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Background: Nephrotoxicity, the rapid impairment of kidney function caused by harmful drugs and chemicals, affects about 20% of cases and is projected to become a leading cause of death by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Gentamicin (GM), an aminoglycoside antibiotic is one of the well know drugs/chemicals to cause nephrotoxicity both in humans and animals. Methods: A study on the effects of a synthetic phenolic compound, called 5-a, on GM-induced nephrotoxicity in male Wistar albino rats was conducted. The rats were grouped into five groups: normal control (NC), GM control (GM), positive control (GM + Dexa), treatment I (GM + 5-a 5 mg/kg) and treatment II (GM + 5-a 10 mg/kg). Throughout the experiment, the rats' weights were monitored, and at its conclusion, their serum and kidney tissues were analyzed for renal function indicators and inflammatory markers. The study also included histopathological evaluations, molecular docking studies, blood and urine analyses for electrolyte changes, and behavioural assessments for central nervous system impact. Results: 2-{5-[(2-hydroxyethyl)-sulfanyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl} phenol (5-a) significantly protected against renal damage by reducing inflammatory markers, improving antioxidant defences, and decreasing kidney injury, particularly at higher doses. The findings suggest that compound 5-a, due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, could be a promising therapeutic option for reducing gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity and potentially for other kidney disorders in the future. Conclusion: These findings highlight the therapeutic effects of compound 5-a in alleviating gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nephrotoxicity is one of the major complications and clinical limitations of gentamicin. This study aimed to evaluate the nephroprotective effect of dapsone against gentamycin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Twenty-four healthy rats weighing between (270-300) g were equally divided into three groups, eight rats in each group: control group received normal saline (2mL/kg/day I.P.) for 10 days , gentamicin group received (100 mg/kg/day I.P.) for 10 days, and dapsone group received (5 mg/kg/day p.o) concomitantly with gentamicin (100 mg/kg/day I.P.) for 10 days. At the end of experiment, blood and kidney tissue samples were collected from all animals for biochemical and histopathological examination. Dapsone exhibited nephroprotective effect manifested by a significant decrease in serum levels of BUN, creatinine and KIM-1 with a significant increase total protein serum level. Besides, it improves oxidative and inflammatory biomarkers of tissues, which was demonstrated by improving histological changes when compared to the gentamicin group. In conclusion, dapsone has a nephroprotective effect by counteracting the renal deleterious effect of gentamicin .

To describe the kidney's response to specific substances, such as dangerous compounds and pharmaceuticals, the term "nephrotoxicity" is employed. When the body is subjected to toxins or medications, nephrotoxicity is among the most prevalent side effects. Numerous medical treatments, including anti-cancer medicines, antibiotics, and some Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), can cause nephrotoxicity. This review discusses a variety of drugs that can preserve the kidneys. The nephroprotective qualities of natural substances, medicinal plants, and dietary components have been examined. Medicinal plant chemicals have a significant role in pharmaceutical research. A wide range of herbs has been shown to have nephroprotective effects. Treatment of renal calculi, prevention of diabetic nephropathy, and reduction in tubular damage were all achieved. Plant-based therapies contain phytochemicals that have nephroprotective properties. Plants with nephroprotective activities have been reported on cisplatin, gentamicin, adriamycin, and urolithiasis, caffeic acid phenethyl ester assists in nephrotoxicity and free radicals radical scavenging activity, which may be utilized to prevent and treat kidney damage. In the end, investigating traditional medicines from Bangladesh that contain kidney-protecting plants is an intriguing new avenue of inquiry that could lead to effective new therapies for renal illnesses. Maintaining kidney health and enhancing the lives of countless people is only possible with further investigation into the beneficial effects of plants on renal function. However, it is crucial to find a middle ground between ancient practices and evidence-based modern medicine, stressing the importance of making educated decisions and following expert guidance to guarantee uncompromised kidney health.

