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1. A global reference for human genetic variation

Author

Colonna V. (1000 Genomes Project Consortium) Adam Auton, Gonçalo R Abecasis, David M Altshuler, Richard M Durbin, David R Bentley, Aravinda Chakravarti, Andrew G Clark, Peter Donnelly, Evan E Eichler, Paul Flicek, Stacey B Gabriel, Richard A Gibbs, Eric D Green, Matthew E Hurles, Bartha M Knoppers, Jan O Korbel, Eric S Lander, Charles Lee, Hans Lehrach, Elaine R Mardis, Gabor T Marth, Gil A McVean, Deborah A Nickerson, Jeanette P Schmidt, Stephen T Sherry, Jun Wang, Richard K Wilson, Eric Boerwinkle, Harsha Doddapaneni, Yi Han, Viktoriya Korchina, Christie Kovar, Sandra Lee, Donna Muzny, Jeffrey G Reid, Yiming Zhu, Yuqi Chang, Qiang Feng, Xiaodong Fang, Xiaosen Guo, Min Jian, Hui Jiang, Xin Jin, Tianming Lan, Guoqing Li, Jingxiang Li, Yingrui Li, Shengmao Liu, Xiao Liu, Yao Lu, Xuedi Ma, Meifang Tang, Bo Wang, Guangbiao Wang, Honglong Wu, Renhua Wu, Xun Xu, Ye Yin, Dandan Zhang, Wenwei Zhang, Jiao Zhao, Meiru Zhao, Xiaole Zheng, Namrata Gupta, Neda Gharani, Lorraine H Toji, Norman P Gerry, Alissa M Resch, Jonathan Barker, Laura Clarke, Laurent Gil, Sarah E Hunt, Gavin Kelman, Eugene Kulesha, Rasko Leinonen, William M McLaren, Rajesh Radhakrishnan, Asier Roa, Dmitriy Smirnov, Richard E Smith, Ian Streeter, Anja Thormann, Iliana Toneva, Brendan Vaughan, Xiangqun Zheng-Bradley, Russell Grocock, Sean Humphray, Terena James, Zoya Kingsbury, Ralf Sudbrak, Marcus W Albrecht, Vyacheslav S Amstislavskiy, Tatiana A Borodina, Matthias Lienhard, Florian Mertes, Marc Sultan, Bernd Timmermann, Marie-Laure Yaspo, Lucinda Fulton, Robert Fulton, Victor Ananiev, Zinaida Belaia, Dimitriy Beloslyudtsev, Nathan Bouk, Chao Chen, Deanna Church, Robert Cohen, Charles Cook, John Garner, Timothy Hefferon, Mikhail Kimelman, Chunlei Liu, John Lopez, Peter Meric, Chris O'Sullivan, Yuri Ostapchuk, Lon Phan, Sergiy Ponomarov, Valerie Schneider, Eugene Shekhtman, Karl Sirotkin, Douglas Slotta, Hua Zhang, Senduran Balasubramaniam, John Burton, Petr Danecek, Thomas M Keane, Anja Kolb-Kokocinski, Shane McCarthy, James Stalker, Michael Quail, Christopher J Davies, Jeremy Gollub, Teresa Webster, Brant Wong, Yiping Zhan, Adam Auton, Christopher L Campbell, Yu Kong, Anthony Marcketta, Fuli Yu, Lilian Antunes, Matthew Bainbridge, Aniko Sabo, Zhuoyi Huang, Lachlan J M Coin, Lin Fang, Qibin Li, Zhenyu Li, Haoxiang Lin, Binghang Liu, Ruibang Luo, Haojing Shao, Yinlong Xie, Chen Ye, Chang Yu, Fan Zhang, Hancheng Zheng, Hongmei Zhu, Can Alkan, Elif Dal, Fatma Kahveci, Erik P Garrison, Deniz Kural, Wan-Ping Lee, Wen Fung Leong, Michael Stromberg, Alistair N Ward, Jiantao Wu, Mengyao Zhang, Mark J Daly, Mark A DePristo, Robert E Handsaker, Eric Banks, Gaurav Bhatia, Guillermo Del Angel, Giulio Genovese, Heng Li, Seva Kashin, Steven A McCarroll, James C Nemesh, Ryan E Poplin, Seungtai C Yoon, Jayon Lihm, Vladimir Makarov, Srikanth Gottipati, Alon Keinan, Juan L Rodriguez-Flores, Tobias Rausch, Markus H Fritz, Adrian M Stütz, Kathryn Beal, Avik Datta, Javier Herrero, Graham R S Ritchie, Daniel Zerbino, Pardis C Sabeti, Ilya Shlyakhter, Stephen F Schaffner, Joseph Vitti, David N Cooper, Edward V Ball, Peter D Stenson, Bret Barnes, Markus Bauer, R Keira Cheetham, Anthony Cox, Michael Eberle, Scott Kahn, Lisa Murray, John Peden, Richard Shaw, Eimear E Kenny, Mark A Batzer, Miriam K Konkel, Jerilyn A Walker, Daniel G MacArthur, Monkol Lek, Ralf Herwig, Li Ding, Daniel C Koboldt, David Larson, Kai Ye, Simon Gravel, Anand Swaroop, Emily Chew, Tuuli Lappalainen, Yaniv Erlich, Melissa Gymrek, Thomas Frederick Willems, Jared T Simpson, Mark D Shriver, Jeffrey A Rosenfeld, Carlos D Bustamante, Stephen B Montgomery, Francisco M De La Vega, Jake K Byrnes, Andrew W Carroll, Marianne K DeGorter, Phil Lacroute, Brian K Maples, Alicia R Martin, Andres Moreno-Estrada, Suyash S Shringarpure, Fouad Zakharia, Eran Halperin, Yael Baran, Eliza Cerveira, Jaeho Hwang, Ankit Malhotra, Dariusz