia, muitos dos quais geram conflitos devido à visão reduzida e às considerações sobre a diversidade cultural, que remetem a discursos e políticas unicultural. Na Amazônia equatoriana, o povo Waorani de contato recente e grupos familiares isolados mantêm e reproduzem suas próprias formas culturais de ordem social e territorialidade, o que esbarra nos limites impostos pelo Estado, por não estarem presos a essas formas próprias de controle e gestão territorial. A Região Yasuní, na Amazônia equatoriana, é um espaço onde convergem modos de vida tradicionais de uso e mobilidade, sob referências de ancestrais que habitaram aquele território, e que o herdaram às suas gerações posteriores; e onde as atividades petrolíferas marcam o dia a dia, mas sobretudo afetam o desenvolvimento de conflitos que afetam sua própria dinâmica e a reprodução de suas formas culturais, tanto de Waorani de contato recente, quanto de quem optou pelo isolamento. ABSTRACT The public policies of the states affect the dynamics of indigenous peoples and their territories in the Amazon, many of which give rise to conflicts due to the reduced vision and considerations around cultural diversity, which refer to discourses and policies unicultural. In the Ecuadorian Amazon, the Waorani people of recent contact, and family groups in isolation, maintain and reproduce their own cultural forms of social order and territoriality, which confront with the limits imposed by the State, by the different conceptions of territorial control and management. The Yasuní Region, in the Ecuadorian Amazon, is the space where Waorani families of recent contact and in isolation; being a common space where their traditional way of life of use and mobility converges, under references of ancestors who inhabited that territory, and who inherited that place to their later generations. It is this territory where oil activities mark the day to day, but above all they affect the development of conflicts that come to affect their own dynamics and the reproduction of their cultural forms, both of Waorani of recent contact, and of those who opted for isolation.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:16:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Agence Nationale Des Parcs Nationaux Centre for International Forestry Research Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (COLCIENCIAS) David and Lucile Packard Foundation European Space Agency Leverhulme Trust Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás European Research Council Belgian Federal Science Policy Office Vlaamse Interuniversitaire Raad Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) National Science Foundation Natural Environment Research Council Royal Society National Geographic Society Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Tropical forests are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. While better understanding of these forests is critical for our collective future, until quite recently efforts to measure and monitor them have been largely disconnected. Networking is essential to discover the answers to questions that transcend borders and the horizons of funding agencies. Here we show how a global community is responding to the challenges of tropical ecosystem research with diverse teams measuring forests tree-by-tree in thousands of long-term plots. We review the major scientific discoveries of this work and show how this process is changing tropical forest science. Our core approach involves linking long-term grassroots initiatives with standardized protocols and data management to generate robust scaled-up results. By connecting tropical researchers and elevating their status, our Social Research Network model recognises the key role of the data originator in scientific discovery. Conceived in 1999 with RAINFOR (South America), our permanent plot networks have been adapted to Africa (AfriTRON) and Southeast Asia (T-FORCES) and widely emulated worldwide. Now these multiple initiatives are integrated via ForestPlots.net cyber-infrastructure, linking colleagues from 54 countries across 24 plot networks. Collectively these are transforming understanding of tropical forests and their biospheric role. Together we have discovered how, where and why forest carbon and biodiversity are responding to climate change, and how they feedback on it. This long-term pan-tropical collaboration has revealed a large long-term carbon sink and its trends, as well as making clear which drivers are most important, which forest processes are affected, where they are changing, what the lags are, and the likely future responses of tropical forests