Gentamicin is an effective antibiotic against severe infections, but a major downside is its nephrotoxic effects. Virgin coconut oil has potential antidiabetic effects, but there has been no study on its potential role in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in streptozotocin -induced diabetic rats. Thus, the aim of the current study is to explore the anti-inflammatory and nephroprotective effects of virgin coconut oil on non-diabetic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. A total of 48 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into eight groups (n=6), including non-diabetic groups (groups 1-4) and streptozotocin-induced diabetic groups (groups 5-8). Groups 1 and 5 received a normal diet, groups 2 and 6 were fed a normal diet + gentamicin at 100 mg/kg/day for the last 10 days of the study period, groups 3 and 7 were treated with 10 ml/kg/day of virgin coconut oil for four weeks, and groups 4 and 8 were given gentamicin for the last 10 days of the study period plus virgin coconut oil for four weeks at the same doses mentioned. Gentamicin adminstaration caused oxidative stress, and led to antioxidant defense depression which was confirmed by elevated kidney Malondialdehyde (MDA) (4.53, 5.62) and reduced renal antioxidant enzymes including renal superoxide dismutase (59.82, 45.58), catalase (53.11, 37.3) and glutathione peroxidase (51.41.36.34) in non-diabetic (ND) and diabetic (D) rats, respectively. It also resulted in a significant increase of serum urea (31.72, 50.78), creatinine (2.88, 4.16), cystatin-C (13.75, 17.69), and inflammatory biomarkers interleukin-6 (IL-6) (84.01, 102.73) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (667.05, 853.05) in ND and D rats, respectively. Virgin coconut oil showed protective effects and significantly improved renal function parameters, including serum urea (17.35, 38.9), creatinine (1.69, 2.96) and cystatin-C (14.26, 15.94) for ND and D groups, respectively. Preand co-administration of virgin coconut oil exerted a remarkable protective effect against oxidative stress induced by gentamicin in normal and diabetic rats. Proinflammatory biomarkers were also improved in groups treated with virgin coconut oil. The results are promising in terms of the use of virgin coconut oil as a dietary agent in attenuating the progression of chronic renal disease, especially in the context of diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nephrotoxicity is an emerging health issue in many countries due to exogenous or endogenous toxicants. Many drugs are responsible for causing renal damage including antibiotics such as aminoglycoside, cisplatin, etc. Meanwhile some herbs are traditionally used to treat kidney disorders due to their nephroprotective properties. One of them is Tukhme-soya (Seed of Anethum sowa) from family Umbelliferae. This study aims to evaluate the Tukhm-e-soya in gentamicin induced nephrotoxic kidney models in Albino rats. Methods: The rats were divided in to eight groups and each group was comprised of six rats. Group I- VIII were control, toxic, hydro-alcoholic, ethanolic, petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, aqueous groups respectively. 1% carboxy methyl cellulose was used as control and gentamicin was used as toxicant. Duration of the study was 8 days. Serum creatinine (S.Cr), Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), histopathological studies of kidneys, and lipid peroxidation (LPO), were evaluated. Results were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test. Results: BUN, S.Cr and LPO levels were significantly increased in toxicant group when compared with control. Groups III - VIII showed significantly lower values close to control group in these parameters. Study revealed that it has a potent antioxidant activity which may be responsible for its nephroprotective actions. Conclusion: Therefore, it is concluded that all the extracts and fractions of Tukhme soya were effective in nephroprotection but acetone fraction, hydroalcoholic and chloroform fractions were more effective than other groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Effects of cotreatment with Urtica dioica (UD) methanolic leaf extract on gentamicin (GM)-induced acute kidney injury were evaluated in rats. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats (n=32) were separated into four groups. Gentamicin (100 mg/kg/day, IP) was injected for eight days with or without UD methanolic extract (200 mg/kg/day, gavage). The renal blood flow (RBF) and systolic blood pressure of rats were recorded. Concentration of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), sodium, and potassium and osmolarity were measured in the urine and plasma samples. Oxidative stress level was determined by assessment of the levels of antioxidant power (FRAP) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) in the renal tissue. The renal injury and histopathological changes in the kidney were determined by microscopic evaluations. Results: Administration of UD extract along with GM, compared to GM group, significantly decreased the amounts of plasma creatinine and BUN, urinary sodium excretion, fractional excretion of sodium and potassium, and MDA levels but significantly increased creatinine clearance, urine osmolarity, renal blood flow and FRAP levels. Conclusion: The cotreatment of UD extract can attenuate renal injury of GM by reduction of oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and oxygen free radicals. The potential nephroprotective effects of UD extract are probably mediated via its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.

