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1. Defensins and the convergent evolution of platypus and reptile venom genes

Author

Philip W. Kuchel, Camilla M. Whittington, Janine E. Deakin, Peter Temple-Smith, Katherine Belov, Colin Kremitzki, Amber E. Alsop, Chris P. Ponting, Tina Graves, Allan M. Torres, Emily S. W. Wong, Kyriena Schatzkamer, Paramjit S. Bansal, Welsey C Warren, and Anthony T. Papenfuss

Subjects
alpha-Defensins, beta-Defensins, Molecular Sequence Data, Venom, Synteny, complex mixtures, Genome, Evolution, Molecular, Gene Duplication, biology.animal, Convergent evolution, parasitic diseases, Genetics, Animals, Amino Acid Sequence, Platypus, Platypus venom, Gene, Defensin, Genetics (clinical), biology, Venoms, Reptiles, Anatomy, Evolutionary biology, Mammal, Platypus Special/Letter, Peptides
Abstract

When the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) was first discovered, it was thought to be a taxidermist’s hoax, as it has a blend of mammalian and reptilian features. It is a most remarkable mammal, not only because it lays eggs but also because it is venomous. Rather than delivering venom through a bite, as do snakes and shrews, male platypuses have venomous spurs on each hind leg. The platypus genome sequence provides a unique opportunity to unravel the evolutionary history of many of these interesting features. While searching the platypus genome for the sequences of antimicrobial defensin genes, we identified three Ornithorhynchus venom defensin-like peptide (OvDLP) genes, which produce the major components of platypus venom. We show that gene duplication and subsequent functional diversification of beta-defensins gave rise to these platypus OvDLPs. The OvDLP genes are located adjacent to the beta-defensins and share similar gene organization and peptide structures. Intriguingly, some species of snakes and lizards also produce venoms containing similar molecules called crotamines and crotamine-like peptides. This led us to trace the evolutionary origins of other components of platypus and reptile venom. Here we show that several venom components have evolved separately in the platypus and reptiles. Convergent evolution has repeatedly selected genes coding for proteins containing specific structural motifs as templates for venom molecules.

Published
2008

2. Convergent evolution of chicken Z and human X chromosomes by expansion and gene acquisition

Author

Daniel W. Bellott, Laura G. Brown, Tina Graves, Steve Rozen, Tatyana Pyntikova, Elaine R. Mardis, Colin Kremitzki, David C. Page, Wesley C. Warren, Helen Skaletsky, Richard K. Wilson, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Biology, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Page, David C., Bellott, Daniel W., Skaletsky, Helen, Pyntikova, Tatyana, Brown, Laura G., and Rozen, Steve

Subjects
Male, Biology, Article, Evolution, Molecular, Testis, Animals, Humans, X:A ratio, Small supernumerary marker chromosome, X chromosome, Genetics, Z chromosome, Chromosomes, Human, X, Sex Characteristics, Multidisciplinary, Dosage compensation, Genome, Sex Chromosomes, Karyotype, Chromosome 4, Genes, Evolutionary biology, Multigene Family, Female, Chickens, Sex linkage, Gene Deletion
Abstract

In birds, as in mammals, one pair of chromosomes differs between the sexes. In birds, males are ZZ and females ZW. In mammals, males are XY and females XX. Like the mammalian XY pair, the avian ZW pair is believed to have evolved from autosomes, with most change occurring in the chromosomes found in only one sex—the W and Y chromosomes1, 2, 3, 4, 5. By contrast, the sex chromosomes found in both sexes—the Z and X chromosomes—are assumed to have diverged little from their autosomal progenitors2. Here we report findings that challenge this assumption for both the chicken Z chromosome and the human X chromosome. The chicken Z chromosome, which we sequenced essentially to completion, is less gene-dense than chicken autosomes but contains a massive tandem array containing hundreds of duplicated genes expressed in testes. A comprehensive comparison of the chicken Z chromosome with the finished sequence of the human X chromosome demonstrates that each evolved independently from different portions of the ancestral genome. Despite this independence, the chicken Z and human X chromosomes share features that distinguish them from autosomes: the acquisition and amplification of testis-expressed genes, and a low gene density resulting from an expansion of intergenic regions. These features were not present on the autosomes from which the Z and X chromosomes originated but were instead acquired during the evolution of Z and X as sex chromosomes. We conclude that the avian Z and mammalian X chromosomes followed convergent evolutionary trajectories, despite their evolving with opposite (female versus male) systems of heterogamety. More broadly, in birds and mammals, sex chromosome evolution involved not only gene loss in sex-specific chromosomes, but also marked expansion and gene acquisition in sex chromosomes common to males and females., National Science Foundation (U.S.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute

Published
2010

3. Genome analysis of the platypus reveals unique signatures of evolution

Author

Ross C. Hardison, Caleb Webber, Malcolm A. Ferguson-Smith, Camilla M. Whittington, Rosalind Attenborough, Jarret Glasscock, Yoko Sekita, Xiaoqiu Huang, Emily S. W. Wong, Kym Hallsworth-Pepin, Laura Clarke, Jan Ole Kriegs, Makedonka Mitreva, Willem Rens, Todd Wylie, Arian F.A. Smit, Paul D. Waters, Angelika Merkel, Anthony T. Papenfuss, Ewan Birney, Brett Nixon, Asif T. Chinwalla, Alexander Stark, Ravi Sachidanandam, Neil J. Gemmell, Thomas H. Pringle, Juergen Schmitz, Daniel McMillan, Hitoshi Niwa, Russell C. Jones, Pat Miethke, Lin Chen, Gennady Churakov, Scott M. Smith, Gregory J. Hannon, Doron Lancet, Tsviya Olender, John W. Wallis, Joanne O. Nelson, Gavin A. Huttley, Lucinda Fulton, Prathapan Thiru, Jennifer A. Marshall Graves, Manolis Kellis, Devin P. Locke, Michael N. Nhan, Amber E. Alsop, Yucheng Feng, Pouya Kheradpour, Shunfeng Hou, Frédéric Veyrunes, Jean Louis Dacheux, Andrew J Pask, Ze Cheng, Wesley C. Warren, Bob Fulton, Colin Kremitzki, Miriam K. Konkel, Marilyn B. Renfree, Carly Smith, Gonzalo R. Ordóñez, Richard K. Wilson, Patrick Minx, Webb Miller, Yuan Chen, Xose S. Puente, Evan E. Eichler, Chris P. Ponting, Christophe Lefevre, Craig Pohl, Juergen Brosius, Shiaw Pyng Yang, Tina Graves, Robert S. Harris, Matthew Wakefield, Jerilyn A. Walker, Katherine Thompson, Janine E. Deakin, Peter Temple-Smith, Chris Markovic, Elaine R. Mardis, Michael Kube, Patrick J. Kirby, David A. Ray, Andreas Heger, Katherine Belov, Richard Reinhardt, Elizabeth P. Murchison, Iris M. Vargas Jentzsch, Kevin R. Nicholas, James Taylor, Mark A. Batzer, Anja Zemann, Frank Grützner, Emmanuel Buschiazzo, Patricia Wohldmann, Carlos López-Otín, Julie A. Sharp, Paul Flicek, Kim D. Delehaunty, LaDeana W. Hillier, Enkhjargal Tsend-Ayush, Genome Sequencing Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, Australian National University (ANU), The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute [Cambridge], University of Oxford [Oxford], University of Adelaide, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics (CCBB), Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Instituto Universitario de Oncología, University of Washington [Seattle], University of Canberra, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI), Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science [Rehovot, Israël], University of Melbourne, Monash University, Louisiana State University (LSU), Penn State System, University of Sydney, University of Canterbury [Christchurch], University of Münster, University of Texas, West Virginia University, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (MPIMG), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Sperling Foundation, Partenaires INRAE, State University of New York (SUNY), University of Newcastle (UoN), Physiologie de la reproduction et des comportements [Nouzilly] (PRC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation [Saumur]-Université de Tours (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), RIKEN Plant Science Center, Iowa State University (ISU), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation [Saumur]-Université de Tours-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Male, 0106 biological sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Genomics, Receptors, Odorant, Monotreme, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Genome, Article, Evolution, Molecular, Genomic Imprinting, 03 medical and health sciences, Molecular evolution, biology.animal, parasitic diseases, Animals, Dentition, Humans, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], Platypus, Platypus venom, Gene, Phylogeny, Zona Pellucida, Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid, 030304 developmental biology, Mammals, Whole genome sequencing, Genetics, Base Composition, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, biology, Venoms, Immunity, Reptiles, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Milk Proteins, biology.organism_classification, Spermatozoa, ORNITHORYNQUE, MicroRNAs, Female
Abstract