Plewczynski, Kamen Radew, Mallory Romanovitch, Chengsheng Zhang, Fiona C L Hyland, David W Craig, Alexis Christoforides, Nils Homer, Tyler Izatt, Ahmet A Kurdoglu, Shripad A Sinari, Kevin Squire, Chunlin Xiao, Jonathan Sebat, Danny Antaki, Madhusudan Gujral, Amina Noor, Kenny Ye, Esteban G Burchard, Ryan D Hernandez, Christopher R Gignoux, David Haussler, Sol J Katzman, W James Kent, Bryan Howie, Andres Ruiz-Linares, Emmanouil T Dermitzakis, Scott E Devine, Hyun Min Kang, Jeffrey M Kidd, Tom Blackwell, Sean Caron, Wei Chen, Sarah Emery, Lars Fritsche, Christian Fuchsberger, Goo Jun, Bingshan Li, Robert Lyons, Chris Scheller, Carlo Sidore, Shiya Song, Elzbieta Sliwerska, Daniel Taliun, Adrian Tan, Ryan Welch, Mary Kate Wing, Xiaowei Zhan, Philip Awadalla, Alan Hodgkinson, Yun Li, Xinghua Shi, Andrew Quitadamo, Gerton Lunter, Jonathan L Marchini, Simon Myers, Claire Churchhouse, Olivier Delaneau, Anjali Gupta-Hinch, Warren Kretzschmar, Zamin Iqbal, Iain Mathieson, Androniki Menelaou, Andy Rimmer, Dionysia K Xifara, Taras K Oleksyk, Yunxin Fu, Xiaoming Liu, Momiao Xiong, Lynn Jorde, David Witherspoon, Jinchuan Xing, Brian L Browning, Sharon R Browning, Fereydoun Hormozdiari, Peter H Sudmant, Ekta Khurana, Chris Tyler-Smith, Cornelis A Albers, Qasim Ayub, Yuan Chen, Vincenza Colonna, Luke Jostins, Klaudia Walter, Yali Xue, Mark B Gerstein, Alexej Abyzov, Suganthi Balasubramanian, Jieming Chen, Declan Clarke, Yao Fu, Arif O Harmanci, Mike Jin, Donghoon Lee, Jeremy Liu, Xinmeng Jasmine Mu, Jing Zhang, Yan Zhang, Chris Hartl, Khalid Shakir, Jeremiah Degenhardt, Sascha Meiers, Benjamin Raeder, Francesco Paolo Casale, Oliver Stegle, Eric-Wubbo Lameijer, Ira Hall, Vineet Bafna, Jacob Michaelson, Eugene J Gardner, Ryan E Mills, Gargi Dayama, Ken Chen, Xian Fan, Zechen Chong, Tenghui Chen, Mark J Chaisson, John Huddleston, Maika Malig, Bradley J Nelson, Nicholas F Parrish, Ben Blackburne, Sarah J Lindsay, Zemin Ning, Yujun Zhang, Hugo Lam, Cristina Sisu, Danny Challis, Uday S Evani, James Lu, Uma Nagaswamy, Jin Yu, Wangshen Li, Lukas Habegger, Haiyuan Yu, Fiona Cunningham, Ian Dunham, Kasper Lage, Jakob Berg Jespersen, Heiko Horn, Donghoon Kim, Rob Desalle, Apurva Narechania, Melissa A Wilson Sayres, Fernando L Mendez, G David Poznik, Peter A Underhill, Lachlan Coin, David Mittelman, Ruby Banerjee, Maria Cerezo, Thomas W Fitzgerald, Sandra Louzada, Andrea Massaia, Graham R Ritchie, Fengtang Yang, Divya Kalra, Walker Hale, Xu Dan, Kathleen C Barnes, Christine Beiswanger, Hongyu Cai, Hongzhi Cao, Brenna Henn, Danielle Jones, Jane S Kaye, Alastair Kent, Angeliki Kerasidou, Rasika Mathias, Pilar N Ossorio, Michael Parker, Charles N Rotimi, Charmaine D Royal, Karla Sandoval, Yeyang Su, Zhongming Tian, Sarah Tishkoff, Marc Via, Yuhong Wang, Huanming Yang, Ling Yang, Jiayong Zhu, Walter Bodmer, Gabriel Bedoya, Zhiming Cai, Yang Gao, Jiayou Chu, Leena Peltonen, Andres Garcia-Montero, Alberto Orfao, Julie Dutil, Juan C Martinez-Cruzado, Rasika A Mathias, Anselm Hennis, Harold Watson, Colin McKenzie, Firdausi Qadri, Regina LaRocque, Xiaoyan Deng, Danny Asogun, Onikepe Folarin, Christian Happi, Omonwunmi Omoniwa, Matt Stremlau, Ridhi Tariyal, Muminatou Jallow, Fatoumatta Sisay Joof, Tumani Corrah, Kirk Rockett, Dominic Kwiatkowski, Jaspal Kooner, Trân T?nh Hiên, Sarah J Dunstan, Nguyen Thuy Hang, Richard Fonnie, Robert Garry, Lansana Kanneh, Lina Moses, John Schieffelin, Donald S Grant, Carla Gallo, Giovanni Poletti, Danish Saleheen, Asif Rasheed, Lisa D Brooks, Adam L Felsenfeld, Jean E McEwen, Yekaterina Vaydylevich, Audrey Duncanson, Michael Dunn, Jeffery A Schloss, 1000 Genomes Project Consortium, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Biology, Gabriel, Stacey, Lander, Eric Steven, Daly, Mark J, Banks, Eric, Bhatia, Gaurav, Kashin, Seva, McCarroll, Steven A, Nemesh, James, Poplin, Ryan E., Sabeti, Pardis, Shlyakhter, Ilya, Schaffner, Stephen F, Vitti, Joseph, Gymrek, Melissa A, Hartler, Christina M., and Tariyal, Ridhi