About 1.7%-58% of all cases of acute kidney failure are caused by gentamicin nephrotoxicity and consequently increasing urea and creatinine levels in the blood which are indications of damage to function. Oranges contain secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, coumarin, limonoid, keratinoid and essential oil that have pharmacological activities such as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and also nephroprotector. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the nephroprotective activity of Citrus sinensis peel ethanol extract (EEKJS) on rats induced by gentamicin. Rats were induced using gentamicin at a dose of 80 mg/kgBW intraperitoneally on the 7th day after induced at a dose of 50 mg/kgBW, 100 mg/kgBW, and 200 mg/kgBW for 7 days. The results obtained from the ethanol extract of Citrus sinensis peel gave nephroprotective with the lowest serum creatinine and urea levels at a dose of 200 mg/kgBW which was 0.4±0.02 mg/dl and 43.33 ± 2.51 mg/dl and difference significantly (p

Kidney failure is characterized by a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate, albuminuria, increased serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels, abnormalities in kidney histology, and electrolyte disturbances. Sonchus arvensis L. contain high antioxidants such as flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, steroids/triterpenoids, tannins, saponins, and quinones, so it has the potential to improve kidney function. Twenty-five male Wistar albino rats were divided into five groups: negative control, positive control (induction of kidney failure), and three test groups which were administered an ethanol extract of Sonchus arvensis L. leaves of 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg b.w doses, respectively. Rats kidney failure model were using gentamycin 100 mg/kg b.w. and piroxicam, 3.6 mg/kg b.w. induction. Sonchus arvensis L. extracts were then administered for four weeks. The parameters for nephroprotective of Sonchus arvensis L. were urea and serum creatinine levels, urine volume, kidney organ histology, TBARS, and catalase activity. There was an improvement in kidney function as all Sonchus arvensis L. dosage levels were characterized by a significant decrease in serum urea levels (25-30%) and serum creatinine (16-23%), as well as significantly increased urine volume (83-167%) in the third week of therapy. At the end of treatment, there was a decrease in the TBARS levels (7-17%) and increased catalase activity (41-62%), significantly in all the treatment groups. The best effect was seen when using the 150 mg/kg b.w. the dose of Sonchus arvensis L. extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sterculia has an antioxidant activity. The Sterculia genus has phenols and flavonoids content, and this chemical content may be have an nephroprotective activity. Objective: The study was to investigate the in vitro study of antioxidant activity with DPPH and FRAP study and nephroprotective activity of Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll. Ex Miq. Leaves extract. Materials and Methods: The leaves was extracted using ethanol. This extract was determined for antioxidant activity by in vitro study with DPPH and FRAP methods, determined the content of total phenols, total flavonoids, and also identification of chemical content. Nephrotoxicity study done by induced gentamycin. The groups divided 6 group, consist: negative control, positive control, normal control, and the extract with dose 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 200 mg/kg. The parameter for nephroprotective activity was tubular necrosis, the presence of tubules casts and glomerular damage, creatinine serum, and urea. Results: The ethanol extract has IC50 162.34 µg/ml for DPPH scavenging activity and 18.65 ± 3.53 FeEAC (Mol/g) for FRAP. The secondary metabolite presence flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, alkaloids, and glycosides. The total phenols 462.36 ± 9.23 mg GAE/gr, total flavonoids content 59.44 ± 0.11 mg QE/gr extract. All the dose have an nephroprotective activity, but the best dose was 50 mg/kg. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of Sterculia rubiginosa showed antioxidant activity and nephroprotective activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tukhme Karafs is the seed of Apium graveolens L., which is an important aromatic plant grown globally as a fresh herb and widely used as salad crop. This seed possesses potential pharmacological activity like hepatoprotective, diuretic and lithotriptic. The present study was designed to evaluate nephroprotective effect of Tukhme Karafs against gentamicin (80 mg/kg BW) induced nephrotoxicity in male Wistar rats. The effect was tested at two dose levels i.e. 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg BW (calculated based on clinical dose mentioned in Unani literature). The study was divided into curative and protective models. The efficacy was determined based on estimation of biochemical parameters (creatinine, uric acid, BUN and serum electrolytes) along with quantification of kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) using ELISA method in kidney tissue homogenate and histopathological study of kidney tissue. The findings of the study showed that Tukhme Karafs at both tested doses showed prominent reduction of biochemical parameters as compared to negative control group in both models. KIM-1 reduction was observed but was not statistically significant in both the models. Histopathological changes showed that drugs have inhibited gentamicin induced injury in both models. These results confirm the nephroprotective effect of Tukhme Karafs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Effects of cotreatment with Urtica dioica (UD) methanolic leaf extract on gentamicin (GM)-induced acute kidney injury were evaluated in rats. