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V diplomski nalogi je predstavljen projekt izdelave tematske turistične karte v občini Zagorje ob Savi in opisan proces priprave redakcijskega načrta za izdelavo karte v merilu 1 : 25 000. Obravnavano je območje od Orehovice do Zagorja, kjer se na novo prostorsko umešča kolesarska steza. Ideja končnega izdelka je, da nazorno prikažemo potek obstoječe kolesarske steze in njeno priključitev na novo zgrajeno kolesarsko stezo. S karto želimo spodbuditi kolesarjenje v občini in prepričati prebivalce k redni uporabi kolesa tako za rekreacijo kot vsakodnevni prevoz do najrazličnejših opravil. V ta namen je ob poteku kolesarske steze prikazana oddaljenost do avtobusne in železniške postaje, kar nam omogoča boljšo orientacijo v prostoru. Karto smo dopolnili z informacijami o naravnih in kulturnih znamenitostih, ki si jih kolesar lahko ogleda na poti. Na podlagi najbolj ažurnih podatkov smo izdelali analogno in interaktivno karto, ki sta enostavni za uporabo. Uporabniku smo prikazali vsebino na jasen, logičen in razumljiv način, pomembne informacije smo predstavili poudarjeno, nepomembne pa smo izpustili. To smo dosegli z različnimi metodami kartografske generalizacije. Menimo, da bo karta pripomogla k razvoju trajnostnega turizma ter prispevala k dvigu kakovostibivanja v občini Zagorje ob Savi. The following diploma thesis details the making of a thematic tourist map of the municipality of Zagorje ob Savi and describes the process of creating the map at a scale of 1: 25,000. This thesis discusses the new spatial placement of a bicycle lane in the area from Orehovica to Zagorje. The purpose of the thesis is to provide a cartographic presentation of the pre-existing bicycle lane and its merging with the newly built bicycle lane. The map of the bicycle lane is made with the goal of promoting the use of bicycles within the municipality and encouraging the residents to ride bicycles regularly, for both recreational purposes and for everyday errands. This is why the map also presents the distance to the bus and train stations, which allows the better spatial orientation. The map has been completed with information on natural and cultural attractions that cyclists can observe during their trip. Based on the most recent data, we made an analogous and an interactive map, both of which are easy to use. The contents are presented in a clear, logical and sensical way, important information is emphasized, and redundant information has been left out. We achieved this by using different methods of cartographic generalization. We believe that the map will contribute to the development of sustainable tourism and help raise the quality of living in the municipality of Zagorje ob Savi.

Glavni cilj magistrske naloge je bila raziskava obdelave in združevanja oblakov točk mobilnega (MLS) in aerolaserskega skeniranja (ALS). Z združevanjem oblakov MLS in ALS dobimo večje število informacij o skeniranem okolju in se izognemo določenim pomanjkljivostim vsakega od sistemov. Združen oblak točk pokriva celotno skenirano površje razen atrijev, ki jih z nobenim od sistemov ne moremo doseči. Najprej smo raziskali različne možnosti registracije oblakov točk MLS v programu Terrasolid in na testnem območju na osnovi odstopanj na kontrolnih točkah določili najboljši postopek. Oblaku točk MLS smo nato dodali oblak točk ALS in dobili združen oblak točk. Za avtomatsko modeliranje stavb iz združenega oblaka točk MLS in ALS na trgu nismo našli ustreznega programa, zato smo v programu Terrasolid na avtomatski način izdelali modele stavb le iz oblaka točk ALS. Nato smo na primeru izbrane kompleksnejše stavbe iz združenega oblaka točk ročno izdelali njen model, ki smo ga z vidika natančnosti in podrobnosti primerjali z avtomatsko izdelanim modelom. Na koncu v obliki razprave povzamemo težave pri zajemu in obdelavi podatkov, združevanju oblakov točk MLS in ALS ter modeliranju stavb. The main goal of the master's thesis was to research the processing and merging of point clouds from mobile (MLS) and airborne laser scanning (ALS). By merging MLS and ALS point clouds, we obtain more information about the scanned environment and avoid certain limitations of each system. The merged point cloud covers the entire scanned surface except for atriums, which cannot be reached by either of the systems. Initially, we explored various options for registration of MLS point clouds in the Terrasolid software and determined the best process based on deviations at control points in a test area. We then added ALS point clouds to the MLS point cloud to obtain the merged point cloud. We did not find an appropriate program for automatic building modeling from the merged MLS and ALS point cloud on the market, so we used Terrasolid to automatically create building models only from the ALS point cloud. We manually created the model of a selected complex building from the merged point cloud and compared its accuracy and detail with the automatically created model. Finally, in the form of a discussion, we summarized the problems with data acquisition and processing, merging MLS and ALS point clouds, and building modeling.

Masna bilanca ledenika predstavlja povezavo med podnebjem in dinamiko ledenika. Pove nam, za koliko se je spremenila masa posameznega dela ledenika v izbranem časovnem obdobju. Za določanje masne bilance obstaja več metod. Triglavski ledenik z najrazličnejšimi geodetskimi metodami spremljamo od leta 1946. Na podlagi rezultatov geodetskih meritev ledenika in pridobljenih meteoroloških podatkov lahko izračunamo masno bilanco. Ta nam omogoča preučevanje spreminjanja debeline ledenika tudi v času, ko meritve niso bile izvedene. Najprej smo, glede na meritve v letih 2011 in 2012, izračunali empirična koeficienta masne bilance DDF in D(x,y). Na podlagi teh dveh koeficientov smo računali spremembe v debelini ledenika, glede na meritve iz septembra 2012, ko je bil ledenik najmanjši in najtanjši. V letih 2010–2016 so bile spremembe v debelini med 1 m in 3 m. V letih 2016–2020 so bile spremembe v debelini ledenika med 1,5 m in 3 m, s precej območji z negativnimi razlikami v debelini. Rezultate smo primerjali z izmerjenimi površinami ledenika in ugotovili, da se ob večanju debeline veča površina in obratno. Na koncu smo za vsa obravnavana leta izračunali povprečno specifično masno bilanco. V celotnem preučevanem obdobju med leti 2010 in 2020 smo izračunali najvišjo masno bilanco za ledeniško leto 2013 z 1,64 m v.e./leto, najnižja pa je bila leta 2015 z –2,68 m v.e./leto. The mass balance of a glacier represents the link between climate and glacier dynamics. It tells us how much the mass of a part of the glacier has changed in the selected period. There are several methods for determining the mass balance. Triglav glacier has been monitored with various geodetic methods since 1946. Based on the results of geodetic measurements of the glacier and obtained meteorological data, we can calculate the mass balance. This allows us to model the change in the thickness of the glacier even at the time when the measurements were not performed. Based on measurements in 2011 and 2012, we firstly calculated the empirical mass balance coefficients DDF and D(x,y). With these two coefficients, we calculated changes in the thickness of the glacier, based on measurements from September 2012, when the glacier was the smallest and thinnest. In the years 2010–2016, changes in thickness were between 1 m and 3 m. Between 2016 and 2020, changes in glacier thickness were between 1,5 m and 3 m, with significant areas with negative thickness differences. We compared the results with the glacier area size and found that its area increases as the average thickness of the glacier increases and vice versa. Finally, we calculated the average specific mass balance for all the years under consideration. In the whole analysed period 2010–2020 we calculated the highest mass balance for the year 2013 with 1,64 m w.e.a-1 and the lowest for 2015 with –2,68 m w.e.a-1.

V raziskovalnem delu obravnavamo UAV inšpekcijske preglede na premostitvenem objektu – viaduktu Slatina. S SfM/MVS fotogrametrijo in terestričnim laserskim skeniranjem smo izvedli meritve za namene inšpekcijskih pregledov. Na podlagi meritev smo izdelali oblake točk, digitalne modele površja in ortofote. S primerjavo oblakov točk terestričnega laserskega skeniranja in UAV fotogrametrije smo analizirali prisotnost šuma v fotogrametričnem oblaku točk. Analizo primernosti ortofotov za namene UAV inšpekcijskih pregledov smo naredili s primerjavo ortofotov stebra viadukta z različno prostorsko ločljivostjo. In the research work, we analyse UAV inspections on the bridge facility - the Slatina viaduct. With the SfM/MVS photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning, we perform measurements for inspection purposes. Based on the comparison of point clouds of terrestrial laser scanning and UAV photogrammetry, we analyzed the presence of noise in the photogrammetric point cloud. We analyzed the quality of orthophotos for the purposes of UAV inspections by comparing orthophotos of the viaduct pillar with different spatial resolutions.

Posodabljanje podatkov katastra je sodoben izziv v veliko državah, tudi v Sloveniji. Čeprav uporaba daljinsko vodenih letalnikov pri registraciji zemljišč še ni pogosta, se zdi obetavna tehnologija, ki bi lahko podprla zbiranje podatkov za katastre nepremičnin. Namen naloge je pregledati objave s področja uporabe UAV fotogrametrije v katastru in pregled dejavnikov, ki vplivajo na kakovost zajema katastrskih podatkov na podlagi UAV fotogrametrije. V eksperimentalnem delu naloge smo analizirali in primerjali rezultate zajema podatkov o stavbah in cestah, ki smo jih zajeli na različne načine na podlagi podatkov, pridobljenih z optičnimi senzorji daljinsko vodenih letalnikov. Uporabili smo že obdelane UAV fotogrametrične podatke, zajete na študijskem območju Kompolje. Najprej je narejena primerjava podatkov o obodu stavb, ki so zajeti ročno na podlagi fotogrametričnega oblaka točk, s tistimi, ki so že vpisani v kataster stavb. Sledi primerjava med podatki o obodih stavb, ki smo jih ročno zajeli, in podatki, pridobljenimi iz klasificiranega oblaka točk. V nadaljevanju smo primerjali še podatke o nadmorskih višinah slemen, pridobljenih z ročnim zajemom, z nadmorskimi višinami slemen, registriranih v katastru stavb. Na koncu je še prikazana primerjava med podatki o cestah, ki smo jih ročno zajeli, in podatki o cestah, ki smo jih pridobili s samodejnim postopkom klasifikacije podobe na podlagi pravil. Ugotovili smo položajne razlike med podatki ročnega zajema stavb na podlagi fotogrametričnega oblaka točk in podatki katastra stavb. Podatki o stavbah v katastru so vpisani na podlagi množičnega fotogrametričnega zajema stavb iz letalskih fotografij, oblak točk pa je bil izdelan iz podatkov z boljšo prostorsko ločljivostjo. Pri vizualni primerjavi rezultatov ročnega zajema podatkov o stavbah in cestah, s podatki, pridobljenimi s samodejno klasifikacijo oblaka točk, nismo opazili večjih odstopanj. Še vedno pa obstajajo primeri, kjer pride do odstopanj – razlogov je več. Med drugim predstavljajo sence dreves ter drugi objekti s senco veliko težavo za samodejni zajem podatkov. Updating cadastre data is a modern challenge in many countries, including Slovenia. Although the use of drones in land registration is not yet common, it appears to be a promising technology that could support data collection for real estate cadastres. The purpose of the assignment is to review publications in the field of UAV photogrammetry in the cadastre and review the factors that influence the quality of cadastral data collection based on UAV photogrammetry. In the experimental part of the task, we analyzed and compared the results of capturing data on buildings and roads, which were captured in different ways on the basis of data obtained with the optical sensors of remote-controlled aircraft. We used already processed UAV photogrammetric data captured in the Kompolje study area. First, a comparison is made of the data on the perimeter of the buildings, which are covered manually on the basis of the photogrammetric point cloud, with those already registered in the building cadastre. The following is a comparison between the manually captured building perimeter data and the data obtained from the classified point cloud. In the following, we also compared the data on the above sea level of the ridge obtained by manual recording with the above sea level of the ridge registered in the building cadastre. Finally, a comparison is shown between the road data that we captured manually and the road data that we obtained using an automatic rule-based image classification process. We found positional differences between the data of the manual survey of buildings based on the photogrammetric point cloud and the data of the building cadastre. Data on buildings in the cadastre are entered on the basis of mass photogrammetric coverage of buildings from aerial images, and the photogrammetric point cloud was created from data with better spatial resolution. When comparing the results of manual data acquisition of buildings and roads with the data obtained by automatic point cloud classification by visual interpretation, we did not notice any major deviations. However, there are still cases where deviations occur - there are several reasons. Among other things, the shadows of trees and other objects with shadows represent a big problem for automatic data capture.