Subjects
demography, genetic association, genotype, Human genomics, Genome-wide association study, Review, SUSCEPTIBILITY, DISEASE, polymorphism, 0302 clinical medicine, quantitative trait locus, INDEL Mutation, genetics, GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries), MUTATION, Exome sequencing, 0303 health sciences, public health, Sequence analysis, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, standard, Genomics, Reference Standards, Physical Chromosome Mapping, 3. Good health, priority journal, Science & Technology - Other Topics, BAYES FACTORS, Molecular Developmental Biology, Genotype, Genetics, Medical, Quantitative Trait Loci, DNA sequence, rare disease, human genetics, information processing, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, POPULATION HISTORY, human genome, Humans, retroposon, Genetic variability, human, GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION, 1000 Genomes Project, Demography, Science & Technology, ancestry, disease predisposition, Genetic Variation, MACULAR DEGENERATION, major clinical study, gene linkage disequilibrium, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.01.02 [https], Genetics, Population, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, haplotype, Internationality, VARIANT, Datasets as Topic, Human genetic variation, COMPLEMENT FACTOR-H, single nucleotide polymorphism, genetic variability, Exome, chromosome map, Genetics, Variant Call Format, Genome, Multidisciplinary, 1000 Genomes Project Consortium, international cooperation, Multidisciplinary Sciences, standards, Disease Susceptibility, medical genetics, General Science & Technology, Population, Computational biology, Biology, gene frequency, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, high throughput sequencing, Rare Diseases, promoter region, MD Multidisciplinary, Genetic variation, QH426, 030304 developmental biology, Neurodevelopmental disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 7], Genome, Human, population genetics, population structure, Sequence Analysis, DNA, gene structure, INDIVIDUALS, Haplotypes, Genome-Wide Association Study, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#1.06.07 [https]
Abstract

