1. Refining Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder Genetic Loci by Integrating Summary Data From Genome-wide Association, Gene Expression, and DNA Methylation Studies
- Author
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Anke R. Hammerschlag, Enda M. Byrne, Meike Bartels, Naomi R. Wray, Christel M. Middeldorp, Mawussé Agbessi, Habibul Ahsan, Isabel Alves, Anand Andiappan, Wibowo Arindrarto, Philip Awadalla, Alexis Battle, Frank Beutner, Marc Jan Bonder, Dorret I. Boomsma, Mark Christiansen, Annique Claringbould, Patrick Deelen, Tõnu Esko, Marie-Julie Favé, Lude Franke, Timothy Frayling, Sina A. Gharib, Gregory Gibson, Bastiaan T. Heijmans, Gibran Hemani, Rick Jansen, Mika Kähönen, Anette Kalnapenkis, Silva Kasela, Johannes Kettunen, Yungil Kim, Holger Kirsten, Peter Kovacs, Knut Krohn, Jaanika Kronberg-Guzman, Viktorija Kukushkina, Zoltan Kutalik, Bernett Lee, Terho Lehtimäki, Markus Loeffler, Urko M. Marigorta, Hailang Mei, Lili Milani, Grant W. Montgomery, Martina Müller-Nurasyid, Matthias Nauck, Michel Nivard, Brenda Penninx, Markus Perola, Natalia Pervjakova, Brandon L. Pierce, Joseph Powell, Holger Prokisch, Bruce M. Psaty, Olli T. Raitakari, Samuli Ripatti, Olaf Rotzschke, Sina Rüeger, Ashis Saha, Markus Scholz, Katharina Schramm, Ilkka Seppälä, Eline P. Slagboom, Coen D.A. Stehouwer, Michael Stumvoll, Patrick Sullivan, Peter A.C. ‘t Hoen, Alexander Teumer, Joachim Thiery, Lin Tong, Anke Tönjes, Jenny van Dongen, Maarten van Iterson, Joyce van Meurs, Jan H. Veldink, Joost Verlouw, Peter M. Visscher, Uwe Völker, Urmo Võsa, Harm-Jan Westra, Cisca Wijmenga, Hanieh Yaghootkar, Jian Yang, Biao Zeng, Futao Zhang, Aaron Isaacs, René Pool, Jouke J. Hottenga, Marleen MJ. van Greevenbroek, Carla J.H. van der Kallen, Casper G. Schalkwijk, Sasha Zhernakova, Ettje F. Tigchelaar, P. Eline Slagboom, Marian Beekman, Joris Deelen, Diana van Heemst, Leonard H. van den Berg, Cornelia M. van Duijn, Bert A. Hofman, André G. Uitterlinden, P. Mila Jhamai, Michael Verbiest, H.Eka D. Suchiman, Marijn Verkerk, Ruud van der Breggen, Jeroen van Rooij, Nico Lakenberg, Michiel van Galen, Jan Bot, Daria V. Zhernakova, Peter van ‘t Hof, Irene Nooren, Matthijs Moed, Martijn Vermaat, René Luijk, Freerk van Dijk, Szymon M. Kielbasa, Morris A. Swertz, Erik. W. van Zwet, Peter-Bram ‘t Hoen, MUMC+: Centrum voor Chronische Zieken (3), MUMC+: MA Med Staf Artsass Interne Geneeskunde (9), RS: Carim - V01 Vascular complications of diabetes and metabolic syndrome, MUMC+: HVC Pieken Maastricht Studie (9), Interne Geneeskunde, MUMC+: MA Interne Geneeskunde (3), Urology, Medical Informatics, Department of Marketing Management, Epidemiology, Internal Medicine, Dermatology, Ophthalmology, Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Complex Trait Genetics, APH - Mental Health, VU University medical center, Clinical chemistry, Human genetics, APH - Digital Health, APH - Methodology, Biological Psychology, APH - Personalized Medicine, and APH - Health Behaviors & Chronic Diseases
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0301 basic medicine ,Candidate gene ,mQTL ,Autism Spectrum Disorder ,Gene Expression ,Genome-wide association study ,Biology ,Quantitative trait locus ,VARIANTS ,eQTL ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Mendelian randomization ,mental disorders ,Humans ,GWAS ,BRAIN ,Biological Psychiatry ,Genetic association ,Genetics ,Regulation of gene expression ,Pleiotropy ,HERITABILITY ,dNaM ,DNA Methylation ,SMR ,Fetal brain ,PREVALENCE ,030104 developmental biology ,Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ,DNA methylation ,17Q21.31 ,Psychiatric disorders ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Genome-Wide Association Study - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs) identified the first genetic loci associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The next step is to use these results to increase our understanding of the biological mechanisms involved. Most of the identified variants likely influence gene regulation. The aim of the current study is to shed light on the mechanisms underlying the genetic signals and prioritize genes by integrating GWAS results with gene expression and DNA methylation (DNAm) levels.METHODS: We applied summary-data-based Mendelian randomization to integrate ADHD and ASD GWAS data with fetal brain expression and methylation quantitative trait loci, given the early onset of these disorders. We also analyzed expression and methylation quantitative trait loci datasets of adult brain and blood, as these provide increased statistical power. We subsequently used summary-data-based Mendelian randomization to investigate if the same variant influences both DNAm and gene expression levels.RESULTS: We identified multiple gene expression and DNAm levels in fetal brain at chromosomes 1 and 17 that were associated with ADHD and ASD, respectively, through pleiotropy at shared genetic variants. The analyses in brain and blood showed additional associated gene expression and DNAm levels at the same and additional loci, likely because of increased statistical power. Several of the associated genes have not been identified in ADHD and ASD GWASs before.CONCLUSIONS: Our findings identified the genetic variants associated with ADHD and ASD that likely act through gene regulation. This facilitates prioritization of candidate genes for functional follow-up studies.
- Published
- 2020
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