V magistrskem delu smo s terestričnim laserskim skenerjem Leica BLK360 in slikovnim tahimetrom Leica Nova MS60 v treh terminskih izmerah skenirali ledno plezalno steno Mlačca. Zanimala nas je debelina ledu glede na terminsko izmero. Za georeferenciranje oblakov točk smo na nasprotni strani ledno plezalne stene stabilizirali mrežo tarč. Mreži tarč smo na način klasične terestrične geodetske izmere določili prostorske koordinate. S statično GNSS-metodo izmere smo zagotovili geodetski datum v državnem koordinatnem sistemu D96-17/TM(ESRS). Po opravljenih meritvah smo izvedli analizo debeline stene glede na terminsko izmero in vrsto uporabljenega instrumenta. Rezultate smo grafično predstavili ter izdelali prečne profile ledno plezalne stene za tri izmišljene plezalne smeri. Na prečnih profilih smo numerično prikazali debelino ledu. Ugotovili smo, da ima pri skeniranju ledu velik vpliv na kakovost podatkov vpadni kot laserskega žarka in valovna dolžina instrumenta. Pomembna je tudi količina vode na površini ledu, ki zelo vpliva na odbojnost laserskega žarka. In the master's thesis, we scanned the Mlačca ice climbing wall in three term measurements with a Leica BLK360 terrestrial laser scanner and a Leica Nova MS60 image tachymeter. We were interested in the thickness of the ice according to the term measurement. For georeferencing point clouds, we stabilized a network of targets on the opposite side of the ice climbing wall. We determined the spatial coordinates of the network of targets in the manner of classical terrestrial geodetic measurement. Using the static GNSS measurement method, we provided the geodetic datum in the national coordinate system D96-17/TM(ESRS). After the measurements, we performed an analysis of the wall thickness according to the term measurement and the type of instrument used. We presented the results graphically and created cross sections of the ice climbing wall for three imaginary climbing directions. The thickness of the ice was shown numerically on the cross sections. We found that when scanning ice, the angle of incidence of the laser beam and the wavelength of the instrument had a great influence on the quality of the data. The amount of water on the surface of the ice is also important, as it greatly affects the reflectivity of the laser beam.

Diplomsko delo opisuje izdelavo geodetskega načrta z uporabo UAV fotogrametrije, z naročnikovim namenom pridobitve gradbenega dovoljenja. Na začetku je prikazano obravnavano območje in splošna pravila in metode, ki nas vodijo k izdelavi ustrezno opremljenega geodetskega načrta z ustreznim certifikatom. Opisan je postopek obdelave fotografij iz letalnika in načrt opravljenega leta. Za ustrezen rezultat, so bili poleg letalnika uporabljeni tudi drugi opisani inštrumenti. Opisana je položajna natančnost za posamezen del geodetskega načrta, s katero je v priloženem certifikatu seznanjen tudi naročnik. Poleg glavnega izdelka, se v postopku izdelave pridobi še dodatne stranske izdelke, ki jih lahko uporabimo tudi za druga dela. UAV fotogrametrija je primerna metoda za izdelavo geodetskega načrta. Največji problem metode je, snemanje na poraščenih območjih, kjer so rezultati neuporabni. The bachelor’s thesis describes the creation of a geodetic plan using UAV photogrammetry, with the client's intention of obtaining a building permit. In the beginning, the study area and general rules and methods are shown. They lead us to create a properly equipped geodetic plan with the appropriate certificate. The process of processing images from the UAV and the plan of the completed flight are described. For an adequate result, other described instruments were also used in addition to the UAV. The positional accuracy for each part of the geodetic plan is described. The client is also informed about the former in the attached certificate. In addition to the main product, additional by-products are obtained during the production process. They can be also used for other works. UAV photogrammetry is a suitable method for creating a geodetic plan. The biggest problem with the method is recording in overgrown areas where the results are useless.

Vegetacijski pokrov v urbanih območjih se hitro spreminja, zaradi upadanja deleža zelenih površin so mesta manj primerna za življenje. Rast prebivalstva in urbanizacija prispevata k povečanemu onesnaženju zraka in globalnemu segrevanju. V nalogi bomo opazovali razmerje med zelenimi in pozidanimi površinami v Skopju, mestu, ki je doživelo veliko urbanizacijo in migracije, ter je v zadnjih letih eno najbolj onesnaženih mest na svetu. Cilj naloge je na osnovi podatkov Landsat izračunati, analizirati in prikazati spremembe v vegetaciji in pozidanosti mesta v obdobju od leta 1993 do leta 2021 na osnovi NDVI (normirani diferencialni vegetacijski indeks) in NDBI (normirani diferencialni indeks pozidanih površin). Del metodologije je določitev meje pozidanih in zelenih površin za podrobnejšo analizo. Analizirane so posamezne občine, ki so doživele največji razmah prebivalstva in pozidanosti. Vegetacijski indeks NDVI ima pri razvrščanju v razrede boljše rezultate. Rezultati so prikazani s tabelami in grafikoni ter grafično na kartah. Ugotovili smo spremembe zelenih v pozidanih območjih, kar je bilo na začetku pričakovano. Vegetation cover in urban areas is changing rapidly, due to the decline in the share of green areas, cities are less suitable for living. Population growth and urbanization contribute to increased air pollution and global warming, so the in the thesis, we will observe the relationship between green and built-up areas in Skopje, a city that has experienced great urbanization and migration, and is one of the most polluted cities in the world in recent years. The aim of the task is to calculate, analyze and display changes in the vegetation and built-up area of the city in the period from 1993 to 2021 based on NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) and NDBI (normalized difference built-up index) based on Landsat data. Part of the methodology is the determination of the border of built-up and green areas for a more detailed analysis. Individual municipalities that experienced the greatest growth in population and built-up area are analyzed. The vegetation index NDVI performs better in classification. The results are displayed with tables and charts and graphically on maps. We found changes in green areas in built-up areas, which was initially expected.

Zakoličevanje je ena izmed najpomembnejših nalog geodeta in je ključnega pomena v procesu gradnje, saj prenos projektirane geometrije konstrukcije zagotavlja vertikalnost in pravilno lego na terenu. Poslanstvo geodeta pri tem prenosu projektirane geometrije objekta v naravo vključuje pravne in tehnične vidike ter pravilno načrtovanje. Postopek zakoličbe mora upoštevati zahteve v povezavi s pogoji lokacije ter prednosti in omejitve uporabljenega geodetskega instrumentarija in merske metode in s tem povezano zahtevano in dosegljivo natančnost. Vključevati mora tudi zasnovo geodetske izmeritvene mreže, ki bo v postopku zakoličbe zagotavljala primerno geodetsko koordinatno osnovo. Glede na široko uporabo geodezije in topografije na različnih področjih in panogah diplomska naloga vključuje splošne pojme in tehnične vidike v povezavi s potekom zakoličbe na samem gradbišču, omenjene pa so tudi smernice za učinkovito doseganje izvedljivosti in katastrski postopki. Namen naloge je poudariti pomen natančnih in učinkovitih projektov postavitve gradnje s celovitimi načrti, metodami in izbiro instrumentov ter priporočili. Predstavljeni zaključki so zanimivi, tako za geodetsko javnost kot tudi za gradbeno industrijo. Zaradi pragmatične narave teme naloga vključuje tehnične opombe in izvirne rezultate strokovnega in akademskega pomena. Stake-out is one of the most important tasks of a surveyor and is of key importance in the construction process, as the transfer of designed geometries of the construction ensures verticality and the correct position within the terrain. The surveyor's mission during this transfer of designed geometries on the field includes legal and technical aspects as well as proper planning. The stake-out process must consider aspects related to the site conditions, the instruments' strength and limitations, methods and the required and achievable accuracy that comes along with them. The design of the geodetic grid, which ensures a stable geodetic coordinate ground, must also be included. Given the wide use of geodesy and topography in various fields and industries, the thesis includes general concepts and technical aspects related to the course of staking on the construction site itself, and guidelines for the effective achievement of feasibility and cadastral procedures are also mentioned. The purpose of my topic is to reinforce the importance of accurate and efficient construction stakeout projects with comprehensive plans, methods and instrument selection and recommendations. The conclusions presented are of interest to the surveyors as well as to the construction industry. Due to the pragmatic nature of the topic, they include technical notes and original results of professional and academic importance.

V diplomski nalogi je preučena kakovost podatkov treh spletnih kartografskih portalov, ki nastajajo na osnovi prostovoljnih geografskih informacij ali s tujko Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI): OpenStreetMap, Wikimapia in OpenTopoMap. Analiza je bila osredotočena na oceno popolnosti in položajne točnosti prikazanih podatkov. Izbrali smo tri tipe testnih območij znotraj Slovenije, ki prikazujejo mestna, ruralna in visokogorska območja. Za vsak tip smo določili tri testna območja: za mestna testna območja Koper, Kamnik in Kočevje, za ruralna Šmarje pri Kopru, Tunjice in Senuše, za visokogorska pa Triglav, Grintovec in Šijo. Analiza je bila opravljena s pomočjo primerjave z ortofoti Cikličnega aerofotografiranja Slovenije ter s podatki Laserskega skeniranja Slovenije, uporabljene pa so bile tudi naslednje podatkovne zbirke: kataster stavb, zbirni kataster gospodarske javne infrastrukture, eVode in topografski podatki DTM. Poudarek je bil na pregledu treh objektnih skupin: stavbe, prometna omrežja (ceste in poti) in vodovje (tekoče vode). Preverili smo, ali se kakovost podatkov razlikuje med posameznimi kartografskimi portali. Preverili smo tudi, ali je kakovost podatkov različna glede na prikazan tip površja. Končni rezultati prikazujejo, da so prisotne razlike v kakovosti pri obeh primerih. This graduation thesis analyses the data quality of three online cartographic platforms that are formed based on Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI): OpenStreetMap, Wikimapia and OpenTopoMap. The analysis focused on assessing the completeness and positional accuracy of the displayed data. Three types of test sites were chosen within Slovenia’s boundaries, representing urban, rural and high mountain areas. For each type three test sites were determined: for urban test sites Koper, Kamnik and Kočevje, for rural Šmarje pri Kopru, Tunjice and Senuše, for high mountain Triglav, Grintovec and Šija. The analysis was carried out by the means of comparison with ortophoto and lidar data, but the following sources of data were used as well: building cadastre, cadastre of public infrastructure, eVode and topographic data DTM. The focus was put on reviewing three object groups: buildings, transport networks (roads and paths) and water (rivers and streams). A closer look was given to see if the quality of the data differs between the different cartographic platforms and the different types of test sites. The final results show that there are quality differences in both instances.

Moduli u-blox so majhni nizkocenovni sprejemniki GNSS, ki lahko dosežejo visoko kakovost določitve položaja. Njihova pomanjkljivost se pokaže pri visoki občutljivosti na odboje signalov GNSS. V nalogi smo raziskovali, kako različne podlage s kovinskimi obroči, ki lahko zmanjšajo vpliv odbojev signalov, vplivajo na občutljivost modula u-blox za sprejem signala. V prvi izmeri, izvedeni novembra 2021 na strehi Fakultete za gradbeništvo in geodezijo Univerze v Ljubljani, smo preverjali vpliv večpotja le na modul u-blox za situacijo, ko je izvajal opazovanja z ali brez kovinske podlage. V drugi izmeri marca 2022 smo na strehi istočasno izvajali opazovanja z modulom u-blox, ki je imel nameščeni kovinski podlagi proizvajalcev Leica in Javad. Za boljšo primerjavo odbojev signalov smo opazovanja izvedli tudi s sprejemnikom proizvajalca Ardusimple in sprejemnikom Leica GS18T. Uporabljena kovinska podlaga Leica je bila sposobna odpraviti zgolj odbite signale sistema GPS, kovinska podlaga Javad pa odbite signale sistemov GPS, GLONASS, Galileo in BeiDou. V naknadni obdelavi opazovanj smo primerjali vrednosti RMS, ki so se nanašali na odboje signalov, sprejetih z različnimi instrumenti. Vrednosti smo razdelili glede na posamezne frekvence (L1, L2 in E5b) in satelitske sisteme (GPS, GLONASS, Galileo in vsi satelitski sistemi skupaj). Izkazalo se je, da je bil sprejemnik u-blox bistveno bolj občutljiv na vpliv večpotja s katerokoli kovinsko podlago kot sprejemnik Leica GS18T. Z nameščeno podlago Leica so odboji signalov imeli manjši vpliv kot na anteno Ardusimple, ravno obratno pa z nameščeno podlago Javad. The u-blox modules are small and inexpensive GNSS receivers that can be used for high-quality positioning. However, they are very sensitive to multipath effects from GNSS signals, resulting in lower position accuracy. In the thesis, we analysed this sensitivity using different choke ring antennas that can improve the ability of the receivers to remove the multipath effect. During the first observations in November 2021 on the roof of the Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, we studied only the effect of multipath on the u-blox module with or without antenna choke ring. In the second from March 2022, simultaneous observations we used the u-blox module with Leica and Javad choke ring antennas, but this time we also used the Ardusimple receiver and the Leica GS18T receiver for better comparison of multipath effects. The Leica choke ring antenna can only remove multipath from GPS signals, while the Javad choke ring antenna can remove multipath from GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and BeiDou signals. During the observations, we compared RMS values representing the magnitude of the multipath effect. The values were compared for different frequencies (L1, L2 and E5b) and satellite systems (GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and all satellite systems combined). The results show that the multipath effect affects the u-blox module with any choke ring antenna type more than the Leica GS18T receiver. The multipath effect affects the Ardusimple antenna more than the u-blox module with Leica choke ring, and it is the opposite for Javad choke ring.