The 1000 Genomes Project set out to provide a comprehensive description of common human genetic variation by applying whole-genome sequencing to a diverse set of individuals from multiple populations. Here we report completion of the project, having reconstructed the genomes of 2,504 individuals from 26 populations using a combination of low-coverage whole-genome sequencing, deep exome sequencing, and dense microarray genotyping. We characterized a broad spectrum of genetic variation, in total over 88 million variants (84.7 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 3.6 million short insertions/deletions (indels), and 60,000 structural variants), all phased onto high-quality haplotypes. This resource includes >99% of SNP variants with a frequency of >1% for a variety of ancestries. We describe the distribution of genetic variation across the global sample, and discuss the implications for common disease studies., Wellcome Trust (London, England) (Core Award 090532/Z/09/Z), Wellcome Trust (London, England) (Senior Investigator Award 095552/Z/11/Z ), Wellcome Trust (London, England) (WT095908), Wellcome Trust (London, England) (WT109497), Wellcome Trust (London, England) (WT098051), Wellcome Trust (London, England) (WT086084/Z/08/Z), Wellcome Trust (London, England) (WT100956/Z/13/Z ), Wellcome Trust (London, England) (WT097307), Wellcome Trust (London, England) (WT0855322/Z/08/Z ), Wellcome Trust (London, England) (WT090770/Z/09/Z ), Wellcome Trust (London, England) (Major Overseas program in Vietnam grant 089276/Z.09/Z), Medical Research Council (Great Britain) (grant G0801823), Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (Great Britain) (grant BB/I02593X/1), Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (Great Britain) (grant BB/I021213/1), Zhongguo ke xue ji shu qing bao yan jiu suo. Office of 863 Programme of China (2012AA02A201), National Basic Research Program of China (2011CB809201), National Basic Research Program of China (2011CB809202), National Basic Research Program of China (2011CB809203), National Natural Science Foundation of China (31161130357), Shenzhen Municipal Government of China (grant ZYC201105170397A), Canadian Institutes of Health Research (grant 136855), Quebec Ministry of Economic Development, Innovation, and Exports (PSR-SIIRI-195), Germany. Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (0315428A), Germany. Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (01GS08201), Germany. Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF-EPITREAT grant 0316190A), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Emmy Noether Grant KO4037/1-1), Beatriu de Pinos Program (2006 BP-A 10144), Beatriu de Pinos Program (2009 BP-B 00274), Spanish National Institute for Health (grant PRB2 IPT13/0001-ISCIII-SGEFI/FEDER), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (fellowship number PE13075), Marie Curie Actions Career Integration (grant 303772), Fonds National Suisse del la Recherche, SNSF, Scientifique (31003A_130342), National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.) (U54HG3067), National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.) (U54HG3273), National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.) (U01HG5211), National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.) (U54HG3079), National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.) (R01HG2898), National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.) (R01HG2385), National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.) (RC2HG5552), National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.) (U01HG6513), National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.) (U01HG5214), National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.) (U01HG5715), National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.) (U01HG5718), National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.) (U01HG5728), National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.) (U41HG7635), National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.) (U41HG7497), National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.) (R01HG4960), National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.) (R01HG5701), National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.) (R01HG5214), National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.) (R01HG6855), National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.) (R01HG7068), National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.) (R01HG7644), National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.) (DP2OD6514), National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.) (DP5OD9154), National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.) (R01CA166661), National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.) (R01CA172652), National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.) (P01GM99568), National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.) (R01GM59290), National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.) (R01GM104390), National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.) (T32GM7790), National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.) (R01HL87699), National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.) (R01HL104608), National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.) (T32HL94284), National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.) (HHSN268201100040C), National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.) (HHSN272201000025C), Lundbeck Foundation (grant R170-2014-1039, Simons Foundation (SFARI award SF51), National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Research Fellowship DGE-1147470)

Published
2015
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2. Mapping copy number variation by population-scale genome sequencing

