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Hydrophiine sea snakes represent ecologically significant and species-rich marine predatory reptiles, many of which inhabit marine environments throughout their entire lifecycles. However, due to morphological variability and limited molecular phylogenetic studies, the taxonomic relationships within this group remain unclear. In this study, we present the first complete mitochondrial genome of Aipysurus sea snakes, specifically Aipysurus eydouxii Gray 1849. The mitogenome comprises 17,228 base pairs and contains a total of 37 genes, plus a putative control region. This study provides valuable genetic data that will contribute to the future taxonomic classification and ecological protection of hydrophiine sea snakes.

Stichopus ocellatus, known as eye-spotted sea cucumber, is a commercially important Stichopodidae holothuroid in Indo-Pacific region for its valuable nutrition and medicinal ingredients. However, because the taxonomic analyses based on morphological characters and molecular data within Aspidochirotida are limited, the deep-level evolutionary relationships of Aspidochirotida are still poorly understood. Here, for providing better insight of future evolutionary and taxonomic classification of Stichopodidae, we report the first complete mitogenome of S. ocellatus along with 37 annotated and characterized mitochondrial genes, and the phylogenetic analysis based on mitogenome data reveals sister relationship between S. ocellatus and S. monotuberculatus.

Abstract Background APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) transcription factors play essential roles in plant growth, development, metabolism, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, few studies concerning AP2/ERF genes in sugarcane which are the most critical sugar and energy crops worldwide. Results A total of 218 AP2/ERF genes were identified in the Saccharum spontaneum genome. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these genes could be divided into four groups, including 43 AP2s, 160 ERFs and Dehydration-responsive element-binding (DREB) factors, 11 ABI3/VPs (RAV), and four Soloist genes. These genes were unevenly distributed on 32 chromosomes. The structural analysis of SsAP2/ERF genes showed that 91 SsAP2/ERFs lacked introns. Sugarcane and sorghum had a collinear relationship between 168 SsAP2/ERF genes and sorghum AP2/ERF genes that reflected their similarity. Multiple cis-regulatory elements (CREs) present in the SsAP2/ERF promoter were related to abiotic stresses, suggesting that SsAP2/ERF activity could contribute to sugarcane adaptation to environmental changes. The tissue-specific analysis showed spatiotemporal expression of SsAP2/ERF in the stems and leaves of sugarcane at different development stages. In ten sugarcane samples, 39 SsAP2/ERFs were not expressed, whereas 58 SsAP2/ERFs were expressed in all samples. Quantitative PCR experiments showed that SsERF52 expression was up-regulated under salt stress, but suppressed under dehydration stress. SsSoloist4 had the most considerable upregulation in response to treatment with the exogenous hormones ABA and GA. Within 3 h of ABA or PEG6000 treatment, SsSoloist4 expression was up-regulated, indicating that this gene could play a role in the responses to ABA and GA-associated dehydration stress. Analysis of AP2/ERF gene expression patterns under different treatments indicated that SsAP2/ERF genes played an essential role in dehydration and salt stress responses of S. spontaneum. Conclusions In this study, a total of 218 members of the AP2 / ERF superfamily were identified in sugarcane, and their genetic structure, evolution characteristics, and expression patterns were studied and analyzed. The results of this study provide a foundation for future analyses to elucidate the importance of AP2/ERF transcription factors in the function and molecular breeding of sugarcane.

Echinoderms (Echinodermata) are morphologically diverse and ecologically important groups of marine invertebrate, many of which are key components of local benthic ecosystem. However, due to morphological plasticity and limited molecular phylogenetic studies, the taxonomic histories in echinoderms have not been completely resolved. The phylogenetic relationships of Phyllophoridae genera and species remain controversial and many species are incorrectly assigned within genus Phyrella. In this study, we report the first complete mitochondrial genome of Phyrella from Phyrella fragilis. The mitogenome has 15,910 base pairs (64.32% A + T content) and is made up of a total of 37 genes (13 protein-coding, 22 transfer RNAs and 2 ribosomal RNAs), plus a putative control region. This study will provide useful genetic data for future phylogenetic and taxonomic classification of Phyllophoridae.