as the climate continues to change. By leveraging a remarkably old technology, plot networks are sparking a very modern revolution in tropical forest science. In the future, humanity can benefit greatly by nurturing the grassroots communities now collectively capable of generating unique, long-term understanding of Earth's most precious forests. Resumen: Los bosques tropicales son los ecosistemas más diversos y productivos del mundo y entender su funcionamiento es crítico para nuestro futuro colectivo. Sin embargo, hasta hace muy poco, los esfuerzos para medirlos y monitorearlos han estado muy desconectados. El trabajo en redes es esencial para descubrir las respuestas a preguntas que trascienden las fronteras y los plazos de las agencias de financiamiento. Aquí mostramos cómo una comunidad global está respondiendo a los desafíos de la investigación en ecosistemas tropicales a través de diversos equipos realizando mediciones árbol por árbol en miles de parcelas permanentes de largo plazo. Revisamos los descubrimientos más importantes de este trabajo y discutimos cómo este proceso está cambiando la ciencia relacionada a los bosques tropicales. El enfoque central de nuestro esfuerzo implica la conexión de iniciativas locales de largo plazo con protocolos estandarizados y manejo de datos para producir resultados que se puedan trasladar a múltiples escalas. Conectando investigadores tropicales, elevando su posición y estatus, nuestro modelo de Red Social de Investigación reconoce el rol fundamental que tienen, para el descubrimiento científico, quienes generan o producen los datos. Concebida en 1999 con RAINFOR (Suramérica), nuestras redes de parcelas permanentes han sido adaptadas en África (AfriTRON) y el sureste asiático (T-FORCES) y ampliamente replicadas en el mundo. Actualmente todas estas iniciativas están integradas a través de la ciber-infraestructura de ForestPlots.net, conectando colegas de 54 países en 24 redes diferentes de parcelas. Colectivamente, estas redes están transformando nuestro conocimiento sobre los bosques tropicales y el rol de éstos en la biósfera. Juntos hemos descubierto cómo, dónde y porqué el carbono y la biodiversidad de los bosques tropicales está respondiendo al cambio climático y cómo se retroalimentan. Esta colaboración pan-tropical de largo plazo ha expuesto un gran sumidero de carbono y sus tendencias, mostrando claramente cuáles son los factores más importantes, qué procesos se ven afectados, dónde ocurren los cambios, los tiempos de reacción y las probables respuestas futuras mientras el clima continúa cambiando. Apalancando lo que realmente es una tecnología antigua, las redes de parcelas están generando una verdadera y moderna revolución en la ciencia tropical. En el futuro, la humanidad puede beneficiarse enormemente si se nutren y cultivan comunidades de investigadores de base, actualmente con la capacidad de generar información única y de largo plazo para entender los que probablemente son los bosques más preciados de la tierra. Resumo: Florestas tropicais são os ecossistemas mais diversos e produtivos da Terra. Embora uma boa compreensão destas florestas seja crucial para o nosso futuro coletivo, até muito recentemente os esforços de medições e monitoramento foram amplamente desconexos. É essencial formarmos redes para obtermos respostas que transcendem fronteiras e horizontes de agências financiadoras. Neste estudo nós mostramos como uma comunidade global está respondendo aos desafios da pesquisa de ecossistemas tropicais, com equipes diversas medindo florestas, árvore por árvore, em milhares de parcelas monitoradas à longo prazo. Nós revisamos as maiores descobertas científicas deste trabalho, e mostramos também como este processo está mudando a ciência de florestas tropicais. Nossa abordagem principal envolve unir iniciativas de base a protocolos padronizados e gerenciamento de dados a fim de gerar resultados robustos em escalas ampliadas. Ao conectar pesquisadores tropicais e elevar seus status, nosso modelo de Rede de Pesquisa Social reconhece o papel-chave do produtor dos dados na descoberta científica. Concebida em 1999 com o RAINFOR (América do Sul), nossa rede de parcelas permanentes foi adaptada para África (AfriTRON) e Sudeste asiático (T-FORCES), e tem sido extensamente reproduzida em todo o mundo. Agora estas múltiplas iniciativas estão integradas através de uma infraestrutura cibernética do ForestPlots.net, conectando colegas de 54 países de 24 redes de parcelas. Estas iniciativas estão transformando coletivamente o entendimento das florestas tropicais e seus papéis na biosfera. Juntos nós descobrimos como, onde e por que o