Kinematična določitev položaja z GNSS danes vse bolj pridobiva na pomenu, v geodeziji zaradi direktnega pozicioniranja daljinsko vodenih letalnikov, izven geodezije pa tudi zaradi razvoja samovozečih vozil. Več kot očitno je, da senzorski sistemi, ki uporabljajo samo tehnologijo GNSS, niso primerni za uporabo v hitro spreminjajočem se okolju vozila. V dani nalogi nas je zanimalo, v katerih situacijah se dogodijo težave pozicioniranja in koliko različnih sistemi potrebujejo, da lahko ponovno določijo položaj ustrezne kakovosti. Izmero na širšem območju Ljubljane smo naredili z dvema metodama, z določitvijo položaja v realnem času (angl. Real-Time-Kinematic -RTK) in z naknadno obdelavo (angl. Post-Processing Kinematic), pri čemer smo uporabili tri sprejemnike Leica dveh serij, in sicer: Leica GS15 in Leica GS18T. Instrumente smo postavili na streho avtomobila in se peljali po vnaprej določeni trasi, ki je vsebovala različne ovire (podvozi, tuneli, gozd, visoke zgradbe itd.). Opazovanja smo obdelali s komercialno programsko opremo Leica Inifinity in odprtokodno opremo RTKlib. Analizirali smo rezultate in ugotovili, da ne moremo trditi, da v enakih pogojih uporaba različnih instrumentov vodi do enakih rezultatov. Enako velja tudi za primerjavo med metodami izmere. Tekom raziskave smo ugotovili, da so bile naknadno obdelana opazovanja s programskim paketom Leica Inifinity precej bolj skladna s položaja, določenimi z RTK-metodo izmere, proti položajem, ki smo jih pridobili z uporabo programskega paketa RTKlib. Dano raziskavo bi lahko v prihodnje nadaljevali z oceno kakovosti meritev, ki jih pridobimo z integriranimi GNSS/INS senzorji, ki omogočajo določitev položaja tudi v času izgube signalov GNSS. Kinematic GNSS positioning is becoming increasingly important today, both in surveying through direct positioning of UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) and in navigation through the development of autonomous driving vehicles. It is more than obvious that sensor systems using only GNSS technology are not suitable for use in the rapidly changing vehicle environment. In a specific task, we were interested in the situations in which position determination problems occur and how many different systems are required to determine a position with reasonable quality. We performed two methods of position determination in the Ljubljana area, Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) and Post-Processing Kinematic (PPK), using three Leica receivers from two series, the Leica GS15 and the Leica GS18T. The instruments were placed on the roof of a car and driven along a predefined route with various obstacles (underpasses, tunnels, forests, tall buildings, etc.). The observations were processed using the commercial software Leica Inifinity and the open-source software RTKlib. The results were analyzed and it was found that it cannot be said that using different instruments under the same conditions will give the same results. The same is true for the comparison between the surveying methods. During the study, we found that the observations post-processed with the Leica Inifinity software package matched the positions determined by the RTK survey method much better than the positions determined with the RTKlib software package. The present study could be continued in the future by evaluating the quality of measurements with integrated GNSS/INS sensors, which allow positioning even when GNSS signals are lost.

Konvolucijske nevronske mreže so v zadnjem desetletju v zelo velikem razvoju in se uporabljajo na skoraj vseh področjih znanosti. Pri nalogah prepoznave poplavnih območij se v veliki meri uporabljajo nevronske mreže, ki zagotavljajo avtomatizirano prepoznavo le teh z zanesljivimi rezultati. Ti rezultati so pomembni za ocenjevanje škode in pri načrtovanju obnove poplavnega območja. V raziskavi sem uporabil dva modela konvolucijske nevronske mreže, in sicer MobileNetV2 in dve stopnji EfficientNet. Za učenje modela sem uporabil podatke satelita Sentinel-2. Za ločevanje poplavljenega in nepopravljenega območja sem izdelal lastno zbirko oznak. Izdelali smo program, ki se uporablja za predobdelavo podatkov in učenje modelov. Uporabljene modele sem testiral s spreminjanjem hiperparametrov. Prav tako sem izvedel test spreminjanja po nivoju produkta in izbiro kanalov satelita Sentinel-2. V tretjem delu testiranj sem izboljšal rezultat zgolj z bogatenjem količine podatkov. Po vsakem testiranju sem podatke analiziral in pridobil optimiziran model, kot rezultat, ki je sposoben uspešno prepoznati poplavno območje. V izbranem GMS-GIS-u sem uporabil izdelano metodo in jo preizkusil na novih podatkih. Convolutional neural networks have developed a lot over the past decade and are used in almost all fields of science. Neural networks are already used to a large extent for detecting flooded area and provide automated detection with reliable results. These are important for assessing damage and planning the reconstruction of the flood areas. In the study, I used two models of the convolutional neural network MobileNetV2 and two stages of EfficientNet. For learning models, I used Sentinel-2 satellite data. To separate the flooded and not flooded areas, I created my own collection of annotations. We have developed a program that we use to pre-process data and learn models. The models used were tested by changing the hyperparameters. I also performed a product-level change test and a selection of Sentinel-2 satellite channels. In the third part of the tests, I improved the results only by enriching the amount of data. After each test, I analyzed the data and obtained an optimized model as a result that can successfully detect the flooded area. In the selected GMS-GIS, I used the developed method and tested it on new data.

V zadnjih letih je vidno, da se je tehnologija na splošno razvila. Rezultat tega razvoja so novi in izboljšani inštrumenti ter računalniška programska okolja oz. programi. Tehnologija za zajem podatkov se sočasno razvija s tehnologijo za obdelavo podatkov. Če govorimo o 3D tehnologiji, je treba vedeti, da se je tehnologija začela razvijati že v preteklosti, vendar ni bila dostopna vsem uporabnikom. 3D tehnologija je bila zelo uporabna v filmski industriji in v svetu iger. Rezultat razvoja, vlaganja in izboljšav je uporaba 3D modelov na širšem področju. Danes 3D modele uporabljamo v avtomobilski industriji, medicini, arhitekturi, trženju, arheologiji itn. Razvoj enostavnejših in brezplačnih programskih okolij je prispeval tudi k razvoju uporabe 3D modelov. Danes obstajajo programska okolja za začetnike, ki se učijo, in za tiste, ki že obvladajo 3D modeliranje. 3D model je rezultat modeliranja oz. procesa predstavitve matematičnega prostora z uporabo različnih orodij in podatkov. Podatki, na osnovi katerih izdelujemo modele v geodeziji, so lahko rezultat terestričnih meritev, aerofotogrametrije, laserskega skeniranja ali uporabe že obstoječih kartografskih podatkov. Vir podatkov, ki so podlaga za izdelavo 3D modelov, je lahko različen, vendar 3D model vedno tvorimo z uporabo istih elementov, kot so točka, daljica in poligonska mreža. Cilj magistrskega dela je izdelava 3D modela arheoloških ostankov nekdanjega rimskega templja. Podlaga za izdelavo modela templja je oblak točk, ki je rezultat laserskega skeniranja. Lasersko skeniranje je narejeno s skenerjem Leica BLK360. Za izdelavo 3D modela je uporabljena brezplačna verzija programskega okolja SketchUp. In recent years, it is visible that technology has developed generally. The result of this development is new and improved instruments, as well as computer programming environments or programs. Data capture technology is evolving simultaneously with data processing technology. If we talk about 3D technology, one has to know that the technology started to develop in the past but it was not accessible to all users. 3D technology has been very useful in the film industry and the gaming world. The result of development, investment, and improvement is the use of 3D models in a wider area. Today, 3D models are used in the automotive industry, medicine, architecture, marketing, archeology, etc. The development of simpler and free software environments also contributed to the development of the use of 3D models. Today, there are programming environments for beginners who learn and for those who have already mastered 3D modeling. The 3D model is the result of modeling or the process of representing the mathematical space using various tools and data. The data based on which we create models in geodesy can be the result of terrestrial measurements, aerial photogrammetry, laser scanning, or the use of already existing cartographic data. The source of data that is the basis for creating 3D models can be different. However, a 3D model is always created using the same elements, such as point, line segment, and polygon mesh. The goal of the master's thesis is to create a 3D model of the archaeological remains of a former Roman temple. The basis for making the model of the temple is a cloud of points which is the result of laser scanning. Laser scanning is done with a Leica BLK360 scanner. The free version of the SketchUp software environment is used to create the 3D model.

V magistrski nalogi sta primerjani dve vrsti prenosnih koordinatno merilnih strojev laserski sledilnik in koordinatna merilna roka. Naloga obsega kratek pregled tehnologije laserskih sledilnikov in koordinatno merilnih rok. Glavni del predstavlja praktična izvedba nalog oz. različnih scenarijev, ki se pojavijo pri uporabi obeh merilnih sistemov v praksi. Na podlagi teh nalog so med seboj primerjani trije inštrumenti: laserska sledilnika Leica AT 403 in Leica AT 960 ter koordinatno merilna roka Romer Absolute Arm 7525. Meritve so izvedene v programski opremi Spatial Analyzer. This master's thesis compares two types of portable coordinate measuring machines the laser tracker and the articulated arm. It includes a brief overview of the technology of laser trackers and articulated arms. The main part of the thesis is represented by the practical tasks and various scenarios that arise when using both measurement systems in the field. Based on these tasks, three instruments were compared: laser trackers Leica AT 403 and Leica AT 960 and the articulated arm Romer Absolute Arm 7525. Measurements were performed in the software Spatial Analyzer.

Pomorske karte so bistveno orodje za pomorsko navigacijo in so ključne za varno plovbo. Omenjene karte so standardizirane s strani Mednarodne hidrografske organizacije (IHO), kar pomeni, da imajo točno predpisane kartografske znake, okvir, točno določene vsebine itd. Kartografski ključ znakov in krajšav na slovenskih pomorskih kartah je leta 2000 izdalo Ministrstvo za infrastrukturo (prej Ministrstvo za promet). Pomorske karte so narejene v različnih merilih, odvisno od območja, ki ga želimo prikazati. Karte v večjem merilu omogočajo bolj podroben prikaz globin, morskega dna in značilnosti posameznega dela obale. Uporabljen osnovni vir je bil državni ortofoto. Končni izdelek predstavlja posodobljena pomorska karta Marine Portorož pripravljena za natis na papir. Nautical charts are essential tools for martime navigation and therefore a key to safe navigation. These charts are standardized by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), which means that cartographic symbols, chart frames, chart content, etc. are predefined. Publication of Symbols and abbreviations used for producing of Slovenian nautical charts was published by the Ministry of Infrastructure, formerly known as Ministry of Transport, in 2000. Nautical charts are produced in different scales, depending on the focus area. Large scale charts provide a more detailed view of water depth, nature of seabed, and coastline characteristics. The main source for this chart was the national orthophoto. The final product is an updated and ready-to-print nautical chart of Marina Portorož.

Terestrično lasersko skeniranje je v zadnjih dveh desetletjih povzročilo novo ero geodetskih meritev na številnih inženirskih področjih. Hitra in zanesljiva metoda izmere botruje dejstvu, da skeniranje prednjači po uporabi pred klasičnimi terenskimi izmerami tam, kjer s skeniranjem dosežemo zahtevano natančnost, kjer so pogoji za izmero zahtevnejši, kjer so objekti kompleksnejši in kjer bi z ostalimi metodami porabili bistveno več časa. Eden takšnih primerov je merjenje geometrije v predorih, saj izvajalce del zanima kakovost opravljenega dela oz. skladnost izvedenih del s projektno dokumentacijo. V magistrskem delu nas je zanimala uporaba in kakovost laserskih skenerjev pri določevanju geometrije primarne podgradnje. Podrobneje smo primerjali in analizirali rezultate, ki smo jih dobili z laserskima skenerjema BLK360 in ZEB Go. Za referenčne podatke smo privzeli rezultate tahimetrične izmere in laserskega skeniranja z Leica Nova MS50. Testne podatke smo zagotovili z izmero v železniškem predoru Pekel. Po analizi dobljenih rezultatov smo določili kriterije za uporabo laserskih skenerjev in tehnologije laserskega skeniranja za zajeme v predorih. Terrestrial laser scanning has led to a new era of surveying in many engineering fields in last two decades. The fast and reliable method of measurement fosters the fact that scanning takes precedence over classical terrestrial measurements in usage where scanning achieves the required accuracy, where conditions for measurement are more demanding, where objects are complex and where other methods would take much more time. One example with that kind of conditions is the measurement of geometry in tunnel, as contractors are interested in the quality of the work performed or compliance of the performed works with the project documentation. In our master's thesis, we were interested in the usability and quality of laser scanners in determining the geometry of the tunnel primary lining. We compared and evaluated the results obtained with the BLK360 and ZEB Go laser scanners in more detail. The results of tachymetric measurement and laser scanning with a Leica Nova MS50 were used as reference data. We provided the test data by measuring in the Pekel railway tunnel. After analyzing the obtained results, we determined the criteria for the usability of laser scanners and laser scanning technology for measurements in tunnels.