Author

L. McDade, Eric D. Green, Aravinda Chakravarti, Susan Lindsay, Justin Paschall, Aylwyn Scally, Deborah A. Nickerson, Chip Stewart, Stephen T. Sherry, Chunlin Xiao, Alex Reynolds, Carol Scott, H. M. Khouri, Pardis C. Sabeti, Xinmeng Jasmine Mu, Stephen B. Montgomery, Eric Banks, Gabor T. Marth, A. Caprio, Xiaole Zheng, Philip Awadalla, Qunyuan Zhang, Wei Chen, Matthew N. Bainbridge, Donna Muzny, Steven A. McCarroll, Jeffrey M. Kidd, Honglong Wu, Audrey Duncanson, Vladimir Makarov, Lilia M. Iakoucheva, Mark Gerstein, Han-Jun Jin, Can Alkan, Iman Hajirasouliha, T. J. Fennell, C. R. Juenger, J. Kidd, Chris Tyler-Smith, Qasim Ayub, D. Ashworth, Kristian Cibulskis, Yutao Fu, William M. McLaren, Sol Katzman, Yujun Zhang, Rajini R Haraksingh, A. Kebbel, Stuart L. Schreiber, Manual Rivas, Onur Sakarya, Tobias Rausch, Yuan Chen, M. Bachorski, Matthew E. Hurles, N. C. Clemm, Wei Wang, Xiangqun Zheng-Bradley, Adrian M. Sütz, Thomas M. Keane, E. Bank, Stephen F. McLaughlin, Javier Herrero, Jon Keebler, Simon Myers, Aleksandr Morgulis, James Nemesh, Jing Leng, Molly Przeworski, Alon Keinan, Lorraine Toji, Ilya Shlyakhter, Joshua M. Korn, Martine Zilversmit, Luke Jostins, Jun Wang, Jared Maguire, J. M. Korn, Ryan E. Mills, Seungtai Yoon, Bo Wang, F. M. De La Vega, Heng Li, L. Guccione, Laura Clarke, Huisong Zheng, Jeffrey K. Ichikawa, K. Kao, Kirill Rotmistrovsky, L. Gu, David B. Jaffe, David Haussler, Toby Bloom, Tara Skelly, S. Yoon, Gil McVean, Carrie Sougnez, Mark A. Batzer, A. De Witte, Ralf Herwig, Jane Wilkinson, Min Hu, K. Pareja, John V. Pearson, Robert E. Handsaker, Jerilyn A. Walker, Fuli Yu, Anthony A. Philippakis, Aniko Sabo, Jonathan Marchini, Ryan D. Hernandez, Guoqing Li, Peter Donnelly, Eric S. Lander, David J. Dooling, Jun Ding, Lukas Habegger, Pilar N. Ossorio, Andreas Dahl, Wilfried Nietfeld, Miriam F. Moffatt, Alexej Abyzov, Sebastian Zöllner, Ekta Khurana, Jean E. McEwen, Robert S. Fulton, Alexey Soldatov, Fiona Hyland, Philippe Lacroute, Richa Agarwala, Paul Flicek, Weichun Huang, Alison J. Coffey, Tony Cox, John W. Wallis, Robert Sanders, David Neil Cooper, Jason P. Affourtit, Mark A. DePristo, D Wheeler, Christopher Celone, Eugene Kulesha, Craig Elder Mealmaker, B. Desany, Zhengdong D. Zhang, Jonathan M. Manning, Cynthia L. Turcotte, Lisa D Brooks, Xiuqing Zhang, C. Coafra, Rajesh Radhakrishnan, Alan J. Schafer, Jonathan Sebat, Ken Chen, Andrew G. Clark, Alexis Christoforides, Edward V. Ball, Mark S. Guyer, Sharon R. Grossman, Philip Rosenstiel, J. Knowlton, Gonçalo R. Abecasis, Min Jian, James O. Burton, S. Wang, Lucinda Murray, George M. Weinstock, Mark Lathrop, Harold Swerdlow, Michael L. Metzker, Xiaowei Zhan, Yeyang Su, Ruibang Luo, Charles Lee, Huanming Yang, P. Marquardt, Charles N. Rotimi, Lynne V. Nazareth, Michael Snyder, Faheem Niazi, Quan Long, Jane Kaye, Michael Strömberg, Adam Auton, Michael Bauer, Cheng-Sheng Lee, S. Gabriel, Jim Stalker, Heather E. Peckham, D. Conners, Raffaella Smith, Yingrui Li, Niall Anthony Gormley, Megan Hanna, Jinchuan Xing, Hugo Y. K. Lam, S. Giles, Evan E. Eichler, Justin Jee, Loukas Moutsianas, Jiang Du, Hyun Min Kang, Eric F. Tsung, Ni Huang, Kai Ye, Stephen F. Schaffner, Suleyman Cenk Sahinalp, Xinghua Shi, Sean Humphray, Ahmet Kurdoglu, Amy L. McGuire, Sandra J. Lee, Linnea Fulton, Francis S. Collins, Huiqing Liang, S. C. Melton, A. Nawrocki, Aaron R. Quinlan, Tatjana Borodina, Lynn B. Jorde, Leopold Parts, Michael D. McLellan, Adrian M. Stütz, Paul Scheet, Amit Indap, Vyacheslav Amstislavskiy, Waibhav Tembe, S. Attiya, Jin Yu, Dmitri Parkhomchuk, Si Quang Le, Fabian Grubert, E. Buglione, Ruiqiang Li, Yan Zhou, Fiona Cunningham, Gilean McVean, Wan-Ping Lee, W. Song, Richard Durbin, Andrew Kernytsky, Stephen M. Beckstrom-Sternberg, Xin Ma, J. Jeng, Lauren Ambrogio, Carol Churcher, Ryan Poplin, William O.C.M. Cookson, Rasko Leinonen, Alexey N. Davydov, Kenny Ye, Paige Anderson, Alexander E. Urban, Adam Felsenfeld, Jeffrey S. Reid, Cornelis A. Albers, Jan O. Korbel, Senduran Balasubramaniam, Elaine R. Mardis, Gozde Aksay, Peter H. Sudmant, Aaron McKenna, M. Labrecque, Amanda J. Price, Vadim Zalunin, Donald F. Conrad, Florian Mertes, Christie Kovar, Danny Challis, A. D. Ball, Petr Danecek, Kiran V. Garimella, Bryan Howie, Scott Kahn, Shuaishuai Tai, E. P. Garrison, Robert D. Bjornson, Shankar Balasubramanian, Fereydoun Hormozdiari, Geng Tian, S. Clark, Joanna L. Kelley, Asif T. Chinwalla, Ramenani Ravi K, Ralf Sudbrak, Mark Kaganovich, Jeffrey C. Barrett, David Rio Deiros, Jeremiah D. Degenhardt, A. Palotie, Alistair Ward, Gianna Costa, Huyen Dinh, M. Minderman, R. Keira Cheetham, Jingxiang Li, Michael A. Quail, P. Koko-Gonzales, Alastair Kent, Martin Shumway, David R. Bentley, Ferran Casals, Leena Peltonen, Klaudia Walter, Christopher Hartl, Erica Shefler, Zhaolei Zhang, Hans Lehrach, Jessica L. Peterson, Roger Winer, Daniel C. Koboldt, D. Riches, Terena James, Wen Fung Leong, Michael Egholm, Thomas W. Blackwell, Peter D. Stenson, Anthony J. Cox, Andrew D. Kern, David M. Carter, M. Tolzmann, Daniel G. MacArthur, Jiantao Wu, Jennifer Stone, Angie S. Hinrichs, M. Albrecht, Jo Knight, Chang-Yun Lin, Adam R. Boyko, Dan Turner, Xiaodong Fang, Youssef Idaghdour, Liming Liang, Ryan N. Gutenkunst, David Craig, Mark J. Daly, Xiaosen Guo, Neda Gharani, Gerton Lunter, Shuli Kang, A. Burke, Shripad Sinari, Yongming A. Sun, Zoya Kingsbury, Robert M. Kuhn, Miriam K. Konkel, T. Li, Kevin McKernan, Simon Gravel, Brian L. Browning, C Sidore, Zamin Iqbal, Matthew Mort, Afidalina Tumian, Michael C. Wendl, Adam Phillips, Bernd Timmermann, Carlos Bustamante, H. Y. Lam, Deniz Kural, Richard A. Gibbs, Bartha Maria Knoppers, Emmanouil T. Dermitzakis, Lon Phan, Richard K. Wilson, D. L. Altshuler, S. Keenen, Assya Abdallah, Eric A. Stone, Michael A. Eberle, Li Ding, and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard

Subjects
DNA Copy Number Variations, Genotype, Population, Genomic Structural Variation, Genomics, Computational biology, Biology, Genome, Article, DNA sequencing, structural variation segmental duplications short-read rearrangements disorders disease common schizophrenia polymorphism insertions, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Gene Duplication, Insertional, Genetics, Humans, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Copy-number variation, 1000 Genomes Project, education, Sequence Deletion, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, Genome, Human, Reproducibility of Results, Sequence Analysis, DNA, DNA, Mutagenesis, Insertional, Genetics, Population, Mutagenesis, Human genome, Sequence Analysis, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Human
Abstract

Summary Genomic structural variants (SVs) are abundant in humans, differing from other variation classes in extent, origin, and functional impact. Despite progress in SV characterization, the nucleotide resolution architecture of most SVs remains unknown. We constructed a map of unbalanced SVs (i.e., copy number variants) based on whole genome DNA sequencing data from 185 human genomes, integrating evidence from complementary SV discovery approaches with extensive experimental validations. Our map encompassed 22,025 deletions and 6,000 additional SVs, including insertions and tandem duplications. Most SVs (53%) were mapped to nucleotide resolution, which facilitated analyzing their origin and functional impact. We examined numerous whole and partial gene deletions with a genotyping approach and observed a depletion of gene disruptions amongst high frequency deletions. Furthermore, we observed differences in the size spectra of SVs originating from distinct formation mechanisms, and constructed a map constructed a map of SV hotspots formed by common mechanisms. Our analytical framework and SV map serves as a resource for sequencing-based association studies.