carbono e a biodiversidade da floresta estão respondendo às mudanças climáticas, e seus efeitos de retroalimentação. Esta duradoura colaboração pantropical revelou um grande sumidouro de carbono persistente e suas tendências, assim como tem evidenciado quais direcionadores são mais importantes, quais processos florestais são mais afetados, onde eles estão mudando, seus atrasos no tempo de resposta, e as prováveis respostas das florestas tropicais conforme o clima continua a mudar. Dessa forma, aproveitando uma notável tecnologia antiga, redes de parcelas acendem faíscas de uma moderna revolução na ciência das florestas tropicais. No futuro a humanidade pode se beneficiar incentivando estas comunidades basais que agora são coletivamente capazes de gerar conhecimentos únicos e duradouros sobre as florestas mais preciosas da Terra. Résume: Les forêts tropicales sont les écosystèmes les plus diversifiés et les plus productifs de la planète. Si une meilleure compréhension de ces forêts est essentielle pour notre avenir collectif, jusqu'à tout récemment, les efforts déployés pour les mesurer et les surveiller ont été largement déconnectés. La mise en réseau est essentielle pour découvrir les réponses à des questions qui dépassent les frontières et les horizons des organismes de financement. Nous montrons ici comment une communauté mondiale relève les défis de la recherche sur les écosystèmes tropicaux avec diverses équipes qui mesurent les forêts arbre après arbre dans de milliers de parcelles permanentes. Nous passons en revue les principales découvertes scientifiques de ces travaux et montrons comment ce processus modifie la science des forêts tropicales. Notre approche principale consiste à relier les initiatives de base à long terme à des protocoles standardisés et une gestion de données afin de générer des résultats solides à grande échelle. En reliant les chercheurs tropicaux et en élevant leur statut, notre modèle de réseau de recherche sociale reconnaît le rôle clé de l'auteur des données dans la découverte scientifique. Conçus en 1999 avec RAINFOR (Amérique du Sud), nos réseaux de parcelles permanentes ont été adaptés à l'Afrique (AfriTRON) et à l'Asie du Sud-Est (T-FORCES) et largement imités dans le monde entier. Ces multiples initiatives sont désormais intégrées via l'infrastructure ForestPlots.net, qui relie des collègues de 54 pays à travers 24 réseaux de parcelles. Ensemble, elles transforment la compréhension des forêts tropicales et de leur rôle biosphérique. Ensemble, nous avons découvert comment, où et pourquoi le carbone forestier et la biodiversité réagissent au changement climatique, et comment ils y réagissent. Cette collaboration pan-tropicale à long terme a révélé un important puits de carbone à long terme et ses tendances, tout en mettant en évidence les facteurs les plus importants, les processus forestiers qui sont affectés, les endroits où ils changent, les décalages et les réactions futures probables des forêts tropicales à mesure que le climat continue de changer. En tirant parti d'une technologie remarquablement ancienne, les réseaux de parcelles déclenchent une révolution très moderne dans la science des forêts tropicales. À l'avenir, l'humanité pourra grandement bénéficier du soutien des communautés de base qui sont maintenant collectivement capables de générer une compréhension unique et à long terme des forêts les plus précieuses de la Terre. Abstrak: Hutan tropika adalah di antara ekosistem yang paling produktif dan mempunyai kepelbagaian biodiversiti yang tinggi di seluruh dunia. Walaupun pemahaman mengenai hutan tropika amat penting untuk masa depan kita, usaha-usaha untuk mengkaji dan mengawas hutah-hutan tersebut baru sekarang menjadi lebih diperhubungkan. Perangkaian adalah sangat penting untuk mencari jawapan kepada soalan-soalan yang menjangkaui sempadan dan batasan agensi pendanaan. Di sini kami menunjukkan bagaimana sebuah komuniti global bertindak balas terhadap cabaran penyelidikan ekosistem tropika melalui penglibatan pelbagai kumpulan yang mengukur hutan secara pokok demi pokok dalam beribu-ribu plot jangka panjang. Kami meninjau semula penemuan saintifik utama daripada kerja ini dan menunjukkan bagaimana proses ini sedang mengubah bidang sains hutan tropika. Teras pendekatan kami memberi tumpuan terhadap penghubungan inisiatif akar umbi jangka panjang dengan protokol standar serta pengurusan data untuk mendapatkan hasil skala besar yang kukuh. Dengan menghubungkan penyelidik-penyelidik tropika dan meningkatkan status mereka, model Rangkaian Penyelidikan Sosial kami mengiktiraf kepentingan peranan pengasas data dalam penemuan saintifik. Bermula