International audience; We present a draft genome sequence of the platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus. This monotreme exhibits a fascinating combination of reptilian and mammalian characters. For example, platypuses have a coat of fur adapted to an aquatic lifestyle; platypus females lactate, yet lay eggs; and males are equipped with venom similar to that of reptiles. Analysis of the first monotreme genome aligned these features with genetic innovations. We find that reptile and platypus venom proteins have been co- opted independently from the same gene families; milk protein genes are conserved despite platypuses laying eggs; and immune gene family expansions are directly related to platypus biology. Expansions of protein, non- protein- coding RNA and microRNA families, as well as repeat elements, are identified. Sequencing of this genome now provides a valuable resource for deep mammalian comparative analyses, as well as for monotreme biology and conservation.

Published
2008

4. Higher-order genome organization in platypus and chicken sperm and repositioning of sex chromosomes during mammalian evolution

Author

Colin Kremitzki, Kyriena Schatzkamer, Natasha Dodge, Frank Grützner, Aaron E. Casey, Wesley C. Warren, Enkhjargal Tsend-Ayush, Tina Graves, Heinz Himmelbauer, and Julia Mohr

Subjects
Male, endocrine system, Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial, Genome, Article, Cell Line, Evolution, Molecular, biology.animal, parasitic diseases, Genetics, Animals, Genetics(clinical), Platypus, Genetics (clinical), X chromosome, reproductive and urinary physiology, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Genomic organization, Mammals, Autosome, Sex Chromosomes, biology, urogenital system, Chromosome, Evolution of mammals, Fibroblasts, Sperm, Spermatozoa, Chromatin, Chickens
Abstract

In mammals, chromosomes occupy defined positions in sperm, whereas previous work in chicken showed random chromosome distribution. Monotremes (platypus and echidnas) are the most basal group of living mammals. They have elongated sperm like chicken and a complex sex chromosome system with homology to chicken sex chromosomes. We used platypus and chicken genomic clones to investigate genome organization in sperm. In chicken sperm, about half of the chromosomes investigated are organized non-randomly, whereas in platypus chromosome organization in sperm is almost entirely non-random. The use of genomic clones allowed us to determine chromosome orientation and chromatin compaction in sperm. We found that in both species chromosomes maintain orientation of chromosomes in sperm independent of random or non-random positioning along the sperm nucleus. The distance of loci correlated with the total length of sperm nuclei, suggesting that chromatin extension depends on sperm elongation. In platypus, most sex chromosomes cluster in the posterior region of the sperm nucleus, presumably the result of postmeiotic association of sex chromosomes. Chicken and platypus autosomes sharing homology with the human X chromosome located centrally in both species suggesting that this is the ancestral position. This suggests that in some therian mammals a more anterior position of the X chromosome has evolved independently.

Published
2008

5. Characterizing the chromosomes of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)

Author

Colin Kremitzki, Frédéric Veyrunes, Amber E. Alsop, Tina Graves, Willem Rens, Jennifer A. Marshall Graves, Pat Miethke, Daniel McMillan, Kyriena Schatzkamer, Frank Grützner, Wesley C. Warren, Patricia C. M. O’Brien, Vladimir A. Trifonov, and Malcolm A. Ferguson-Smith

Subjects
Male, Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial, Genome, Chromosome Painting, biology.animal, Chromosome 19, parasitic diseases, Genetics, Animals, Platypus, Gene, Cells, Cultured, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Metaphase, Autosome, Sex Chromosomes, biology, Chromosome, Chromosome Mapping, Karyotype, Fibroblasts, Chromosomes, Mammalian, Human genetics, Chromosome Banding, Karyotyping, Female
Abstract

Like the unique platypus itself, the platypus genome is extraordinary because of its complex sex chromosome system, and is controversial because of difficulties in identification of small autosomes and sex chromosomes. A 6-fold shotgun sequence of the platypus genome is now available and is being assembled with the help of physical mapping. It is therefore essential to characterize the chromosomes and resolve the ambiguities and inconsistencies in identifying autosomes and sex chromosomes. We have used chromosome paints and DAPI banding to identify and classify pairs of autosomes and sex chromosomes. We have established an agreed nomenclature and identified anchor BAC clones for each chromosome that will ensure unambiguous gene localizations.