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats (n=32) were separated into four groups. Gentamicin (100 mg/kg/day, IP) was injected for eight days with or without UD methanolic extract (200 mg/kg/day, gavage). The renal blood flow (RBF) and systolic blood pressure of rats were recorded. Concentration of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), sodium, and potassium and osmolarity were measured in the urine and plasma samples. Oxidative stress level was determined by assessment of the levels of antioxidant power (FRAP) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) in the renal tissue. The renal injury and histopathological changes in the kidney were determined by microscopic evaluations. Results: Administration of UD extract along with GM, compared to GM group, significantly decreased the amounts of plasma creatinine and BUN, urinary sodium excretion, fractional excretion of sodium and potassium, and MDA levels but significantly increased creatinine clearance, urine osmolarity, renal blood flow and FRAP levels. Conclusion: The cotreatment of UD extract can attenuate renal injury of GM by reduction of oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and oxygen free radicals. The potential nephroprotective effects of UD extract are probably mediated via its antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selaginella vogelii belongs to the Selaginellaceae family widely used in traditional medicine to treat hepatitis, cancer, cardiovascular, renal and inflammatory diseases. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the antihypertensive and nephroprotective effects of Selaginella vogelii aqueous extract. Reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was used to analyze the chromatographic fingerprint and to identify various chemical components of the plant extract. The antihypertensive activity of the aqueous extract of Selaginella vogelii (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of body weight) was evaluated on an L-NAME-induced hypertension model in rat. After body weight measurement, CODA non-invasive blood pressure system was used to record cardiovascular parameters as blood pressure and heart rate. Biochemical and histological analysis were performed to demonstrate the protective effect of the aqueous extract of Selaginella vogelii in gentamicin (i.p)-induced nephrotoxicity model. The phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of phenolic acids, flavonoids, and saponins. The aqueous extract of Selaginella vogelii significantly prevented (P <.01) the increase of mean blood pressure with a maximum of 47.64% at the dose of 400 mg/kg during the 4 weeks of treatment. The Selaginella vogelii aqueous extract significantly reduced ALAT (60.88%), ASAT (38.84%) and creatinine (52.81%) concentrations. In the nephroprotective assay, the plant extract (400 mg/kg) significantly decreased (P ˂ 0.01) kidney weight (39.66%). Urea and creatinine rates were reduced in both tissue and serum. Histological analysis showed that, S. vogelii extract (400 mg/kg) restored renal disorders induced by administration of gentamicin. The aqueous extract of Selaginella vogelii possesses antihypertensive and nephroprotective effects with an effective dose of 400 mg/kg. This study indicates that the aqueous extract prevented the increase of the mean blood pressure and the nephroprotective effect may be adduced to the decrease in the creatinine and urea levels in the kidneys. The findings justify the traditional use of Selaginella vogelii. • Phytochemical analysis showed that crude extract is rich in phenolic compounds. • Selaginella vogelii extract prevented blood pressure rise induced by L-NAME. • Extract improved renal function by ameliorating glomerular filtration. • Selaginella vogelii aqueous extract possessed nephroprotective effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pimpinella anisum known for its various medicinal properties is also a natural antioxidant and a free radical scavenger with no documented evidence as a nephroprotective agent. Objective: To evaluate the nephroprotective activity of aqueous extract of Pimpinella anisum seeds in a rodent model of gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity. Materials and Methods: Wistar albino rats of either sex, weighing 150-200 g was divided into 5 groups; normal saline, gentamicin 80mg/kg, intraperitoneally for 8 days, aqueous extract of Pimpinella anisum seeds at 1, 2, and 4g/kg, per oral for 8 days, the test extract administered 3 days prior and concurrently with gentamicin for 5 days. Blood urea, serum creatinine, uric acid and blood urea nitrogen analyses and microscopic examination of kidney were performed. Results: Gentamicin treatment caused nephrotoxicity as evidenced by marked elevation in serum urea, serum uric acid, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (107.5±16.92mg/dl, 0.8±0.09 mg/dl, 3.05±0.29 mg/dl, 47.8±9.07 mg/dl) respectively when compared to the saline treated groups. Co-administration of Pimpinella anisum extract with gentamicin decreased the rise in these parameters in a dose dependent manner. Histopathological analysis revealed epithelial loss with intense granular degeneration in gentamicin treated rats, whereas aqueous extract of Pimpinella anisum mitigated the severity of gentamicin-induced renal damage. Conclusion: To conclude, our data suggest that aqueous extract of Pimpinella anisum exhibits renoprotective