dengan pengasasan RAINFOR (Amerika Selatan) pada tahun 1999, rangkaian-rangkaian plot kekal kami kemudian disesuaikan untuk Afrika (AfriTRON) dan Asia Tenggara (T-FORCES) dan selanjutnya telah banyak dicontohi di seluruh dunia. Kini, inisiatif-inisiatif tersebut disepadukan melalui infrastruktur siber ForestPlots.net yang menghubungkan rakan sekerja dari 54 negara di 24 buah rangkaian plot. Secara kolektif, rangkaian ini sedang mengubah pemahaman tentang hutan tropika dan peranannya dalam biosfera. Kami telah bekerjasama untuk menemukan bagaimana, di mana dan mengapa karbon serta biodiversiti hutan bertindak balas terhadap perubahan iklim dan juga bagaimana mereka saling bermaklum balas. Kolaborasi pan-tropika jangka panjang ini telah mendedahkan sebuah sinki karbon jangka panjang serta arah alirannya dan juga menjelaskan pemandu-pemandu perubahan yang terpenting, di mana dan bagaimana proses hutan terjejas, masa susul yang ada dan kemungkinan tindakbalas hutan tropika pada perubahan iklim secara berterusan di masa depan. Dengan memanfaatkan pendekatan lama, rangkaian plot sedang menyalakan revolusi yang amat moden dalam sains hutan tropika. Pada masa akan datang, manusia sejagat akan banyak mendapat manfaat jika memupuk komuniti-komuniti akar umbi yang kini berkemampuan secara kolektif menghasilkan pemahaman unik dan jangka panjang mengenai hutan-hutan yang paling berharga di dunia. Instituto de Ecología Regional (IER) Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Universidad Nacional de Jujuy James Cook University (JCU) CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) School of Land & Food University of Tasmania CSIRO Tropical Forest Research Centre Independent Researcher Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) College of Marine and Environmental Sciences James Cook University Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science College of Science and Engineering James Cook University University of the Sunshine Coast University of York Flamingo Land Ltd. 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Changes in natural habitats for human use can alter the distribution of biodiversity, favoring species that are more tolerant to environmental disturbance. Usually, these species comprise clades of habitat generalists, which have biological mechanisms to colonize environments with different environmental conditions. However, such effects are still poorly understood for most biological groups, such as the Amazon odonates. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effects of land use along an environmental gradient on the phylogenetic and taxonomic diversity of Odonata in the Amazon. We tested the following hypotheses: In deforested areas (e.g., pasture for cattle, palm plantation, and logging), the Odonata community will be more taxonomically and phylogenetically impoverished than in forested areas. We assume that the modification of the natural habitat causes loss of specialist forest species and favors specialist species of open areas and/or habitat generalists. Data sampling was performed in 195 streams under different land-use types: livestock areas, palm monoculture, timber exploitation, and forest areas taken as reference sites. Our results showed that anthropogenic impacts affected the phylogenetic diversity of odonates and the increase in shrub vegetation was related to the increase in the phylogenetic diversity of communities. On the other hand, shrub vegetation is indicative of disturbed areas, where secondary vegetation predominates, with less canopy cover due to the absence or discontinuity of the native tree cover in these habitats. Nonetheless, species richness and abundance were not related to the effects of anthropogenic land use. Finally, our results suggest that the phylogenetic diversity of Amazonian odonates is related to riparian vegetation structure.

La Amazonía ecuatoriana es una de las zonas bióticas más ricas de la tierra y con pluralidad de poblaciones indígenas. Este estudio pretende reconocer la situación de estas poblaciones, analizando sus tendencias en el tiempo mediante un estudio longitudinal sobre su situación demográfica y socioeconómica en la primera década del siglo XXI. Se observa una población joven y con alta fecundidad, así como ligeros decrementos en las actividades tradicionales de sustento y mejoramiento en el acceso a los servicios, propiciados por un contacto mayor con actores externos, como las empresas petroleras, los colonos y el gobierno, que a la par generan una complejidad socioambiental que constituye un reto ahora y hacia el futuro para el ejercicio de los derechos de los indígenas.