Published
2007

6. A physical map of the chicken genome

Author

Shin Leong, Debra E Scheer, Mary J Fedele, Michael N Romanov, Jason Carter, Jason Walker, Mikhail Nefedov, Martin Krzywinski, Jerry B. Dodgson, Elaine R. Mardis, Pieter J. de Jong, Martien A. M. Groenen, John Douglas Mcpherson, Asif T. Chinwalla, Jan Aerts, Kelly Mead, LaDeana W. Hillier, Colin Kremitzki, Hans H. Cheng, Jacquie Schein, Richard P. M. A. Crooijmans, Derek Albracht, Jamey Higginbotham, Dan Layman, Shiaw-Pyng Yang, Kazutoyo Osoegawa, Mandeep Sekhon, Marco Cardenas, Tina Graves, Rebecca McGrane, Hong-Bin Zhang, John W. Wallis, Wesley C. Warren, Richard K. Wilson, Jonathan Davito, Tony Gaige, Kristine M. Wylie, and Nancy K Mudd

Subjects
Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial, Genetic Linkage, Hybrid genome assembly, Genomics, integration, mouse genome, Computational biology, Biology, Animal Breeding and Genomics, Genome, Sequence-tagged site, Contig Mapping, Animals, Fokkerij en Genomica, Cloning, Molecular, QH426, Sequence Tagged Sites, Genetics, Multidisciplinary, Contig, bac clones, Shotgun sequencing, software, Genome project, sequence, Physical Chromosome Mapping, DNA Fingerprinting, WIAS, linkage, Chickens, Reference genome
Abstract

Strategies for assembling large, complex genomes have evolved to include a combination of whole-genome shotgun sequencing and hierarchal map-assisted sequencing1, 2. Whole-genome maps of all types can aid genome assemblies, generally starting with low-resolution cytogenetic maps and ending with the highest resolution of sequence. Fingerprint clone maps are based upon complete restriction enzyme digests of clones representative of the target genome, and ultimately comprise a near-contiguous path of clones across the genome. Such clone-based maps are used to validate sequence assembly order, supply long-range linking information for assembled sequences, anchor sequences to the genetic map and provide templates for closing gaps. Fingerprint maps are also a critical resource for subsequent functional genomic studies, because they provide a redundant and ordered sampling of the genome with clones3. In an accompanying paper4 we describe the draft genome sequence of the chicken, Gallus gallus, the first species sequenced that is both a model organism and a global food source. Here we present a clone-based physical map of the chicken genome at 20-fold coverage, containing 260 contigs of overlapping clones. This map represents approximately 91% of the chicken genome and enables identification of chicken clones aligned to positions in other sequenced genomes

Published
2004

7. A physical map of the mouse genome

Author

Asif T. Chinwalla, Daniel A. Russell, Richard D. Hutton, Rebecca McGrane, Pawan Pandoh, Catharine Gray, Margaret Krol, Kazutoyo Osoegawa, Mandeep Sekhon, Ewan Birney, Marco A. Marra, Michael Heaney, Reta Kutsche, R Evans, Pieter J. de Jong, Soo Sen Lee, Tony Cox, Elizabeth Gebregeorgis, Carol Scott, Jacqueline E. Schein, Duane E Smailus, David R. Bentley, Parvaneh Saeedi, Glen Threadgold, Ian R Mullenger, Suganthi Chittaranjan, Chris Fjell, Robert H. Waterston, Jim Stalker, Letticia Hsiao, Jason Maas, Martin Krzywinski, Jason Carter, John Douglas Mcpherson, Kelly Mead, Simon G. Gregory, Ian Bosdet, Bola Ayodeji, Anna-Liisa Prabhu, Joel A. Malek, George S. Yang, Dan Layman, Tony Gaige, Keita Geer, Jane Rogers, Tamara Feldblyum, Miranda Tsai, Larry Overton, Sara Jaeger, LaDeana W. Hillier, Kristine M. Wylie, Colin Kremitzki, Sheryl Taylor, Carrie Mathewson, Jyoti Shetty, Wesley Terpstra, James Smith, Getahun Tsegaye, Christopher A Fox, Steve Messervier, Natasja Wye, Candice McLeavy, Jill Vardy, William C. Nierman, Lorraine Spence, Alla Shvartsbeyn, Sofiya Shatsman, Readman Chiu, Claire M. Fraser, Michael Smith, John W. Wallis, Michael C. Holmes, Tim Hubbard, Ran Guin, Shaying Zhao, Jeffrey L Stott, Noreen Girn, Kimbly J Phillips, Rebecca S. Walker, Paul W. Burridge, Joseph J. Catanese, Steven J.M. Jones, Steven R. Ness, Dan Fuhrmann, Susanna Chan, and Jennifer Asano