effect in gentamicin induced renal damage and further studies on its mechanism of action are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Antioxidant rich herbs possess significant activity against various disease conditions induced by oxidative stress. Anethum graveolens is a rich source of bioactive compounds that possess varying pharmacological activities including antioxidant. Objective: To evaluate the nephroprotective effect of aqueous extract of Anethum graveolens seeds in a murine model of gentamicin induced renal damage. Materials and Methods: Wistar albino rats of either sex, weighing 150-200g were divided into 5 groups; normal saline, gentamicin (80 mg/kg, i.p), aqueous extract of Anethum graveolens seeds at 0.5, 1 and 2g/kg/body wt., p.o, for 8 days, the extract being administered 3 days prior and concurrently with gentamicin for 5 days. Serum urea, creatinine, uric acid, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) analyses and histopathological examination of kidney were performed. Results: Gentamicin treatment caused nephrotoxicity as evidenced by marked elevation in Serum urea, creatinine, uric acid and BUN (107.5±16.92 mg/dl, 0.88±0.09 mg/dl,3.05±0.29 mg/dl and 47.80±9.07 mg/dl respectively) as compared to saline treated animals. Co-administration of aqueous extract of Anethum graveolens at doses 0.5, 1 and 2g/kg/body wt decreased the rise in these parameters in a dose dependent manner. However statistical significance was obtained only with 1 and 2g/kg body wt doses employed, when compared to the gentamicin treated group. Histopathological analysis revealed epithelial loss with intense granular degeneration in gentamicin treated rats, whereas the test extract mitigated the severity of gentamicin induced renal damage. Conclusion: Our data suggests that aqueous extract of Anethum graveolens seeds exhibits renoprotective effect in gentamicin induced renal damage probably due to its antioxidant actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Kidney damage can occur due to exposure to nephrotoxic drugs, chemicals, toxins and infectious agents, ultimately leading to renal failure, management of which is a great challenge. So, efforts have been focused on traditional and herbal medicines for the treatment of renal failure. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) may have free radical scavenging activity and can be used for the prevention and treatment of kidney damage. Objective: To observe the histological evidence of nephroprotective effect of Ashwagandha root against gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Materials and Methods: This study was done in the department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka. A total number of 31 male Wistar albino rats were acclimatized for 14 days. Then, these were divided into two groups, control group consisted of 18 rats (Group A) and Ashwagandha pretreated and gentamicin-treated group consisted of 13 rats (Group B). Control group was again subdivided into baseline control and gentamicin-treated control groups (A1 and A2) ─ each group contained 9 rats. All the animals received basal diet for 22 consecutive days. In addition to this, animals of Group A2 received gentamicin subcutaneously (100 mg/kg body weight/day) from 15th to 22nd day and animals of Group B received Ashwagandha root extract (500 mg/kg body weight/day orally) for 22 consecutive days and gentamicin subcutaneously (100 mg/kg body weight/day) from 15th to 22nd day. All the animals were sacrificed on 23rd day. Then kidney samples were collected and histology was done by using standard laboratory procedure. Results: Histological examination of kidney revealed abnormal histological findings in 100% of gentamicin-treated rats. But 92.31% of rats in Ashwagandha pretreated and gentamicin-treated group showed almost normal structure and 7.69% showed mild histological changes. Conclusion: Ashwagandha root may have some nephroprotective effect against gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity.

Introduction: Kidney disease is a common disease worldwide. The leaves from Pterocarpus indicus Willd. is alternatively applied for prevention therapy of patients with kidney diseases. Objective: The aim of this study to demonstrate the scientific nephroprotective effect of water-boiled P. indicus leaves evaluated from urine volume, sodium and potassium levels. Materials and Methods: Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five treatment groups; group I (control), group II (gentamicin-induced 80 mg/kg i.p from day 15 to 21), and group III to V (induced; variated doses respectively 28.8 mg/kg; 57,6 mg/kg; and 115,2 mg/kg bw which was given for 21 days orally as single doses). Nephroprotective effects were observed as abnormal from levels of urinary volume. Results: Obtained results on sodium and potassium levels show the group given the highest dose (115,2 mg/kg) resulted in decreased sodium levels and increased levels of urinary potassium as well as having a significant difference (p<0,05) to the induction group. Observed 24-hour urine volume, however, did not show any significant signs of nephroprotective effects. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the leaves of P.indicus have potential nephroprotective properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBackground: Kidney is an important excretory organ. Its damage can be occurred due to prolonged use and higher doses of drugs, exposure to some chemicals, toxins, or infectious agents. Herbal plants as Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) may have free radical scavenging activity thereby can be used for the prevention and treatment of kidney damage.Objective: To observe the nephroprotective effect of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root against gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar albino rats.Methods: This experimental study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC), Dhaka from 1st July 2010 to 30th June 2011. A total number of 35 Wistar albino rats, age ranged from 90 to 120 days, weighing between 150 to 200 grams were included in this study. After acclimatization for 14 days, they were divided into control group (Group A) and experimental group (Group B). Control group was again subdivided into group A1 (baseline control, consisted of 10 rats) and group A2 (gentamicin treated control group, consisted of 10 rats). Again, experimental group (Group B- Ashwagandha pretreated and gentamicin treated group) consisted of 15 rats. All groups of animals received basal diet for 22 consecutive days. In addition to this, group A2 also received gentamicin subcutaneously (100mg /kg body weight/day) for the last eight (15th to 22nd day) consecutive days. Again, group B received ashwagandha root extract (500mg/kg body weight/ day; orally) for 22 consecutive days and gentamicin subcutaneously (100mg/kg body weight /day) for last eight (15th to 22nd day) days. All the animals were sacrificed on 23rd day. Then blood and kidney sample were collected. Estimation of serum urea, creatinine levels were done by using standard Laboratory kits. The statistical analysis was done by one way ANOVA and Bonferroni test as applicable.Results: The mean serum urea, creatinine levels were significantly (p

Objectives: Daucus carota L.(DC) commonly known as carrot, folkorically used as ethnomedicine to treat nephrosis and other urinary disorders. Hence, the present study was aimed to investigate the nephroprotective effects of ethanolic root extract of DC against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in Albino Wistar rats. Methods: Nephrotoxicity in rats was induced by intraperitoneal administration of gentamicin (100 mg/kg/day) for 8 days. Rats of either sex were divided into four groups (n = 6). Group 1 served as control that received normal saline (i.p.) whereas Group 2 (GM) was treated with gentamicin which served as gentamicin-intoxicated group. Group 3-4 (DC200, DC 400) were pretreated with DC at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg (p.o.), respectively, 1 h before the gentamicin intoxication. Following treatment, the nephroprotective effects of DC were evaluated by using serum levels of urea, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid, and creatinine levels; change in body weight and wet kidney weight along with the histological observations among the experimental groups. Results: Gentamicin intoxication induced elevated serum urea, BUN, uric acid, and creatinine levels which was found to be significantly (P < 0.01) decreased in a dose-dependent manner in groups received DC which was also evidenced by the histological observations. Conclusion: DC showed a significant nephroprotective effect in a dose-dependent manner by ameliorating the gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity and thus authenticates its ethnomedicinal use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nephropathy is one of the progressive complications prevailed all around the world that is observed which arises due to detrimental effects of metabolites created due to various metabolic and physiological reactions. Gentamicin is one of the drug that may cause nephrotoxicity. Objectives: Phytoremedies are being considered as to play deterrent role in the treatment of disease. T. dioica is widely distributed in Asian subcontinent and consumed as food. The present work is aimed to study nephroprotective activity of T. dioica. Subjects and Methods: Dried T. dioica fruits were extracted with methanol and the extract was subjected to phytochemical analysis. Acute toxicity was determined as per OECD guidelines. Gentamicin (80 mg/Kg) was used to induce nephrotoxicity. The extract was given orally. Kidney weight was determined and estimation of blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, uric acid, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, lipid peroxidation, urinary electrolytes was performed. Results and Discussion: Decrement in serum urea and creatinine along with reduction in uric acid was observed. Similarly, restoration of antioxidant enzymes and normalization of urinary electrolytes and kidney weight was observed. Observations from present study divulged that T. dioica, which is a good source of antioxidant phytochemicals, is accountable for nephroprotective activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was undertaken to investigate the protective effect of hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of Ipomoea staphylina against carbon tertrachloride- and gentamicin-induce hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rats respectively. The extract (200 mg/kg, p.o) showed hepatoprotective activity against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity by significantly (p