V magistrski nalogi je predstavljena ponovna vzpostavitev poligonske mreže ob železniški progi Lesce–Jesenice. Leta 2021 je bila na tem odseku opravljena nadgradnja glavne železniške proge, kjer je bila za potrebe projekta pred izvedbo gradbenih del obstoječa poligonska mreža zavarovana z vzporednim poligonom izven vplivnega območja. Po končanih delih je bilo treba začasno poligonsko mrežo prestaviti in vzpostaviti nove poligonske točke, ki bodo trajno stabilizirane v novo zgrajenih objektih železniške infrastrukture. Vsebina naloge vključuje predstavitev poteka vzpostavitve novih točk, terenske izmere, metode izmer in rezultate izravnav horizontalnih koordinat in višin. Za pravilno navezavo nove geodetske mreže smo analizirali stabilnost navezovalnih točk. Novo vzpostavljena poligonska mreža zagotavlja kakovostno koordinatno izhodišče za izvajanje najrazličnejših geodetskih del na obravnavanem odseku železniške proge. The master's thesis presents the re-establishment of the traverse network along the Lesce–Jesenice railway line. In 2021, the main railway line was upgraded on this section, where for the needs of the project the existing traverse network was secured with a parallel traverse outside the area of influence, before the construction work started. After the works were completed, it was necessary to relocate the temporary traverse network and establish new points, which will be permanently stabilized in the newly built railway infrastructure facilities. The content of the assignment includes a presentation of the process of establishing new points, field measurements, measurement methods and the results of horizontal and heights adjustment. For the correct connection of the new geodetic network, we analyzed the stability of the fix points. The newly established traverse network provides a high-quality coordinate starting point for the implementation of a wide variety of geodetic works on the section of the railway line.

V magistrski nalogi smo analizirali ravnost betonske površine (tlaka) v podzemni parkirni hiši v novozgrajeni soseski Novo Brdo v Ljubljani. Na podlagi vzpostavitve geodetske mreže smo določili koordinate oslonilnih točk, s pomočjo katerih smo georeferencirali oblake točk, ki smo jih dobili z metodo terestričnega laserskega skeniranja. Skeniranje oblike tal smo opravili v dveh ločenih terminskih izmerah. V prvi terminski izmeri smo obravnavali površino betonske plošče, v drugi terminski izmeri pa površino končnega oziroma zaključnega betonskega sloja. Iz oblakov točk smo po standardu DIN 18202 izvedli kontrolo ravnosti tal. S primerjavo oblakov talnih točk smo analizirali razlike med nedokončanim in zaključnim stanjem betonske površine. Rezultate smo prikazali grafično, glavne numerične rezultate pa predstavili z različnimi statističnimi merami in podali ugotovitve. In the master's thesis, we analysed the flatness of the concrete surface (floor) in the underground parking house in the newly built neighbourhood of Novo Brdo in Ljubljana. Based on the establishment of a geodetic network, we determined the coordinates of the control points, with the help of which we georeferenced the point clouds obtained by the terrestrial laser scanning method. Floor shape scanning was performed in two separate time measurements. In the first term measurement, we treated the floor as the surface of the concrete slab, and in the second term measurement, as the surface of the final concrete layer. According to DIN 18202, control of floor flatness was performed from point clouds. By comparing the floor point clouds, we analysed the differences between the unfinished and final state of the concrete surface. The results were presented graphically and the main numerical results were presented with various statistical measures. Finally, we presented our findings.

V Sloveniji je bila pred dvajsetimi leti za namene registracije etažne lastnine vzpostavljena nova katastrska evidenca, to je kataster stavb, kar je dokaj velika posebnost v širšem evropskem prostoru. Kljub temu imajo tudi države, ki v katastru ne shranjujejo podatkov o delih stavb, praviloma razvit transparenten način za registracijo stavb in delov stavb, na katere se nanašajo lastninska ali druge stvarne pravice. Namen diplomske naloge je podrobneje predstaviti sistem nepremičninske administracije in zakonodajo, povezano z vpisom stavb in etažne lastnine v katastrske in zemljiškoknjižne evidence v Republiki Sloveniji in Republiki Hrvaški. Osredotočili smo se na pristope geometričnega modeliranja stavb in delov stavb, shranjevanja teh podatkov in podporo teh modelov za vpis lastninske pravice na delih stavb. Na primerih izbranih geodetskih elaboratov za vpis stavbe oziroma etažne lastnine smo primerjali pristope v Sloveniji in na Hrvaškem. Na podlagi rezultatov primerjalne analize v zaključnem delu izpostavljamo prednosti in slabosti sistemov registracije stavb v Sloveniji in na Hrvaškem. Twenty years ago, a new cadastral register was established in Slovenia for the purposes of condominium registration, i.e. the building cadastre, which is a rather large speciality in the wider European area. Nevertheless, even countries that do not store data on parts of buildings in the cadastre generally have developed a transparent way to register buildings and parts of buildings to which property rights relate. The purpose of the graduation thesis has been to present in more detail the system of real estate administration and legislation related to the entry of buildings and condominiums in the cadastre and land registry in the Republic of Slovenia and the Republic of Croatia. We focused on approaches to geometric modelling of buildings and parts of buildings, data storage and the use of those models for property rights registration on parts of buildings. Using the selected surveying documentation for the registration of buildings and condominiums, we compared approaches from Slovenia and Croatia. We have highlighted the advantages and disadvantages of building registration systems in Slovenia and Croatia based on the comparative analyses.

V diplomski nalogi smo preučili arhivska gradiva franciscejskega katastra, ki predstavljajo bogat vir za preučevanje prostora v preteklosti. Namen diplomske naloge je preučiti rabo prostora in posestno strukturo zemljišč v času nastanka franciscejskega katastra za katastrsko občino Babni vrt. V ta namen smo vektorizirali in digitalizirali stare katastrske načrte ter vzpostavili prostorsko podatkovno zbirko s podatki tako imenovanega katastrskega operata franciscejskega katastra. Le ta vsebuje poleg katastrskih načrtov tudi opisne podatke o parcelah, posestnikih ter zemljepisnih imenih, ki smo jih prav tako digitalizirali. Zbrane podatke grafičnega in spisovnega dela smo med seboj povezali. Nato smo z analitičnimi geoinformacijskimi orodji analizirali parcelno in posestno strukturo zemljišč, rabo zemljišč, pa tudi ledinska in druga zemljepisna ter stvarna imena na študijskem območju, k. o. Babni vrt. Pridobljene rezultate analiz arhivskih gradiv franciscejskega katastra smo še dodatno primerjali s podatki današnjega zemljiškega katastra (Geodetska uprava Republike Slovenije) in evidence dejanske rabe zemljišč (Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano). Naloga vsebuje podrobno predstavitev operata franciscejskega katastra na primeru izbrane katastrske občine, analitični del naloge pa podaja rezultate analiz parcelne strukture, ledin, posestne strukture in vrste rabe zemljišč v času franciscejskega katastra, parcelno strukturo in vrsto rabe zemljišč pa smo primerjali tudi s podatki aktualnih evidenc. Rezultati so potrdili domnevi, ki smo jih oblikovali na začetku naloge, da (i) se parcelna struktura v k. o. Babni vrt ni bistveno spremenila v dveh stoletjih, in da (ii) je arhivsko gradivo franciscejskega katastra za k. o. Babni vrt bogat vir lastnih in zemljepisnih imen v prostoru. In the diploma thesis, we studied the archival materials of the Franciscan cadaster, which represent a rich source for the study of land tenure in the past. The purpose of the diploma thesis has been to study land use and the possession structure of the land at the time of the creation of the Franciscan cadaster for the cadastral municipality Babni vrt. For this purpose, we vectorized and digitized old cadastral maps and established a spatial database with data of the so-called cadastral documentation of the Franciscan cadaster. In addition to cadastral maps, it also contains descriptive data on land parcels, land possession and geographical names, which we also digitized. We connected the collected graphic and descriptive data. The analytical geoinformation tools were used to analyze land parcel and possession structure of the land, land use, as well as topographic and other geographical names in the study area, i.e. cadastral municipality of Babni vrt. The obtained results of the analysis of archival materials of the Franciscan cadastre were further compared with the current land cadaster records (Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia) and records of land cover (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food). The thesis includes a detailed presentation of the Franciscean cadaster’s documentation for the selected cadastral municipality in the analytical part, the results of the analyses of land parcel structure, topographic entities, land possession structure and land cover. Land cover data and land parcel structure were further compared to the current official records. The results have confirmed our statements, designed at the beginning of our research, i.e. (i) land parcel structure in the cadastral municipality of Babni vrt has not remarkably changed in the past two decades and that (ii) the archival documentation of the Franciscean cadaster for the cadastral municipality of Babni vrt is a rich source of names and geographical names.

V magistrski nalogi smo analizirali kakovost določitve koordinat z metodo GNSS-RTK izmere v oteženih pogojih za sprejem signala GNSS. Za analizo vpliva oteženih pogojev na rezultate meritev z metodo GNSS-RTK smo vzpostavili delovišče, določili referenčne koordinate geodetskih točk in izvedli GNSS-RTK-izmero s petimi različnimi GNSS-sprejemniki z navezavo na SIGNAL ter SmartNet omrežji referenčnih postaj GNSS. Pridobljene rezultate smo ovrednotili glede na različna merila kakovosti. Zaključek naloge je, da v oteženih pogojih nismo dosegli predpisanega nekajcentimetrskega nivoja natančnosti in da je kakovost določenih koordinat neodvisna od uporabljenega omrežja stalno delujočih referenčnih postaj. In this master thesis we analysed coordinate quality determined with GNSS-RTK surveying in adverse conditions. To analyse the impact of adverse conditions on the results of the GNSS-RTK measurements, we set up a worksite, determined the reference coordinates of geodetic points and performed GNSS-RTK measurements with five different GNSS receivers on a basis of two GNSS permanent networks, SIGNAL and SmartNet. The results obtained were evaluated according to different quality criteria. The conclusion of the thesis is that in adverse conditions we did not achieve the required a few centimeters accuracy level and that the quality of the coordinates determined is independent of the used GNSS permanent network.

Na pobudo čebelarjev iz Čebelarskega društva Kostanjevica na Krki smo izdelali 3D model čebeljega panja v obliki francoskega vojaka. Opisali smo fotogrametrično izdelavo 3D modela čebelnjaka, za katero smo uporabili SfM/MVS fotogrametrijo. Izdelali smo dva 3D modela čebeljega panja oziroma čebelnjaka, za katera smo uporabili dva različna vira podatkov, in sicer gosti oblak točk in globinske slike. Ne glede na uporabljen vir podatkov smo prišli do zaključka, da med 3D modeloma čebelnjaka ni bistvene razlike. Izvedli smo tudi terestrično lasersko skeniranje in iz dobljenih oblakov točk izdelali 3D model škornjev. At the initiative of beekeepers from the Kostanjevica na Krki, we made a 3D model of a beehive in the shape of a French soldier. We described the photogrammetric production of a 3D model of the beehive, for which we used SfM/MVS photogrammetry. We created two 3D models of the beehive or apiary, for which we used two different data sources, namely a dense point cloud and depth images. Regardless of the data source used, we came to the conclusion that there is no significant difference between the 3D models of the apiary. We also performed terrestrial laser scanning and made 3D models from the obtained point clouds.

V magistrski nalogi smo ugotavljali stabilnost točke KOPE, ki je ena od šestnajstih stalnih postaj GNSS državnega omrežja SIGNAL ter ena od šestih točk mreže 0. reda. Glede na to, da je sprejemnik GNSS postavljen na kovinsko konstrukcijo, ki jo podpirata kovinski nogi iz drugega materiala, nas je zanimalo, ali raztezanje in krčenje materiala konstrukcije zaradi segrevanja vpliva na spremembo položaja točke KOPE. Točka se nahaja poleg bivše kapitanije v Kopru in je povezana z mareografom Koper. Meritve smo izvedli v dveh terminskih izmerah. Pri prvi izmeri smo uporabljali le klasično terestrično metodo izmere, pri drugi izmeri pa smo klasični izmeri dodali še izmero GNSS, da bi tudi z drugo metodo geodetske izmere ugotovili spremembe v položaju točke KOPE zaradi gibanja konstrukcije. Ugotovili smo, da točka KOPE ni stabilna. Izmerjeni premiki so se gibali v prvi izmeri med –5,0 mm do 0,01 mm, v drugi izmeri pa med –6,7 mm ter 1,5 mm. Glede na pridobljene rezultate se postavlja vprašanje, ali je točka KOPE primerna za visoko-natančne meritve, kot je na primer statična metoda GNSS izmere. The subject of the master’s thesis is the stability of the point KOPE, which is one of the sixteen stations in the SIGNAL network and one of the six points of zero order forming the national zero-order geodetic network. Considering that the GNSS receiver is mounted on a metal pole supported by metal legs made of a different material, we were interested to see whether the expansion and contraction of the structure material due to heating affects the change in KOPE point. The point is positioned next to the ex- Harbourmaster’s Office in Koper as part of the tide gauge station. The measurements were performed at two different time intervals. First measurements were executed using only classical terrestrial method, the second ones were additionally measured with GNSS measurement method, which was added to the classical measurement in order to identify changes in the position of the KOPE point due to the movement of the structure. The research’s outcome is the understanding that the point KOPE is not stable. The measured displacements ranged from -5,0 mm to 0,01 mm in the first measurements and from -6,7 mm to 1,5 mm in the second measurements. The results raise the question whether the point KOPE is suitable for high-precision measurements, such as the static GNSS method.