Subjects
Molecular Sequence Data, Sequence alignment, Computational biology, Biology, Genome, Synteny, Contig Mapping, Chromosomes, Mice, Species Specificity, Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid, Animals, Humans, Cloning, Molecular, Conserved Sequence, Genetics, Radiation Hybrid Mapping, Multidisciplinary, Contig, Genome, Human, Genome project, Physical Chromosome Mapping, Human genome, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6, Sequence Alignment, Reference genome
Abstract

A physical map of a genome is an essential guide for navigation, allowing the location of any gene or other landmark in the chromosomal DNA. We have constructed a physical map of the mouse genome that contains 296 contigs of overlapping bacterial clones and 16,992 unique markers. The mouse contigs were aligned to the human genome sequence on the basis of 51,486 homology matches, thus enabling use of the conserved synteny (correspondence between chromosome blocks) of the two genomes to accelerate construction of the mouse map. The map provides a framework for assembly of whole-genome shotgun sequence data, and a tile path of clones for generation of the reference sequence. Definition of the human-mouse alignment at this level of resolution enables identification of a mouse clone that corresponds to almost any position in the human genome. The human sequence may be used to facilitate construction of other mammalian genome maps using the same strategy.

Published
2002

8. Erratum: Genome analysis of the platypus reveals unique signatures of evolution

Author

Brett Nixon, Gregory J. Hannon, Gennady Churakov, Peter Temple-Smith, Gonzalo R. Ordó̃ez, Marilyn B. Renfree, Daniel McMillan, Jan Ole Kriegs, Malcolm Ferguson-Smith, Mikhail Nefedov, Neil J. Gemmell, Ross C. Hardison, Jarret Glasscock, Emily S. W. Wong, Doron Lancet, Patrick J. Kirby, Pat Miethke, Angelika Merkel, Pouya Kheradpour, Jean Louis Dacheux, Wesley C. Warren, Patrick Minx, Colin Kremitzki, Emmanuel Buschiazzo, Patricia Wohldmann, Evan E. Eichler, Elaine R. Mardis, LaDeana W. Hillier, Xose S. Puente, Yoko Sekita, Enkhjargal Tsend-Ayush, Carlos López-Otín, Janine E. Deakin, Katherine Thompson, Frédéric Veyrunes, Jennifer A. Marshall Graves, Tsviya Olender, Kym Hallsworth-Pepin, Tina Graves, Julie A. Sharp, Iris M. Vargas Jentzsch, Miriam K. Konkel, Thomas H. Pringle, Katherine Belov, Xiaoqiu Huang, Amber Alsop, Jerilyn A. Walker, Andreas Heger, Ze Cheng, Yuan Chen, Kim D. Delehaunty, Russell C. Jones, Asif T. Chinwalla, Richard Reinhardt, Pieter J. de Jong, Caleb Webber, David A. Ray, Todd Wylie, Camilla M. Whittington, Mark A. Batzer, Craig S. Pohl, Elizabeth P. Murchison, Manolis Kellis, Laura Clarke, Kevin R. Nicholas, John Wallis, Juergen Brosius, Andrew J Pask, Scott M. Smith, James Taylor, Lucinda L. Fulton, Yucheng Feng, Anja Zemann, Webb Miller, Prathapan Thiru, Devin P. Locke, Shiaw Pyng Yang, Hitoshi Niwa, Lin Chen, Frank Grützner, Makedonka Mitreva, Willem Rens, Arian F.A. Smit, Chris Markovic, Matthew Wakefield, Alexander Stark, Michael Kube, Ewan Birney, Rosalind Attenborough, Paul Flicek, Bob Fulton, Anthony T. Papenfuss, Christophe Lefevre, Richard K. Wilson, Juergen Schmitz, Shunfeng Hou, Joanne O. Nelson, Carly Smith, Michael N. Nhan, Chris P. Ponting, Robert S. Harris, Ravi Sachidanandam, Gavin A. Huttley, and Paul D. Waters

Subjects
Multidisciplinary, biology, Evolutionary biology, biology.animal, Genome, Platypus
Abstract

Nature 453, 175–183 (2008) In this Article, Mikhail Nefedov and Pieter J. de Jong were omitted from the author list.