The white-bottomed sea cucumber, Actinopyga lecanora, is a valuable inshore fisheries resource which is famous for its high nutrition and pharmacological compounds. However, due to morphological plasticity and limited molecular phylogenetic studies, the taxonomic histories in the genus Actinopyga have not been completely resolved yet. Moreover, there remains a complex of cryptic species within Actinopyga, many of which are incorrectly assigned within the family Holothuriidae. In this study, we report the complete mitochondrial genome of A. lecanora. The mitogenome has 15,568 base pairs (63.40% A + T content) and is made up of a total of 37 genes (13 protein-coding, 22 transfer RNAs and 2 ribosomal RNAs), plus a putative control region. This study offers useful mitogenome data for future phylogenetic and taxonomic classification of Holothuriidae.

The automated measurement of crop phenotypic parameters is of great significance to the quantitative study of crop growth. The segmentation and classification of crop point cloud help to realize the automation of crop phenotypic parameter measurement. At present, crop spike-shaped point cloud segmentation has problems such as fewer samples, uneven distribution of point clouds, occlusion of stem and spike, disorderly arrangement of point clouds, and lack of targeted network models. The traditional clustering method can realize the segmentation of the plant organ point cloud with relatively independent spatial location, but the accuracy is not acceptable. This paper first builds a desktop-level point cloud scanning apparatus based on a structured-light projection module to facilitate the point cloud acquisition process. Then, the rice ear point cloud was collected, and the rice ear point cloud data set was made. In addition, data argumentation is used to improve sample utilization efficiency and training accuracy. Finally, a 3D point cloud convolutional neural network model called Panicle-3D was designed to achieve better segmentation accuracy. Specifically, the design of Panicle-3D is aimed at the multiscale characteristics of plant organs, combined with the structure of PointConv and long and short jumps, which accelerates the convergence speed of the network and reduces the loss of features in the process of point cloud downsampling. After comparison experiments, the segmentation accuracy of Panicle-3D reaches 93.4%, which is higher than PointNet. Panicle-3D is suitable for other similar crop point cloud segmentation tasks.

Sea urchins (Echinoidea) are key components of marine benthic communities and many are commercially important fishery resources as luxury and healthy seafood. However, despite their high ecological and economic value, the mitochondrial genomes of all sea urchins have yet to be analyzed. In this study, we report the first complete mitochondrial genome of Stomopneustidae from Stomopneustes variolaris. The mitogenome has 15,767 base pairs (59.77% A + T content) and contains 37 genes (13 protein-coding, 22 transfer RNAs and 2 ribosomal RNAs), plus a putative control region. This study provides useful molecular resources for clarifying evolutionary and phylogenetic histories of sea urchins.

Venus clams (Veneridae) including Antigona lamellaris are commercially important fishery resources by their dominance in local benthic communities. However, despite their great diversity, the phylogenetic and taxonomic relationships in venus clams remain poorly understood. In this study, we report the first complete mitochondrial genome of A. lamellaris. The mitogenome has 17,532 base pairs (67.9% A + T content) and is made up of a total of 37 genes (13 protein-coding, 22 transfer RNAs and 2 ribosomal RNAs), plus a putative control region. This study will provide useful molecular resources for clarifying taxonomic and phylogenetic confusion in venus clams.

The true crabs (Brachyura) including Calappidea are one of the most diverse groups of Decapod crustaceans However, despite their great diversity and commercial importance, phylogenetic and classification relationships within Calappidea are still complicated and controversial. In this study, we report the first complete mitochondrial genome of Matuta victos. The mitogenome has 17,782 base pairs (70.1% A + T content) and is made up of a total of 37 genes (13 protein-coding, 22 transfer RNAs and two ribosomal RNAs), plus a putative control region. This study will provide useful molecular resources for clarifying evolutionary and phylogenetic confusion within Calappidea.