Namen magistrskega dela je bil razvoj spletne GIS aplikacije, s katero je možno dostopati do baze satelitskih posnetkov. Razvita aplikacija omogoča dostop do baze satelitskih posnetkov, prav tako pa omogoča tudi prenos posnetkov. Programe in tehnologije, ki smo jih uporabljali pri delu, lahko razdelimo na dva dela: na tiste, ki so bili uporabljeni za vzpostavitev baze in poganjanje poizvedb, ter tiste, ki smo jih uporabljali za izdelavo aplikacije in povezavo aplikacije z bazo podatkov. Baza podatkov je bila narejena predhodno. Na lokalni ravni smo jo vzpostavili s programi Docker, PgAdmin in PyCharm. Preko slednjega smo z že narejenimi API-ji izvedli poizvedbe. Spletno aplikacijo GIS smo naredili s spletnim orodjem Django in programskimi jeziki Python, JavaScript in HTML. Okolje za razvoj spletne aplikacije smo vzpostavili z uporabo sistema za upravljanje paketov in okolja Conda in z njim povezanim vmesnikom za ukazne vrstice Anaconda Prompt,. Uporabili smo tudi prosto dostopno verzijo zemljevida sveta projekta OpenStreetMap, ki smo jo vstavili v aplikaciji kot podlago, na kateri lahko uporabnik zajame območje interesa. Uporaba pripravljene spletne GIS aplikacije olajša dostop do baze satelitskih posnetkov, saj skrajša čas dostopa do podatkov ter omogočila prenos podatkov iz baze z grafičnim vmesnikom brez potrebnega dodatnega znanja o SQL poizvedbah. The aim of the master thesis is to develop a web-based GIS application that can be used to access a database of satellite imagery. The developed application allows access to the satellite imagery database and allows downloading of the imagery. The software and technologies used in the work can be divided into two parts: those used to create the database and run the queries, and those used to build the application and connect the application to the database. The database was created beforehand. It was set up locally using Docker, PgAdmin and PyCharm. The web GIS application was built using the Django web framework and the Python, JavaScript and HTML programming languages. The environment for the development of the web application was created using the Conda package and environment management system and its associated command line interface, Anaconda Prompt. We also used a freely available version of the OpenStreetMap world map project, which we embedded in the application as a base on which the user can capture the area of interest. The use of a ready-made web-based GIS application facilitated access to the satellite imagery database by reducing the time to access the data and by allowing the data to be downloaded from the database using a graphical interface without the need for additional knowledge of SQL queries.

Magistrsko delo analizira funkcionalna območja in regije visokošolskega izobraževanja v Sloveniji. Analizo smo izvedli s pomočjo tokov študentov med občinami stalnega bivališča in občinami visokošolskega šolanja v študijskem letu 2019/2020. Funkcionalna območja smo modelirali po v tej nalogi prilagojenem pristopu OECD, funkcionalne regije pa po dveh uveljavljenih metodah, po metodi CURDS in Intramax. Rezultate modeliranja smo primerjali po izbranih hierarhičnih prostorskih ravneh ter med njimi. Izpostavili smo tipične sestave funkcionalnih regij v visokošolskem izobraževanju na makro in mezo ravneh Slovenije, ki smo jih primerjali s funkcionalnimi regijami delovne mobilnosti v Sloveniji. Rezultati študije bodo pripomogli k boljšemu razumevanju funkcionalnih območij in funkcionalnih regij v Sloveniji. In the master 's thesis, functional areas and regions of higher education are analysed. The analysis was performed using data on student flows between municipalities of permanent residence and municipalities of higher education in the academic year 2019/2020. Functional areas were modeled according to the OECD approach adapted in this task, and functional regions according to two established methods, the CURDS and Intramax method. The modeling results were compared by and between selected hierarchical spatial levels. We highlighted the typical composition of functional regions in higher education at the macro and meso levels of Slovenia, which we compared with the functional regions of job mobility in Slovenia. The results of the study will contribute to a better understanding of functional areas and functional regions in Slovenia.

Osnova vsake gradnje je, da se zagotovi pravilna geometrija in stabilnost objekta. Zaradi različnih vplivov lahko kasneje pride do premika, nagiba ali drugih sprememb geometrije objekta. Ena od nalog geodezije je preverjanje in določanje geometrijskih lastnosti grajenih objektov. Obstajajo različne metode geodetskih izmer za tovrstno dela. Med bolj primerne uvrščamo terestrično lasersko skeniranje (TLS). V praktičnem delu magistrskega dela ugotavljanjamo morebitne spremembe geometrije in nagiba cerkvenega zvonika v Črnem Kalu. Osnova za analizo je oblak točk. Analizo lahko razdelimo v štiri korake, ki vključujejo ugotavljanje nagibov posameznih delov zvonika, določevanja nagibov po različnih višinskih nivojih ter celotnega zvonika ter analizo geometrije z izrisom različnih prerezov. Prvi del vključuje ugotavljanje nagibov posameznih večjih ravnih površin zvonika. Sledila je določitev kota nagiba na podlagi primerjanja centra jabolka s položajem zidov zvonika na nivoju tal. V tretjem koraku smo zvonik razdelili na pet višinskih sekcij in primerjali središče vsake ploskve sekcije ter določili nagibe med njimi. V zadnjem delu analiziranja geometrije zvonika iz oblaka točk smo z izrisi horizontalnih prerezov na različnih višinskih nivojih ugotavljali zamike oz. lome po nivojih. Rezultate smo primerjali z izmero iz leta 2013 in ugotovili, da se je zvonik med letoma 2013 in 2020 dodatno nagnil za 0o 05‘ 25'', kar znaša približno 4 cm. Na nivoju jabolka je zvonik nagnjen za 1, 25 m. Zvonik je najbolj nagnjen med drugim in tretjim višinskim nivojem. The basis of any construction is to ensure the geometry and stability of the building. Due to various influences, the movement and tilt of the building can occur. One of the tasks of geodesy is to check and determine geometry and the slope. There are various methods of geodetic measurements for this type of work. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is one of the most suitable. In the practical part of the master's thesis, we identify possible changes in the geometry and slope of the church bell tower in Črni Kal. The basis for the analysis is the point cloud. The analysis can be divided into four steps, which include determining the slopes of individual parts of the bell tower, determining the slopes at different height levels and the whole bell tower, and analyzing the geometry by drawing different cross sections. This was followed by determining the angle of inclination by comparing the center of the apple with the position of the walls of the bell tower at ground level. In the third step, we divided the bell tower into five height sections and compared the center of each surface of the section and determined the slopes between them. In the last part of the analysis of the geometry of the bell tower from the point cloud, we used the drawings of horizontal sections at different height levels to determine the offsets or breaks by levels. We compared the results with the measurement from 2013 and found that between 2013 and 2020 the bell tower was additionally tilted by 0º 05' 25'', which is about 4 cm. At the level of the apple, the bell tower is inclined by 1.25 m. The bell tower is most inclined between the second and third elevation levels.

V zadnjih letih so digitalni modeli višin (DMV) postali bolj natančni, dostopnejši in pogosteje posodobljeni. Zaradi tako velike količine kakovostnih podatkov je interpretacija DMV postala eden najpomembnejših virov podatkov za analize na različnih področjih kot so geodezija, gradbeništvo, kartografija, hidrologija, krajinska arhitektura, prostorsko planiranje, energetika, arheologija in mnogo drugih. DMV je običajno prikazan s sivinami. Uporabniki na podatkih DMV iščejo različne informacije. Vizualna interpretacija DMV prikazanega s sivinami ni intuitivna reprezentacija terena in nekaterih pokrajinskih značilnosti terena ni mogoče zaznati. Znanstveniki so zato razvili različne tehnike prikaza DMV, ki so se izkazale za zelo uporabne za interpretacijo terena in detekcijo majhnih morfoloških značilnosti terena. V magistrskem delu smo program Relief Visualization Toolbox (RVT) nadgradili za uporabo v programu ArcGIS Pro. V ArcGIS Pro smo implementirali obstoječe in nove prikaze kot ArcGIS Python rastrske funkcije. Vizualizacije, ki smo jih implementirali so: hillshade, multi directional hillshade, Simple Local Relief Model, Multi-Scale Relief Model, sky-view factor, anisotropic sky-view factor, local dominance, Multi-Scale Topographic Position, Visualization for Archeological Topography, Visualization for Archeological Topography Combined, Color Relief Image Map (smo ga razvili na novo), enhanced Multi-Scale Topographic Position version 3 (smo ga razvili na novo). Testirali smo hitrost računanja ArcGIS Python rastrskih funkcij (vizualizacij) na različnih računalnikih. Over the years, the accessibility, frequency, and accuracy of digital elevation models (DEMs) evolved. With so much quality data, interpretation of DEMs has become a common source for geographical analysis in various fields, including geodetic survey, engineering, cartography, hydrology, landscape architecture, spatial planning, energetics, archaeology, and many more. DEM is usually visualized with grayscale. Every user seeks certain information from DEM. Interpretation of DEM, when represented with grayscale, is not an intuitive representation of terrain, and some landscape features cannot be detected. Therefore, scientists developed different visualization techniques (methods) of DEM that are effective for interpreting and detecting small landscape features of the terrain. In this master's thesis, we upgraded the Relief Visualization Toolbox (RVT) to be used in ArcGIS Pro geographic information system software. We implemented RVT visualizations and other visualization techniques into ArcGIS Pro as ArcGIS Python raster functions. Featured visualization techniques are: slope gradient, hillshade, multi directional hillshade, Simple Local Relief Model, Multi-Scale Relief Model, sky-view factor, anisotropic sky-view factor, local dominance, Multi-Scale Topographic Position, Visualization for Archeological Topography, Visualization for Archeological Topography Combined, Color Relief Image Map (developed by us), enhanced Multi-Scale Topographic Position version 3 (developed by us). We tested the performance of the created ArcGIS Python raster functions (visualizations) on different computers.

Diplomska naloga se ukvarja s problematiko, ki nastaja na področju daljinsko vodenih letalnikov v Sloveniji in Evropski uniji, saj se z vedno bolj hitrim napredkom v razvoju letalnikov pojavijo nova in nova tveganja, ki jih je potrebno pravno in tehnično minimizirati. Med glavnimi tveganji so poškodbe in škoda, povzročeni s strani letalnika, ter grožnja zasebnosti in varovanju osebnih podatkov. S pravnega vidika se diploma ukvarja z akti, ki trenutno urejajo to področje, tehnično in finančno pa z letalniki samimi, vendar bo kaj kmalu na trgu veliko novih modelov, saj tehnološki napredek nikoli ne počiva. Diploma se v splošnem osredotoča na dejavnike, ki zadevajo pravne osebe, ki se ukvarjajo z zajemom in obdelavo prostorskih podatkov. This thesis deals with problematics that arise in the field of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in the country of Slovenia, as well as the entire European union, due to an accelerated pace in UAV development that creates new risks during operation, which need to be accessed and mitigated, be it legally or technically. Main risks consist of mostly damage, injury, and nowadays also privacy intrusion. Legally, the thesis is based on an array of acts that currently manage this field. Technically and financially, on the other hand, the thesis finds representative UAV models to give an impression to the reader of what different price ranges have to offer, and is intended to be viewed and used by legal firms that perform and process remote sensing tasks using UAV.

V diplomski nalogi smo obravnavali prostorsko ureditev podeželskega naselja Šentrupert v Občini Laško. Glavni namen naloge je bil ugotoviti prostorske razvojne možnosti naselja ter podati predlog razvojne prostorske ureditve. Diplomska naloga obsega teoretični in praktični del. V teoretičnem delu so predstavljene značilnosti, problemi, usmeritve in merila za urejanje podeželskega prostora. V praktičnem delu je najprej predstavljeno obravnavano naselje v širšem prostoru Občine Laško. V nadaljevanju so prikazane demografska analiza, analiza naravnih danosti, prostorske analize grajene strukture, analiza omejitev ter obstoječih prostorskih načrtov za naselje Šentrupert. Na podlagi stanja v prostoru in identificiranih prednosti in slabosti v naselju smo najprej oblikovali cilje ter koncept prostorskega razvoja naselja, nato pa še zasnovo namenske rabe prostora s predlogi prostorskih ureditev obstoječih in novih dejavnosti v naselju. The main subject of this diploma thesis is the settlement of Šentrupert in the municipality of Laško. The diploma focuses on determining the proper area development prospect and deciding on the proposal for the development of the area. This diploma includes a theoretical and a practical part. The first part covers characteristics, problems, viewpoints and criteria in the development of rural areas. In the practical part, the considered settlement in the wider area of Laško municipality is presented. In the following, the demographic analysis, the analysis of natural resources, the analysis of the building structure, the analysis of criteria and the current draught territories for Šentrupert are described. Based on the current state and the identified advantages and disadvantages of the settlement, the objectives and the concept of the area development were determined. Then the scheme of functional land use was discussed with the proposals of planned land use for the current and future activities in the settlement.