Published
2008

9. Correction: Corrigendum: Sequence and comparative analysis of the chicken genome provide unique perspectives on vertebrate evolution

Author

Lindsay Robertson, Christian von Mering, David Torrents, Paul E. Boardman, Erik Axelsson, Pieter J. deJong, Darren K. Griffin, Ivan Ovcharenko, James K. Bonfield, Tina Graves, Hidetoshi Inoko, Cheryll Tickle, Tracie L. Miner, Kevin J. Beattie, Leo Goodstadt, David W. Burt, John W. Wallis, Richard P. M. A. Crooijmans, Marcia M. Miller, Zissimos Mourelatos, David Speed, Dan Layman, Robert L. Davies, Laura Elnitski, Michael N Romanov, Michael R. Brent, Francesca Chiaromonte, Svitlana Tyekucheva, Jun Wang, Susanne Kerje, Wesley C. Warren, J. J. Emerson, Sergi Castellano, Catrina Fronick, Mary E. Delany, Stuart McLaren, Eduardo Eyras, Kimberly D. Delehaunty, Takashi Shiina, Lucinda Fulton, Michael N. Nhan, Elaine R. Mardis, Mikael Brandström, Patrick Minx, LaDeana W. Hillier, Pavel A. Pevzner, John Douglas Mcpherson, Adam Siepel, David C. King, Lisa Stubbs, Ivica Letunic, Niclas Backström, Hiroshi Arakawa, Maxim Koriabine, Stephen M. J. Searle, Valerie Fillon, Gill Bejerano, Bob Paton, Glenn Tesler, Jessica Severin, Ze Cheng, Leif C. Andersson, Zhirong Bao, David Haussler, Roderic Guigó, Francisco Camara, Sandra W. Clifton, Robert Ivarie, Rick K. Wilson, James C. Kaufman, Mikhail Nefedov, Scott M. Smith, David Shteynberg, Anton Nekrutenko, Mikita Suyama, Jacqueline Smith, Susan Lucas, Arian F.A. Smit, Robert Castelo, Martien A. M. Groenen, Ewan Birney, William Brown, Shiaw-Pyng Yang, Karsten Skjoedt, Lina Jacobbson, Carol Scott, Paul Flicek, Webb Miller, Andrzej M. Kierzek, Yuri Bezzubov, Catherine M. Rondelli, David Morrice, Olivier Pourquié, Stylianos E. Antonarakis, Michael D. R. Croning, Catherine Ucla, Brian J. Raney, Jan Aerts, Jian Wang, Lachlan G. Oddy, Simon J. Hubbard, Peer Bork, Asif T. Chinwalla, Anusha Radakrishnan, Evgeny M. Zdobnov, Artemis G. Hatzigeorgiou, Hans Ellegren, Alain Vignal, Jean-Marie Buerstedde, Matthew T. Webster, Robert S. Harris, Lior Pachter, Henrik Kaessmann, Manyuan Long, Bin Liu, Colin Kremitzki, Pallavi Eswara, Jane Rogers, Evan E. Eichler, Darren Grafham, Jianbin He, D. Waddington, Laurie Gordon, Caleb Webber, W. James Kent, Sam Griffiths-Jones, Gane Ka-Shu Wong, Esther Betrán, Andrew H. Paterson, Sourav Chatterji, Jan J. van der Poel, Nicholas J. Dickens, Terrence S. Furey, Genís Parra, Ian M. Overton, Chris P. Ponting, Randolph B. Caldwell, Sofia Berlin, Isabelle Dupanloup, Rachel A. Harte, Eray Tuzun, Julio S. Masabanda, Matthew D. Francis, Elizabeth J. Huckle, Andy Law, Robert S. Fulton, Kateryna D. Makova, Jan Salomonsen, William E. Nash, Helen G. Tempest, Ross C. Hardison, Sean Humphray, Jerry B. Dodgson, James E. Taylor, Paul F. Cliften, Guillaume Bourque, Monique Rijnkels, Angie S. Hinrichs, Joanne O. Nelson, Josep F. Abril, Colin N. Dewey, Alexandre Reymond, Andrei Kouranov, Craig Pohl, Michael M. Hoffman, Jun Yu, Vincent Magrini, Jacqueline M. Bye, Huanming Yang, Abel Ureta-Vidal, Ruth Taylor, Laura M. Daniels, Shan Yang, Stuart A. Wilson, and Jennifer Randall-Maher

Subjects
Multidisciplinary, biology, Evolutionary biology, biology.animal, Perspective (graphical), Vertebrate, Erratum, Genome, Sequence (medicine)
Published
2005

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