Introduction: Pterocarpus indicus Willd. has been widely used empirically for treating canker sore, antibacterial and kidney disease. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate nephroprotective effect water-boiled P. indicus leaves against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats observed from plasma urea and creatinine levels. Materials and Methods: In this study, thirty (30) male rats divided into five treatment groups. The treatment groups consisted of the normal group, induction group received gentamicin (80 mg/kg body weight per day i.p.) and a group which received water-boiled P. indicus leaves with a dose of 28.8 mg/kg, 57.6 mg/kg, and 115.2 mg/kg body weight per day p.o. All groups received treatment for 21 days. At the 15th day, the animals received gentamicin i.p. for 7 days. At the 22nd day, the blood was collected from orbital sinus. The plasma urea and creatinine levels were measured by Berthelot method for plasma urea and colorimetric method for plasma creatinine. Results: The highest dose of 115.2 mg/kg water-boiled P. indicus was decreased plasma urea and creatinine levels also significantly different (p<0,05) compared induction group. Conclusions: Water-boiled P. indicus leaves have a potential to prevent gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity might be due to its antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ameliorative effect of calcium channel blockers (CCBs) and a phospholipase-A2 inhibitor in drug-/chemical-induced nephrotoxicity was investigated. Rats were divided into 7 groups of 5 rats in each group. In the gentamicin model, group I rats were pretreated with normal saline (10 ml kg−1), while groups II–VII rats were pretreated with normal saline (10 ml kg−1), ascorbic acid (10 mg kg−1), nifedipine (0.86 mg kg−1), verapamil (4.3 mg kg−1), diltiazem (3.43 mg kg−1), and prednisolone (0.57 mg kg−1), respectively, perorally 1 h before intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of gentamicin (40 mg kg−1) for 14 days. In the carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) model, rats were pretreated with CCBs and prednisolone for 7 days before inducing nephrotoxicity with 20% CCl4 (1.5 ml kg−1). Rats were thereafter killed and blood and tissue samples were collected for assessments. I.p. injections of gentamicin and CCl4 caused significant hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and hyperchloremic alkalosis and reduced renal tissue levels of antioxidants. Also, significant reductions in the hemoglobin, packed cell volume, red blood cells, and platelet indices were observed. Pretreatments with nifedipine (0.86 mg kg−1), verapamil (4.3 mg kg−1), diltiazem (3.43 mg kg−1), and prednisolone (0.57 mg kg−1) significantly ameliorated the deleterious effects of gentamicin and CCl4 possibly via antioxidant and anti-lipoperoxidation mechanisms. The results obtained in this study suggest potential clinical usefulness of tested CCBs and prednisolone in drug-/chemical-induced nephrotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objectives: The present study was designed to evaluate the ameliorative effect of Elaeocarpus ganitrus on gentamicin (GM)-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Materials and Methods: E. ganitrus (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight) was administered orally to male Wistar rats. GM (100 mg/kg) was used to induce nephrotoxicity. Study parameters include serum albumin, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid, creatinine, and albuminuria. Total protein in serum, antioxidant enzymes activities, phagocytic index, and neutrophil adhesion assays were performed to determine oxidative stress and immunomodulatory action of E. ganitrus. Results: The results revealed that coadministration of E. ganitrus significantly reduced the elevated level of serum creatinine, BUN, uric acid, and albuminuria with considerable increase in the serum albumin and urine creatinine. Furthermore, E. ganitrus noticeably increased serum total protein and antioxidant enzyme levels with significant alteration in phagocytic index and neutrophil adhesion assay when compared with GM-treated group in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: The present study revealed that ethanolic extract of E. ganitrus seeds has immunomodulatory and nephroprotective activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Free radical generation has a strong role in the pathogenesis of renal damage associated with the use of gentamicin. Therefore, the present study was carried out to evaluate the renoprotective effect of Mentha piperita against gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity. Materials and Methods: A total of 24 male rabbits were divided into 4 groups receiving normal saline, gentamicin, M. piperita extract and co-therapy of extract and gentamicin respectively. Gentamicin was provided as 80 mg/kg/day intramuscularly and extract was given 200 mg/kg/day orally for a period of 21 days. Serum and urinary biochemical parameters and histological changes were studied for each group. The impact of the extract on the antibacterial action of gentamicin was also evaluated. Results: Animals treated with gentamicin showed derangements in serum and urinary biochemical parameters. These alterations were reversed by treatment with M. piperita extract. The histological changes showed in gentamicin group were also reverted by treatment with the extract. Further the plant did not influence the efficacy of gentamicin with respect to its antimicrobial properties. Conclusion: Co-therapy of M. piperita with gentamicin successfully attenuated biochemical kidney functioning derangements and morphological changes associated with gentamicin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The current work was aimed to evaluate the nephroprotective potential of Butea monosperma. Materials and Methods: Butea monosperma was collected from local forest of Jabalpur and extracted with ethanol. Healthy adult male Wistar albino rats between 5 and 6 months of age and weighing about 150-200 g were used for the study. Acute toxicity studies were performed to determine dose of extract. Nephrotoxicity