Tema magistrskega dela je analiza pristopov vzdrževanja zemljiškokatastrskega prikaza na območjih položajno izboljšanega grafičnega katastra. Na območjih grafičnega katastra se je v preteklih letih izvedla izboljšava geometrije zemljiškokatastrskega načrta oziroma prikaza z izravnavo in s homogenizacijo. Vzdrževanje katastrskega načrta je treba po izvedbi množične položajne izboljšave podrobneje opredeliti. Pri tem se mora upoštevati uveljavljena zahteva, da se ohranja relativna oblika obravnavanih parcel. Ena od možnosti je uporaba relativne geometrije grafičnega katastrskega prikaza (izvirnika) kot elementov simuliranega terenskega elaborata in njegova uporaba za opredelitev predlagane meje pred mejno obravnavo. Z uporabo membranske metode izravnave in homogenizacije smo razvili nov pristop, to je membranski pristop, k določanju položajev lomov predlagane meje, ki upošteva uveljavljeno zahtevo po ohranjanju relativne oblike obravnavanih parcel. Razviti membranski pristop smo na dveh izbranih območjih primerjali z uveljavljenimi načini določitve lomov predlagane meje. Ključna prednost membranskega pristopa je objektivna določitev položajev lomov in ocene točnosti koordinat glede na izbrane vhodne podatke. The topic of the master's thesis is the analysis of approaches to maintaining the cadastral index maps in the areas of improved graphic cadastre. In the areas of the graphic cadastre, the geometry of the cadastral map, e.g., cadastral index map, has been improved by adjustment and homogenization recently. The maintenance of the cadastral map needs to be defined in more detail after the implementation of the mass positional quality improvement. In doing so, the established requirement to maintain the relative shape of the land plots in question must be taken into account. One of the possibilities is the use of the relative geometry of the graphic cadastral maps (original) as elements of the simulated field study and its use to define the proposed boundary before the boundary treatment. Using the membrane method of adjustment and homogenization, we developed a new approach, e.g., membrane approach, to determine the vertexes% positions of the proposed boundary, which considers the established requirement to maintain the relative shape of the considered plots. The developed membrane approach was compared in two selected areas with the well-known methods of determining the vertexes of the proposed boundary in practice. A key advantage of the membrane approach is the objective determination of vertexes% positions and the accuracy of their coordinates considering the input data.

V magistrski nalogi smo primerjali dve terminski izmeri geodetske mreže pregrade Drtijščica na Gradiškem jezeru. Prvo terminsko izmero smo izvedli aprila 2018, drugo pa konec meseca februarja 2020. Namen naloge je odkriti domnevno nestabilne točke mreže. Mreži smo izravnali kot prosti in s postopkom S-transformacije določili ustrezen geodetski datum mreže. V na novo določen geodetski datum smo vklopili mreži iz leta 2018 in nato še iz leta 2020. Mreži smo izravnali kot vpeti. Na podlagi izravnanih koordinat točk obeh terminskih izmer vpetih mrež smo določili morebitne statistično značilne premike točk mreže. In this master thesis we compared two term measurements of the dam at Gradiško jezero. The first term measurement was made in april 2018. The second measurement was made in the end of february 2020. The purpose of master thesis is to find out supposedly unsteady points of network. We adjusted free networks of years 2018 and 2020. We defined the suitable geodetic datum of network with Stransformation. We fastened both networks of years 2018 and 2020 on reference points in new geodetic datum. We adjusted fastened networks. Based on adjusted coordinates of points of both fastened networks we defined potential statistically characteristic shifts of points in network.

V magistrski nalogi smo preučevali nenormalizirane in normalizirane intenzitete odbojev laserskih žarkov na izbranih gozdnih sestojih in posameznih drevesnih krošnjah izbranih drevesnih vrst na testnem območju Zelenice. Izbrano območje je bilo lasersko skenirano v štirih aerolaserskih podatkovnih nizih posnetih v dveh valovnih dolžinah (1064 nm in 1550 nm) ter v različnih delih leta (marec, maj, julij in september). Vrednosti intenzitet smo najprej analizirali na naključno izbranih vrhovih drevesnih krošenj na območju gozda, kjer smo opazovali vrednosti intenzitet odboja glede na vrstno sestavo (iglasti, iglasti z listavci, listnati z iglavci ali listnati gozd). V nadaljevanju smo na podlagi terenskega ogleda, ortofota in digitalnega model krošenj izbrali po 40 dreves šestih različnih drevesnih vrst: smreka, bor, macesen, bukev, javor in jesen. V analizi smo upoštevali točke vrha krošnje (zgornjih 3 m drevesnih krošenj). Najprej smo drevesne vrste primerjali na podlagi geometrije vrha krošnje tako, da smo med seboj primerjali površine prerezov, površine tlorisov in volumnov. Nato smo drevesne vrste primerjali na podlagi normaliziranih in nenormaliziranih intenzitet točk vrha krošenj. Statistično značilno smo dokazali razlike v intenziteti točk med posameznimi drevesnimi vrstami. Izdelali smo model napovedovanja posameznih drevesnih vrst iz laserskih podatkov s pomočjo odločitvenega drevesa. Z odločitvenim drevesom smo uspešno prepoznavali drevesa kot iglasta ali listnata (uspešnost modela 95 %), uspešno pa smo prepoznali tudi izbrane drevesne vrste (uspešnost modela 60 %). In this master's thesis, we studied non-normalized and normalized intensities of aerial laser scanning on selected forest stands and individual tree canopies in the test area of the Zelenica, Slovenia. The selected area was aerial laser scanned by four data sets recorded in two wavelengths (1064 nm and 1550 nm) and in different parts of the year (March, May, July and September). Intensity values were first analysed at randomly selected tree canopy peaks in the forest area, where we analysed values of reflected intensities according to species composition (coniferous, coniferous with deciduous, deciduous with coniferous or deciduous forest). Based on a field trip, orthophoto and digital canopy model, we selected 40 individual trees for six different tree species: spruce, pine, larch, beech, maple and ash. Only the points of the upper 3 m of tree canopies were considered in the analysis. First, a comparison was made of tree canopies based on geometry by comparing cross-sectional areas, floor areas and volumes. Secondary, a comparison of tree species based on normalized and non-normalized intensities was performed. Further, we have statistically significantly assessed the differences between the characteristics of intensities of individual tree species. We developed a model for predicting individual tree species from aerial laser data using a decision tree algorithm. Using the decision tree algorithm, we successfully identified trees as coniferous or deciduous (model accuracy 95%), and we also successfully identified selected tree species (model accuracy 60%).

V okviru magistrske naloge smo vzpostavili geodetsko mrežo, sestavljeno iz osmih točk. Meritve smo izvedli s klasično terestrično metodo izmere v kombinaciji s statično metodo izmere GNSS. Ločeno smo izvedli položajno in višinsko izravnavo meritev po metodi najmanjših kvadratov. Rezultate izravnave smo podali v državnem prostorskem koordinatnem sistemu. Vzpostavljeno geodetsko osnovo smo uporabili za izmero in izračun oslonilnih točk. Oslonilne točke smo uporabili za georeferenciranje oblaka točk terestričnega laserskega skeniranja. Oblak točk, ki smo ga registrirali, georeferencirali, očistili (filtrirali) in izvozili, je omogočal vizualno predstavitev cerkve sv. Janeza Krstnika in kamnitega mostu čez Jezernico v Bohinju. Med izmero je potekala določitev koordinat zvonika cerkve sv. Janeza Krstnika, saj je zvonik viden iz širše okolice in uporaben za orientacijo kasnejših izmer. Koordinate cerkvenega zvonika smo določili s kombinacijo klasične terestrične metode izmere in statične metode izmere GNSS ter s postopkom terestričnega laserskega skeniranja. Rezultate izračuna obeh metod smo ovrednotili in med seboj primerjali. Dodatno smo ocenili kakovost vsedržavnega modela trikotniške transformacije. As part of the master's thesis, we established a geodetic network consisting of eight points. The measurements were performed with the classical terrestrial measurement method in combination with the static GNSS measurement method. Horizontal and height adjustment was performed separately by the method of least squares. The results of the adjustment were given in the national spatial coordinate system. The established geodetic basis was used to measure and calculate the control points. The control points were used to georeference the terrestrial laser scanning point cloud. The point cloud, which we registered, georeferenced, filtered and exported, enabled a visual presentation of the church of St. John the Baptist and the nearby stone bridge over the Jezernica river in Bohinj. During the measurement, the coordinates of the belfry of the church of St. John the Baptist were determined, as the bell tower is visible from the wider surroundings and thus useful for orientation in the future measurements. The coordinates of the church belfry were determined with the classical terrestrial measurement method and the static GNSS measurement method, as well as with the terrestrial laser scanning. The results of the calculation were evaluated and compared with each other. We further assessed the quality of the Slovenian triangle-based transformation model.

V magistrskem delu smo za potrebe kontrole kakovosti nove višinske referenčne ploskve na območju Ljubljane izbrali določeno število reperjev mestne nivelmanske mreže in reperjev državne nivelmanske mreže (novi 1. red) in jih razporedili po območju Ljubljane tako, da tvorijo približno celično mrežo velikosti 1 x 1 kilometer. Na teh reperjih smo s kombinacijo RTK-GNSS meritev in geometričnim nivelmanom določili vrednosti geoidnih višin. Te smo primerjali z interpoliranimi vrednosti iz uradnega modela višinske referenčne ploskve. Primerjavo smo opravili tudi z višinami teh točk v starem višinskem sistemu SVS2000 in starem modelu geoida SLO_AMG2000. Predstavili smo teoretično osnovo za kontrolo kakovosti višinske referenčne ploskve, potek izbora ustreznih reperjev ter grafično in numerično analizirali pridobljene rezultate. Prikazali smo razlike med izmerjenimi in interpoliranimi geoidnimi višinami iz novega modela geoida (SLO_VRP2016/Koper) za obravnavano območje Ljubljane ter jih interpretirali. Rezultati primerjave na novi višinski referenčni ploskvi SLO_VRP2016/Koper so pokazali, da so na obravnavanem območju Ljubljane povprečne razlike geoidnih višin -1,6 cm. V ta izračun je bilo vključenih 56 izmerjenih reperjev. Maksimalna vrednost razlike geoidnih višin je 4,0 cm na reperju 22/2, minimalna vrednost pa % 9,1 cm na reperju 40/23. Ugotovili smo, da se SLO_VRP2016/Koper dobro ujema z vrednostmi geoidnih višin, ki so določene z meritvami. In the master thesis we selected a certain number of benchmarks of the city leveling network and benchmarks of the state leveling network (new 1st order) for the needs of quality control of the new height reference surface on the area of Ljubljana distributed over the area so that they form approximately a cell network of size 1 x 1 kilometer. On these benchmarks, we determined the values of geoid heights with a combination of RTK-GNSS measurements and geometric leveling. These were compared with the interpolated values from the official model of the height reference surface. We also made a comparison with the heights of these points in the old vertical system SVS2000 and the old model of the geoid SLO_AMG2000. We presented the theoretical basis for quality control of the height reference surface, the selection process of appropriate benchmarks and graphically and numerically analyzed the obtained results. We presented the differences between the measured and interpolated geoid heights from the new geoid model (SLO_VRP2016 / Koper) for the considered area of Ljubljana and interpreted them. The results of the comparison on the new height reference surface SLO_VRP2016 / Koper showed that in the considered area of Ljubljana the average differences of geoid heights are -1.6 cm. 56 measured benchmarks were included in this calculation. The maximum value of the difference in geoid heights is 4.0 cm on the benchmark 22/2, and the minimum value is 9.1 cm on the benchmark 40/23. We found that SLO_VRP2016 / Koper matches well with the values of geoid heights, which are determined by measurements.

V magistrski nalogi smo v dveh terminskih izmerah s kombinirano GNSS in klasično terestrično izmero ter laserskim skeniranjem določili potek soteske Mlačca in jo umestili v državni geodetski referenčni sistem. Cilj naloge je, da določimo debelino ledu v sezoni 2019/2020, ki bo služila za izhodišče primerjave debelin ledu v nadaljnjih sezonah. Že med izmerami je bilo očitno, da v letošnji zimi ni bilo pogojev, da bi soteska zaledenela v tolikšni meri, da bi bilo mogoče lednim plezalcem zagotoviti varno ledno plezanje po plezališču. Pri izdelavi magistrskega dela smo se osredotočili na dva cilja, ki se med seboj prepletata in povezujeta. Prvi in glavni cilj naloge je analiza zajetih skenogramov terestričnega laserskega skeniranja ter že obstoječih prostorskih podatkov aerolaserskega skeniranja za območje Republike Slovenije. V drugem delu dela pa smo se osredotočili predvsem na problem, kako lahko tretji osebi oziroma laičnemu uporabniku prikažemo ogromno količino prostorskih podatkov. Glavni cilji takega okolja so predvsem enostavna, razumljiva, kakovostna, hitro učljiva in dostopna aplikacija, s katero bo potencialnim uporabnikom omogočen dostop do pregleda in izvajanja osnovnih merjenj v izdelanem interaktivnem okolju. In this master`s thesis, we determined the course of the Mlačca Gorge in two term measurements with combined GNSS, the classic terrestrial measurement, laser scanning and placed it in the national coordinate base. The aim is to determine the thickness of the ice in the season 2019/2020, which will serve as a starting point for comparison of the ice thicknesses in further seasons. During the measurements, it was already obvious that this winter there were no conditions for the gorge to be icy to such an extent that ice climbers could be provided with safe ice climbing on the climbing area. In the master's thesis, we focused on two goals that are intertwined and interconnected. The first and main goal of the task is the analysis of the captured scans of terrestrial laser scanning, and already existing spatial data of aerolaser scanning for the territory of the Republic of Slovenia. In the second part of the work, we mainly focused on how we can show a huge amount (Big data) of spatial data to a third party or a lay user, without any use of demanding software. The main goals of such an environment are, above all, simple, understandable, high-quality, fast-learning and accessible application that will enable potential users to access the review and perform basic measurements in an interactive environment.