Published
2011

3. A comprehensive catalogue of somatic mutations from a human cancer genome

Author

Thomas Royce, Paula Kokko-Gonzales, Lina Chen, Gonzalo R. Ordóñez, Philip J. Stephens, Ole Schulz-Trieglaff, Ignacio Varela, Michael R. Stratton, Peter J. Campbell, Meng-Lay Lin, Lynda Chin, R. Keira Cheetham, Sarah Edkins, P. Andrew Futreal, Matthew M. Hims, Richard J. Carter, Markus J. Bauer, Christian D. Haudenschild, Catherine Leroy, Lukasz Szajkowski, Erin Pleasance, Adam Butler, Jon W. Teague, Zoya Kingsbury, David J. McBride, Christopher Greenman, Lucy Stebbings, Julie Alipaz, Terena James, John Marshall, Laura Mudie, Sean Humphray, Mingming Jia, David Beare, Kai Ye, Andrew Menzies, David Williamson, Russell J. Grocock, Graham R. Bignell, Anastassia Spiridou, Niall Anthony Gormley, Zemin Ning, Anthony J. Cox, David R. Bentley, and Mark T. Ross

Subjects
Adult, Male, DNA Repair, Ultraviolet Rays, DNA repair, DNA Mutational Analysis, Gene Dosage, Loss of Heterozygosity, Genomics, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Genome, Article, Germline mutation, Cell Line, Tumor, Neoplasms, medicine, Humans, Precision Medicine, Melanoma, Sequence Deletion, Genetics, Mutation, Multidisciplinary, Genome, Human, Cancer, medicine.disease, nucleotide excision-repair ets transcription factor myeloid-leukemia genome skin-cancer pathways melanoma carcinogenesis epidemiology mechanisms expression, MicroRNAs, Mutagenesis, Insertional, Human genome, Carcinogenesis, DNA Damage, Genes, Neoplasm
Abstract

All cancers carry somatic mutations. A subset of these somatic alterations, termed driver mutations, confer selective growth advantage and are implicated in cancer development, whereas the remainder are passengers. Here we have sequenced the genomes of a malignant melanoma and a lymphoblastoid cell line from the same person, providing the first comprehensive catalogue of somatic mutations from an individual cancer. The catalogue provides remarkable insights into the forces that have shaped this cancer genome. The dominant mutational signature reflects DNA damage due to ultraviolet light exposure, a known risk factor for malignant melanoma, whereas the uneven distribution of mutations across the genome, with a lower prevalence in gene footprints, indicates that DNA repair has been preferentially deployed towards transcribed regions. The results illustrate the power of a cancer genome sequence to reveal traces of the DNA damage, repair, mutation and selection processes that were operative years before the cancer became symptomatic.