was induced by gentamicin. Animals were divided in four groups in which first group served as positive control, second group as gentamicin treated toxic control; animals of group three and four were treated with Butea monosperma extract. Extract was administered to animals via oral route. Serum creatinine, serum urea, and blood urea nitrogen were estimated. Body weight was also determined. Histopathological studies were performed to access gross anatomical changes in animals. Results: The extract of Butea monosperma was found to be rich in flavonoids, polyphenolics, and alkaloids. Urine creatinine, serum urea, and blood urea nitrogen were found to be significantly (P < 0.001) increased in rats treated with only gentamicin; whereas, treatment with the ethanolic extract of leaf of Butea monosperma reversed the effect of gentamicin indicating nephroprotective activity. Conclusion: The present study revealed that ethanolic extract of Butea monosperma is a good source of phytochemicals. The phytoconstituents flavonoids, phenolics, and alkaloids present in the extracts may be responsible for antioxidant activity. By the virtue of antioxidant activity, Butea monosperma demonstrated nephroprotective activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to evaluate the nephroprotective and nephrocurative effects of Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. leaves against gentamicin-induced acute renal injury in albino rats. The maximum free radical scavenging activity of the ethanolic extract was the basis for the selection of this extract for the in vivo study. Gentamicin (40 mg/kg, s.c.) was administered to induce toxicity in the toxic group and the ethanolic extract (200 mg/kg p.o.) was administered in all treated groups. Blood urea and serum creatinine levels were monitored to assess the effects. The antioxidant potential was also evaluated by the estimation of reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Gentamicin intoxication caused significant increases in blood urea and serum creatinine levels as compared to the normal control. In the preventive regimen, the extract (200 mg/kg, p.o.) showed significant reductions in the elevated blood urea and serum creatinine. Histopathological changes were in accordance with the biochemical findings. Also in the curative regimen, the blood urea and serum creatinine levels revealed significant curative effects. In our in vivo antioxidant activity, the GSH level was significantly (P< 0.05) increased in the extract-treated groups, whereas MDA was reduced significantly (P< 0.05). Further thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) led us to ascertain the presence of rutin and quercetin in the extract. We were able to isolate and characterize an isolate from the ethanolic extract and characterize it on the basis of chromatographic, melting point, FTIR, NMR, and mass spectroscopic studies. The findings suggest that the ethanol extract of Tephrosia purpurea leaves possesses marked nephroprotective and curative activities without any toxicity. The proposed mechanisms for the claimed activity are antioxidant activity and the inhibition of an overproduction of NO and Cox-2 expression. These activities may be attributed to the presence of phenolics and flavonoidal compounds like rutin and quercetin. Thus, it can be said that Tephrosia purpurea could offer a promising role in the treatment of acute renal injury caused by nephrotoxins like gentamicin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to assess the nephroprotective effects of red beetroot‐based beverages to ameliorate gentamicin‐induced renal stress. For the purpose, normal and nephrotoxicity‐induced Sprague Dawley rats were pretreated with beetroot‐based beverages (8 ml/kg per day) for 8 weeks. In nephrotoxicity‐induced rats, renal stress was induced by administration of gentamicin at 85 mg/kg b.w. per day during the last week of the trial. Afterward, overnight‐fasted rats were sacrificed, and their sera and kidneys were analyzed for renal health biomarkers which revealed ameliorative effect of red beet beverages. Particularly, the antioxidant enzymes in renal tissues and serum proteins were significantly improved, whereas lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, urea and creatinine levels were momentously reduced in nephrotoxicity‐induced rats. Furthermore, histological assessment indicated better renal portfolio in the rats treated with beet beverages. The findings suggested that red beetroot‐based beverages promisingly ameliorate negative impacts of gentamicin‐induced nephritic stress. Practical applications: High rates of morbidity arising from metabolic disorders have shifted the trends toward use of functional foods and nutraceuticals as a safer approach to avoid such ailments. This research checked the nephroprotective effect of beetroot‐based beverages instead of extracts of red beetroot. The findings of this research support the use of red beetroot‐based beverages as a promising approach to alleviate renal stress. Furthermore, dietary supplementation of functional products and nutraceutics derived from beetroot may be synchronized in clinical practices in future after sufficient research to avoid the onset of various degenerative disorders originating from oxidative/nitrosative stress. Before employing this dietary model to humans, further investigation is necessitated to observe safety in long‐term administration of such products. Besides, therapeutic dietary modules can also be devised for already suffering individuals to manage the severity of the disease and help improving health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]