V magistrski nalogi analiziramo višine točk iz podatkov klasične geodetske izmere, ultrazvočnega globinomera z eno in več sondami ter aerolaserskega skeniranja. Testno območje predstavlja deset prečnih profilov in betonski bloki na reki Dravi pred hidroelektrarno Mariborski otok. Analiza temelji na primerjavi rezultatov izračuna razlik višin med podatkovnimi seti vseh uporabljenih metod izmere. V nalogi so predstavljene glavne lastnosti uporabljenih tehnologij, instrumentarij, postopek pridobitve podatkov in numerični ter grafični prikazi rezultatov. V nalogi podrobno predstavimo rezultate primerjalnih analiz s statistično analizo. Ugotovili smo, da so razlike višin točk na betonskih blokih med klasično terestrično izmero in ultrazvočnim globinomerom z več sondami ter aerolaserskim skeniranjem minimalne. Iz analize primerjav višin na prečnih profilih struge reke Drave, dobimo občutnejše razlike, ko primerjamo podatke ultrazvočnega globinomera z eno sondo s podatki ultrazvočnega globinomera z več sondami ter aerolaserskega skeniranja. In the master thesis we analyse the heights of points obtained from the data of classical geodetic terrestrial measurements, from single beam and multi beam sonars and from airborne laser scanning. The test area represents ten cross sections and concrete blocks on the Drava River front of the Mariborski otok hydropower plant. The analysis is based on a comparison of the results of the calculation of the height differences between the data sets of all measuring methods used. In the master thesis we present the main features of the technologies and instruments used, the data acquisition process and the numerical and graphical representations of the results. In the thesis, we also present the results of comparative analysis by statistical analysis. We found out that the height differences on concrete blocks between classic geodetic terrestrial measurements, single beam and multi beam sonar and airborne laser scanning are minimal. Nevertheless, we found significantly higher differences when comparing single beam data with multi beam and airborne laser scanning data when analysing cross sections on the Drava river.

Na topografskih kartah se za prikaz reliefa uporabljajo plastnice. Včasih so jih kartografi izdelovali ročno, dandanes njihovo izdelavo omogočajo številna programska orodja. Za manj razgiban teren so rezultati modeliranj lahko sprejemljivi, vendar pogosto neustrezni za modeliranje zahtevnega kraškega reliefa. Poiskali smo optimalen modela višin in primerjali rezultate omenjenih orodij, med slednjimi smo izbrali tistega, ki je najbolj podoben prikazu reliefa na izbrani topografski karti. Z uporabo izbranega programskega jezika smo prikaz nadgradili, da se v čim večji meri približa poteku plastnic, prikazanih na državnih topografskih kartah. Izdelan algoritem smo testirali na štirih izbranih območjih. On topographic maps, contour lines are used to show the relief. In the past they were made analogously whereas nowadays they can be generated by various software tools. For less varied relief, modelling results are acceptable, but often unsuitable for modelling demanding karst relief. We have found the optimal choice of the elevation model and compared the results of the above-mentioned tools. Among the latter we have chosen the one that most closely resembles the relief on the selected topographic map. The aim was to improve it by using the chosen programming language in order to get as close as possible to the course of the lines shown on the national topographic maps. The developed algorithm was tested in four selected areas.

Tema magistrskega dela je povezana z vzpostavitvijo večnamenskega katastra, predvsem z vidika nadgradnje katastrskih vsebin s podatki pravnih režimov na zemljiščih. Na temelju smernic iz tujine ter posebnosti zemljiškega katastra in ostalih prostorskih podatkov v Sloveniji, smo razvili metodo povezovanja in usklajevanja podatkov grafičnega podsistema zemljiškega katastra s podatki pravnih režimov. Metodo smo preverili na izbranih študijskih območjih s tako imenovanim numeričnim katastrom (k. o. 31 Kramarovci in k. o. 108 Nemčavci), kjer smo najprej analizirali kakovost zveznega grafičnega podatkovnega sloja zemljiškega katastra, nato pa grafični podatkovni sloj zemljiškega katastra povezali z grafičnim podatkovnim slojem namenske rabe prostora ter atributno povezali oba sloja na ravni zemljiške parcele in ZK-točk. Kot rezultat smo prikazali podatke namenske rabe prostora neposredno v zemljiškem katastru ter rezultat primerjali s smernicami večnamenskega katastra iz tujine. V sklepnih ugotovitvah smo analizirali nadaljnje možnosti razvoja predlagane metode povezovanja grafičnih in opisnih podatkov o zemljiščih različnih podatkovnih virov. The topic of the master's thesis is related to the establishment of a multi-purpose cadastre, especially in terms of upgrading cadastral contents with the data on legal regimes on land. Based on the guidelines from abroad, as well as the specifics of the land cadastre and other spatial data in Slovenia, we have developed a method of linking and harmonising the data of the graphical subsystem of the land cadastre with the data about legal regimes on land. The method was tested in selected study areas with the so-called numerical cadastre (cadastral community 31 Kramarovci and cadastral community 108 Nemčavci), where the quality of the common graphical data layer of the land cadastre was first analysed, and then the graphical data layer of the land cadastre was linked to the graphical data layer on land use. Both data layers were joined by attributes at the level of the land parcel and boundary points of land parcels. As a result, we have shown the layer on land use directly in the land cadastre and compared the result with the international guidelines on a multi-purpose cadastre. In the conclusions, we analysed the possibilities of further development of the proposed method of linking graphical and attribute data on land from various data sources.

V magistrskem delu je predstavljen postopek izdelave digitalnega trirazsežnega modela gradu Mokrice in njegove okolice z uporabo sodobnih računalniških programov. Naloga je sestavljena iz dveh delov, teoretičnega in praktičnega. V teoretičnem delu so predstavljeni 3D modeli in njihova uporaba, predstavljeno je območje obdelave, opisani so prostorski podatki in računalniški programi, ki so uporabljeni v nalogi. V praktičnem delu so podani koraki izdelave modela gradu Mokrice v vseh uporabljenih programih ter predstavljene upodobitve modela. Model je izdelan na osnovi zbranih razpoložljivih prostorskih podatkov. Zaradi zagotovitve popolnosti prikazov so bile izvedene še potrebne dodatne terenske meritve, prav tako so bile s fotoaparatom zajete tudi podobe posameznih objektov. Po izdelavi modela objekta smo uredili okolico z dodajanjem 3D modelov drevja, s čimer smo ustvarili realističen prikaz. Končna rezultata naloge sta 3D-model gradu Mokrice z okolico in animacije s preletom. The procedure of making digital 3D-model of the castle Mokrice and its surrounding with usage of modern computer programs is presented in the masters' thesis. The thesis consists of two parts, a theoretical and a practical part. The theoretical part presents 3D-models and their use, presents the modelling area, describes the spatial data and computer programs used in the task. In the practical part, the steps of creating the model of castle Mokrice through all the used programs are givenand the models of objects are presented. The model is based on the all available spatial data. To ensure the completeness of the representation additional field measurements were taken, images of individual objects were captured with the camera as well. After creating a model of object, we completed the surroundings by adding 3D tree models and thus creating a realistic view. The final results are a 3D-model of castle Mokrice with surroundings and animations over the area.

V diplomski nalogi je predstavljen postopek izdelave interaktivne spletne karte občine Žužemberk. V prvem delu naloge so opisane značilnosti karte ter predstavljene različne vrste kart, predstavljeni so tudi postopki kartografskega oblikovanja in kartografske generalizacije. V nadaljevanju sledi predstavitev občine Žužemberk s poudarkom na turistični ponudbi, ki bo kot tematska vsebina prikazana na karti. Zadnji del naloge obsega redakcijski načrt ter opis izdelave karte v programskem paketu OCAD. The thesis describes the process of making a web interactive tourist map of the Municipality of Žužemberk. The introductory part includes description of map's characteristics and different types of maps, followed by presentation of cartographic modelling and cartographic generalization procedures. The following part of thesis describes the Municipality of Žužemberk, emphasising on the tourist information which is displayed on the map. In the last part an editorial plan and creation of the map using OCAD are described.

Diplomska naloga je namenjena predstavitvi različnih višinskih sistemov in primerjavi izračunanih višin med višinskimi sistemi znotraj izbranega nivelmanskega poligona. Za testno območje je bil določen del Primorske, in sicer od Kopra do Kozine. Nivelmanski poligon, ki poteka od reperja 9000 preko 48 vmesnih reperjev do reperja 2839, v dolžino meri 37,351 kilometrov, višinska razlika med najnižjim in najvišjim reperjem pa znaša 497,98692 metra. Celotna klasična geodezija temelji na točki, tretja koordinata točke pa je višina. Višine so za geodezijo in številne druge stroke zelo pomemben element, zato je pomembno, da pri izbiri višinskega sistema upoštevamo zahteve več različnih uporabnikov in strok. Kateri višinski sitem izbrati oziroma kakšne so prednosti in slabosti posameznih višinskih sistemov pa je bila vodilna misel moje diplomske naloge. Diplomska naloga za testno območje podaja višine v več višinskih sistemih, in sicer v normalnih ortometričnih višinah, geopotencialnih kotah, dinamičnih višinah, ortometričnih višinah in v normalnih višinah. Uradni višinski sistem v Sloveniji so normalne ortometrične višine, v veliko evropskih državah pa imajo za uraden višinski sistem nadmorskih višin normalne višine, kar bi bilo, kot sem tudi sam ugotovil, najprimernejše in najkoristnejše tudi za Slovenijo. Normalne višine zadovoljijo vsem petim osnovnim pogojem za optimalni višinski sistem, poleg tega so zelo dobro povezane z elipsoidnimi višinami. The main topic of this diploma work is to present several height systems and to compare calculated heights between different height systems in selected leveling line. For the test area part of Primorska from Koper to Kozina was selected. Levelling line is 37,351 kilometers long and is passing from point 9000 to point 2839, between 9000 and 2839 is 48 other points. Height difference between the lowest and the highest point is 497,98692 meters. Whole classical geodesy is based on point and the third coordinate of point is height. Heights are very important for geodesy and many other professions, because of that is very important that when one has to choose gone height system, it has to consider requests of many professions. Which height system is better to choose and what advantages or disadvantages has one height system, was common thread of my diploma work. We have determined heights of the chosen levelling line in different height systems in the test area. These are: normal orthometric heights, geopotential number, dynamic heights, orthometric heights and normal heights. The official height system in Slovenia are normal orthometric heights. The official height system in many European countries are normal heights and this height system would be most appropriate and useful for Slovenia too. Normal heights satisfy all five basic conditions for ideal height system. Normal heights are also very good connected with ellipsoidal heights.

V diplomski nalogi je predstavljena problematika degradiranih območij v Sloveniji. Degradirana območja predstavljajo prostorski potencial za razvoj dejavnosti. Usmerjanje prostorskega razvoja na degradirana območja je v duhu racionalne rabe prostora, ter varuje pred spremembo namembnosti druga zemljišča (npr. kmetijska). Žal pa število, velikost in raznolikost degradiranih območij ni znano, območja niso evidentirana, reševanje problematike ni sistemsko. Na območju Osrednjeslovenske statistične regije je mogoče zaslediti številna območja, ki so že dalj časa podvržena degradaciji, ali pa so v postopku opuščanja dejavnosti, kar vodi v nastanek degradiranega območja. Pri delu smo se osredotočili na občino Medvode in njeno okolico. Namen dela ni popis vseh znanih degradiranih območij v našem obravnavanem prostoru, temveč identifikacija učnih primerov za posamezne tipe degradiranih območij in njihova podrobnejša predstavitev. Na podlagi popisa, ki se je izvedel s pomočjo popisnih listov, je izvedena analiza degradiranih območij. Rezultate analize smo primerjali z rezultati, pridobljenimi v projektu z naslovom Sonaravna sanacija okoljskih bremen kot trajnostno razvojna priložnost Slovenije (Špes s sod., 2011). This diploma work presents issues about derelict sites in Slovenia. Derelict areas represent territorial potential for further development of the activities. Guidance of the spatial development degradation is reflected in a rational use of the region and protects the purpose of use of other lands (for example: agricultural). Unfortunately, we do not know the exact numbers, size and diversity of derelict sited, areas are not recorded, solutions for this problem are not systematic. In the Statistical Region, we can see many of the areas, that are undergoing a degradation for a longer period, or they are undergoing a ceasing activity, which leads to derelict sites. In my diploma, I focused on the town Medvode and its surrounding. The purpose of my work is not to record all the derelict sites for this addressed area, but to identify learning examples for each type of derelict sites and their detailed presentation. Based on the record, that was carried out with the help of the census documents an analysis of derelict sites was made. The results of the analysis were compared with the results that were obtained in a project with the title: Sonarava Sanacije okoljskih bremen kot trajnostno razvojna priložnost Slovenije.