Published
2010

4. Accurate whole human genome sequencing using reversible terminator chemistry

Author

Zoya Kingsbury, Marc Laurent, Jason Bryant, Konstantinos D. Diakoumakos, Klaus Maisinger, Louise Fraser, Jean Ernest Sohna Sohna, Adrian Horgan, Patrick Mccauley, Jane Rogers, David W. Elmore, Mark A. Osborne, Juying Yan, Mark Smith, Milan Fedurco, Gary P. Schroth, Belen Dominguez-Fernandez, Heng Li, Andrea Sabot, Suzanne Wakelin, Cindy Lawley, Carole Anastasi, David Klenerman, David George, Daniel P. Pliskin, Mohammed D. Alam, Svilen S. Tzonev, Mark T. Reed, Xiaohai Liu, Asha Boodhun, Lu Zhang, Aylwyn Scally, T. A. Huw Jones, Ugonna C. Egbujor, Tzvetana H. Kerelska, George Stefan Golda, Shankar Balasubramanian, Lukasz Szajkowski, Mitch Lok, Mitch K. Shiver, Paul McNitt, Simon Chang, Maria Q. Johnson, Gyoung-Dong Kang, Victor J. Quijano, Sarah E. Lee, Mike Zuerlein, Maria Candelaria Rogert Bacigalupo, Alan D. Kersey, Selena G. Barbour, Dirk J. Evers, Andrew C. Pike, Stephen Rawlings, Karin Fuentes Fajardo, Mirian S. Karbelashvili, Matthew E. Hurles, Sonia M. Novo, Xavier Lee, James C. Burrows, John Stephen West, Jingwen Wang, Ify C. Aniebo, Natasha R. Crake, Christian D. Haudenschild, Richard Shaw, Come Raczy, W. Scott Furey, Wu Xiaolin, Lambros L. Paraschos, Josefina M. Seoane, John W. Martin, Katya Hoschler, Raquel Maria Sanches-Kuiper, Nick J. McCooke, Colin Barnes, Johannes P. Sluis, Abass A. Bundu, John Milton, R. Keira Cheetham, Nancy F. Hansen, Clive Gavin Brown, Nigel P. Carter, Richard J. Carter, Chiara Rodighiero, Kim B. Stevens, Shujun Luo, Radhika M. Mammen, Phyllida M. Roe, Melanie Anne Smith, Bojan Obradovic, Johnny T. Ho, Jennifer A. Loch, Terena James, Harold Swerdlow, Dale Buermann, David E. Green, Steve Hurwitz, Joe W. Mullens, Ning Sizto, Frank L. Oaks, Eli Rusman, Natalie J. Rourke, Nikolai Romanov, Anthony J. Smith, Claire Bevis, Selene M. Virk, Ling Yau, Yuli Verhovsky, D. Chris Pinkard, Stephanie Vandevondele, Vincent Peter Smith, Rob C. Brown, Eric J. Spence, Joe Podhasky, Ana Chiva Rodriguez, Michael Lawrence Parkinson, Anthony Romieu, Joe S. Brennan, Rithy K. Roth, David Mark Dunstan Bailey, Roberto Rigatti, Anil Kumar, Phillip J. Black, Primo Baybayan, Saibal Banerjee, Matthew M. Hims, Arnold Liao, R. Neil Cooley, Omead Ostadan, Vincent A. Benoit, Andrew A. Brown, Silke Ruediger, Leslie J. Irving, Parul Mehta, James C. Mullikin, Klaudia Walter, John Rogers, Jonathan Mark Boutell, Alex P. Kindwall, Paula Kokko-Gonzales, Alger C. Pike, Michael J. O'Neill, Eric Vermaas, Subramanian V. Sankar, Sean Humphray, Steven W. Short, Gerardo Turcatti, Helen Bignell, Kimberley J. Gietzen, Peta E. Torrance, Narinder I. Heyer, David James Earnshaw, Kevin Hall, Martin R. Schenker, Richard Durbin, Philip A. Granieri, Tobias William Barr Ost, Iain R. Bancarz, Lea Pickering, David L. Gustafson, Peter Lundberg, Niall Anthony Gormley, John Bridgham, Andrew Osnowski, Scott M. Kirk, Mark R. Ewan, Keith W. Moon, Bee Ling Ng, Graham John Worsley, Anthony J. Cox, Olubunmi O. Dada, Gregory C. Walcott, Sergey Etchin, Irina Khrebtukova, Kevin Benson, Vicki H. Rae, Zemin Ning, Carolyn Tregidgo, Nestor Castillo, Colin P. Goddard, Taksina Newington, Denis V. Ivanov, Anastassia Spiridou, Maria Chiara E. Catenazzi, Neil Sutton, Kevin Harnish, Darren James Ellis, Lisa Murray, Geoffrey Paul Smith, Mark T. Ross, David R. Bentley, M. R. Pratt, Isabelle Rasolonjatovo, and Michael R. Flatbush

Subjects
Male, Genotype, 2 base encoding, Nigeria, Sequence assembly, Hybrid genome assembly, Genomics, Computational biology, Biology, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Sensitivity and Specificity, Deep sequencing, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Consensus Sequence, Humans, Paired-end tag, 030304 developmental biology, Genetics, Whole genome sequencing, Chromosomes, Human, X, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Genome, Human, DNA sequencing theory, Sequence Analysis, DNA, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis
Abstract

DNA sequence information underpins genetic research, enabling discoveries of important biological or medical benefit. Sequencing projects have traditionally used long (400-800 base pair) reads, but the existence of reference sequences for the human and many other genomes makes it possible to develop new, fast approaches to re-sequencing, whereby shorter reads are compared to a reference to identify intraspecies genetic variation. Here we report an approach that generates several billion bases of accurate nucleotide sequence per experiment at low cost. Single molecules of DNA are attached to a flat surface, amplified in situ and used as templates for synthetic sequencing with fluorescent reversible terminator deoxyribonucleotides. Images of the surface are analysed to generate high-quality sequence. We demonstrate application of this approach to human genome sequencing on flow-sorted X chromosomes and then scale the approach to determine the genome sequence of a male Yoruba from Ibadan, Nigeria. We build an accurate consensus sequence from >30x average depth of paired 35-base reads. We characterize four million single-nucleotide polymorphisms and four hundred thousand structural variants, many of which were previously unknown. Our approach is effective for accurate, rapid and economical whole-genome re-sequencing and many other biomedical applications.

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