V diplomski nalogi ugotavljamo spremembe na površju preko izračuna prostornine med dvema ploskvama. To smo naredili na primeru melišča na Potoški planini, za katerega smo imeli na voljo oblaka točk skenirana z enoletnim zamikom. Ob tem nas je zanimala razlika pri izračunu prostornin brez in z uporabno postopka ploskovnega ujemanja, ki transformira oblak točk tako, da so razdalje med točkami v obravnavanih oblakih čim manjše. Izračune prostornin smo tako naredili z in brez uporabe ploskovnega ujemanja v državnem D96 koordinatnem sistemu in v lokalnem koordinatnem sistemu. Iz dobljenih rezultatov ne morem trditi, da je postopek ploskovnega ujemanja na našem primeru imel vpliv na izračunano prostornino, ob samem izrisu sprememb prostornin na terenu pa je vpliv opazen. This graduation thesis's main goal is to assess surface changes, which is done with computing of volume between two surfaces. It was done on a practical example of a scree on Potoška planina, for which we had two sets of observations made with one year in between. Simultaneously we wanted to determine the difference in computed volume with and without using the process of surface matching, which transforms a point cloud so that the distances between point clouds are minimal. Calculation of volume was done in national D96 coordinate system and in a local coordinate system. After analyzing the results, it is difficult to claim, that surface matching had any influence on computed volume, but graphical representation of results shows a different picture.

Namen diplomske naloge je bil analizirati podatke elaborata nove izmere na območju katastrske občine Novo mesto iz leta 1987. Najprej smo predstavili postopek nove izmere ter podali kratek pregled zakonodajnega okvirja. Osrednji del naloge predstavlja empirični del, kjer smo analizirali in podrobno opisali vsebino in sestavne dele elaborata nove izmere z IDPOS-om 1456-4001. Podatke in elaborat smo dobili na geodetski upravi Republike Slovenije. V zadnjem delu naloge smo na omejenem študijskem območju izvedli rekonsturkcijo dela katastrskega načrta in rekonstruirano stanje primerjali z današnjim zemljiškokatastrskim prikazom in zemljiškokatastrskim načrtom iz leta 1983. The main purpose of this graduation thesis was to analyse the data of the new cadastral surveying documentation, in the area of the cadastral municipality of Novo mesto, from the year 1987. Firstly, we introduced the procedure of the new cadastral survey and gave a short overview of legal regulations at that time. The main part of the thesis represents empiric part, in which we analysed and presented contents of the surveying documentation with the IDPOS 1456 – 4001 in detail. The data were obtained from the Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia. In the last part of the thesis, a part of the land cadastral map has been reconstructed in the selected study area. Furthermore, we compared reconstructed map with the current land cadastral index map and with the georeferenced land cadastral map from the year 1983.

V diplomski nalogi primerjamo potek lastniških (katastrskih) mej z značilnimi reliefnimi linijami v katastrski občini Črešnjice. Vse analize so izvedene na podlagi podatkov grafičnega podsistema zemljiškega katastra, podatkov laserskega skeniranja Slovenije in terenski izmeri. Naša domneva je, da v nekaterih značilnih primerih linije parcelnih mej potekajo vzporedno ali celo sovpadajo z značilnimi reliefnimi oblikami kot so brežine teras, gozdne ceste, gozdne poti in podobno ter, da je s prepoznavanjem značilnih reliefnih linij mogoče določiti celo potek meje katastrske občine. V okviru naloge so predstavljene teoretične osnove položajnih natančnosti, podatkov zemljiško-katastrskega prikaza, poskusi izboljšav zemljiško-katastrskega prikaza, uporabljeni podatki, območje obdelave, uporabljena programska oprema ter opis terenskih meritev. Rezultati so primerjalne analize lastniških mej parcel in značilnih reliefnih oblik pridobljenih iz podatkov aerolaserskega skeniranja ter terenskih meritev. In our graduation thesis we compare the marcation of owner's (land registry) borders with typical relief lines in the land registry municipality Črešnjice. All the analyses are carried out on the basis of graphic system data of the land register, laser scanning data of Slovenia and terrain measurements. Our assumption is that in some typical cases the border lines of the land are running parallel or even coincide with typical relief shapes such as shore terraces, forest paths and similar features. It is even possible to determine the border demarcation of the land registry municipality by recognizing the typical relief lines. Furthermore, this thesis presents the theoretical base of position accuracy, land registry display data, attempted land registry display data improvements, data used, the area of processing, software used and the description of terrain measurements. The results are compared with owners' land borders and typical relief shapes obtained from aerial laser scanning data and terrain measurements.

Terestrično lasersko skeniranje je metoda zajema podatkov, kjer v krajšem časovnem obdobju zajemamo milijone točk. Rezultat skeniranja je oblak točk, katerega nato obdelujemo do želenega rezultata s programsko opremo, ki to omogoča. V diplomski nalogi smo skenirali dva glasbena instrumenta in uporabili dva skenerja: Riegl VZ–400 in Leica Nova MultiStation MS50. Pri obdelavi podatkov smo uporabljali AutoCAD in RiSCAN PRO. Končni oblak točk smo nato posredovali podjetju, ki se ukvarja s 3D graviranjem stekla. Rezultat diplomske naloge je steklena kocka, v katero je vgraviran oblak točk, ki predstavljajo saksofon. Terrestrial laser scanning is a method of data collection, which in a short period of time captures millions of points . The result of the scan is a point cloud, which is then processed to the desired result with the software that makes this possible. In this thesis, we scanned two musical instruments and used two scanner: Riegl VZ - 400 and Leica Nova MS50 MultiStation. When processing the data we have used AutoCAD and PRO Rîşcani. The final point cloud was then forwarded to the company that deals with 3D engraving of glass . The result of the thesis is a glass cube, which is engraved with a cloud of points representing the saxophone.

Danes je v nalogah zemljiškega katastra uporaba tehnologije GNSS za določitev položajev točk nujno potrebna. V primernih pogojih za izvedbo izmere GNSS lahko položaje točk določamo neposredno z različnimi geodetskimi metodami izmere GNSS. V primerih nezmožnosti sprejema signalov s satelitov GNSS zaradi ovir na primernih mestih z GNSS vzpostavimo točke, preko katerih s klasičnimi metodami geodetske izmere določimo položaj v referenčnem koordinatnem sistemu. V diplomski nalogi smo se osredotočili na praktično uporabo različnih metod izmere GNSS pri določitvi koordinat zemljiškokatastrskih točk dveh urejenih parcel. Primerjali smo koordinate, ki so bile dobljene z različnimi metodami izmere GNSS ter kombinacijo GNSS in klasične izmere. Pri primerjavi koordinat smo za referenčne privzeli koordinate, pridobljene z obdelavo opazovanj statične izmere GNSS. Glede na te smo določali kakovost določitve koordinat z ostalimi metodami. Nadalje smo različno pridobljene koordinate uporabili za izračun površin zemljišč in ocenjevali vpliv kakovosti koordinat na izračunano površino zemljišča. Ugotovili smo, da je trikratna ponovna določitev koordinat z metodo RTK nujno potrebna, saj se v enkratni določitvi lahko zgodi, da je položaj točke zaradi vplivov na opazovanja določen nepravilno, kar nadalje vpliva na nepravilno določitev površine zemljišča. V nalogi smo ugotovili, da nepravilna določitev koordinate ene točke velikosti nekaj dm privede do napake v izračunu obravnavane površine zemljišča v vrednosti 14 m2, kar znaša 0,18% celotne površine parcele. Nowadays in the functions of a land cadastre, the use of GNSS technology in determining point positions is absolutely essential. In appropriate conditions for carrying out a GNSS survey, the positions of the points can be directly determined using various surveying methods of the GNSS survey. In situations where the signals from the GNSS satellites cannot be received due to obstacles, we can set up reference points using the GNSS, than we can use conventional surveying methods for determination of the positions in the reference coordinate system. Our thesis focuses on the practical use of the various GNSS surveying methods when trying to determine the coordinates of land cadastre points of two land plots with determined boundaries. We compared the coordinates obtained with different GNSS methods and with a combination of GNSS and conventional surveys. For the comparison, we used the coordinates obtained through processing observations of the static GNSS surveys as reference. Based on these, we established the quality of coordinate determining with other methods. Furthermore, we used the differently obtained coordinates to calculate the surface area and evaluated the impact of the coordinate quality on the calculated surface area. We found out, that it is essential to repeat the RTK measurements three times, because if done only once, the position of the points can be determined falsely due to external influences on the observation. In turn, that can also result in an incorrectly calculated surface area. Our thesis identified that, in determining the coordinates, a mistakes of just a few decimetres can lead to a far bigger mistake of 14m2 (0,18%) in the surface area calculations.

Med gradnjo male hidroelektrarne v Markovcih je bila višinska točka – reper, ki je omogočala prenos višine na prelivna polja, uničena. V diplomski nalogi je predstavljen proces stabilizacije in določitve definitivnih višin novih reperjev. Izvedena je bila izmera geometričnega nivelmana z navezavo na dva izhodiščna reperja R36 in R37 za določitev definitivnih višin dveh novo stabiliziranih reperjev ter ponovna izmera reperjev na prelivnih poljih. Opravljena je bila primerjava višin reperjev na prelivnih poljih z zadnjo izmero iz leta 2011 ter analiza rezultatov. During the construction of small hydropower plant in Markovci, an elevation point – the benchmark, that allowed the transfer of height on spillways, was destroyed. The thesis presents the process of stabilization and determination of definite heights of the new benchmarks. We performed a survey of geometric levelling with a reference to the two baseline benchmark R36 and R37 to determine the definite height of two newly stabilized benchmarks and a re-measurement of the benchmarks on spillways. A height comparison was made of the benchmarks on the spillways with the last measurement in 2011 and an analysis of results.

V diplomski nalogi predstavljamo rezultate preizkusa kakovosti delovanja instrumenta JAVAD TRIUMPH-LS pri izmeri RTK. Preizkus smo naredili po navodilih standarda ISO 17123-8 in sicer na dveh deloviščih ob različnih vremenskih pogojih in ob različnih načinih postavitve instrumenta na točko. V prvem primeru smo instrument postavljali na stative, v drugem primeru pa smo s prisilnim centriranjem instrument postavili na stebra. S preizkusom smo potrdili kakovost delovanja instrumenta JAVAD TRIUMPH-LS, kot jo predpisuje proizvajalec, vendar velja poudariti, da smo pri drugi izvedbi preizkusa, ko smo instrument postavili na stebre, pridobili precej boljše rezultate ponovljivosti določitve koordinat. Po večkratno narejenem preizkusu po standardu ISO 17123-8 lahko rečemo, da instrument JAVAD TRIUMPH-LS tudi ob uporabi notranje antene in brez vključenega inklinometra za upoštevanje popravkov zaradi nagiba omogoča pridobitev rezultatov, kot jo podaja proizvajalec. Drugi del naloge se je navezoval na ponovljivost določitve koordinat ene točke za primer, ko smo instrument postavili bliže tlom. V tej situaciji smo dodatno na tla položili folijo, ki bi lahko predstavljala vir odboja signala GNSS. V danem primeru nismo ugotovili bistvenih razlik v določitvi koordinat in lahko na osnovi rezultatov zaključimo, da višina antene ne vpliva na kakovost določitve končnih koordinat točk. In the graduation thesis we present the results of the examination of the quality and operation of the instrument JAVAD TRIUMPH-LS in RTK survey. The test was done according to the instructions of standard ISO 17123-8 at two worksites in different weather conditions and with different ways of installing the instrument on the point. In the first case we have an instrument erected at the bar, but in the second case we use forced centering instrument placed on a pillar. With the test we confirmed the quality of the operation of the instrument JAVAD TRIUMPH-LS, as is provided by the manufacturer, although, it should be noted that in the second case, when we put instrument on the pillars, we get much better repeatability of the results of the determination of coordinates. After multiple test made according to standard ISO 17123-8, we can say, that the instrument JAVAD TRIUMPH-LS, even when we using internal antennas and when we exclude inclinoimeter, which take into account corrections resulting from the inclination, obtain the results as given by the manufacturers. The second part of the graduation thesis was about the reproducibility determination of the coordinates of one point, for the case, when we put the instrument closer to the ground. In this situation, we placed the foil around, which may constitute a source of multipath. In this case we did not find significant differences in determining the coordinates and may, based on the results conclude, that the antenna height does not affect the quality of the final determination of coordinates of points.