The common frogsnail Bufonaria rana, is an ecologically and economically important Tonnoideans in China due to valuable nutrition and pharmacological compounds. However, the taxonomy and phylogeny of the Bursidae have been debated and synonyms among Bursidae species have been reported recently. In this study, we report the first complete mitochondrial genome of Bursidae from B. rana. The mitogenome has 15,510 base pairs (69.0% A + T content) and made up of total of 37 genes (13 protein-coding, 22 transfer RNAs and 2 ribosomal RNAs), and a putative control region. This study was the first available complete mitogenomes of Bursidae and will provide useful genetic information for future phylogenetic and taxonomic classification of Tonnoideans.

Miters including Mitra chinensis are important fishery resources in China. However, the phylogenetic and taxonomic studies in Mitridae have been limited. In this study, we report the first complete mitochondrial genome of M. chinensis. The mitogenome has 16,238 base pairs (66.9% A + T content) and is made up of a total of 37 genes (13 protein-coding, 22 transfer RNAs, and two ribosomal RNAs), plus a putative control region. This study will provide useful molecular resources for addressing taxonomic and evolutionary issues in Neogastropoda.

Phascolosoma is one of the most important genera of Sipuncula, many species of which including P. scolops are economic important species in the fishery of southeast China. However, the synonym and misidentification of species in Phascolosoma have been reported repeatedly. Here, we report the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of P. scolops. The mitogenome has 15,515 base pairs and made up of total of 38 genes (13 protein-coding, 23 transfer RNAs and 2 ribosomal RNAs), and a putative control region. The complete mitogenomes of P. scolops will contribute to further phylogenetic and taxonomic study in the genus Phascolosoma.

Chicoreus asianus is an ecologically and economically important species of Muricidae, which comprises a highly diverse group of carnivorous marine snails. However, the taxonomic classification and phylogenetic studies have so far been limited. In this study, we report the complete mitochondrial genome of C. asianus. The mitogenome has 15,361 base pairs (65.2% A + T content) and made up of total of 37 genes (13 protein-coding, 22 transfer RNAs and 2 ribosomal RNAs), and a control region. The complete mitogenomes of C. asianus. will provide useful genetic information for future taxonomic and phylogenetic classification of Neogastropoda.

The deep-water redfish, Actinopyga echinites, is an ecologically and economically important holothuroid in China due to its valuable nutrition and pharmacological compounds. However, the taxonomy and phylogeny of the Actinopyga have been debated and misidentifications have been reported recently. Moreover, there remain considerable doubts about cryptic species complex within Actinopyga. In this study, we report the first complete mitochondrial genome of Actinopyga from A. echinites. The mitogenome has 15,619 base pairs (62.9% A + T content) and made up of a total of 37 genes (13 protein-coding, 22 transfer RNAs, and 2 ribosomal RNAs), and a putative control region. This study was the first available complete mitogenome of Actinopyga and will provide useful genetic information for future phylogenetic and taxonomic classification of Holothuriidae.

Siphonosoma cumanense is economic important species in the fishery of southeast China. However, the current classification and the phylogeny of genus Siphonosoma had not been verified yet. Here, we report the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of S. Siphonosoma. The mitogenome has 15,917 base pairs and made up of total of 38 genes (13 protein-coding, 23 transfer RNAs and 2 ribosomal RNAs), and a putative control region. This study was the first available complete mitogenomes of Siphonosoma and will provide useful genetic information for future phylogenetic and taxonomic classification of Sipuncula.

Mammilla mammata is an ecologically and economically important species of Caenogastropoda, which is the largest and most evolutionary successful group of marine gastropods. However, the phylogenetic relationships between the families and superfamilies within Caenogastropoda have been debated. In this study, we report the first complete mitochondrial genome of Mammilla from M. mammata. The mitogenome has 15,300 base pairs (71.4% A + T content) and made up of total of 37 genes (13 protein-coding, 22 transfer RNAs and 2 ribosomal RNAs), and a control region. This study was the first available complete mitogenomes of Mammilla and will provide useful genetic information for future phylogenetic and taxonomic classification of Naticidae.

The green tiger prawn, Penaeus semisulcatus, is one of the economically important penaeid shrimp due to its larger body size compared with other shrimps in Penaeidae family. However, the taxonomic revision studies of Penaeidae have been one of the most controversial issues in recent years. Moreover, there are at least two morphotypes of the green tiger prawn, one with banded antenna, another with non-banded antenna. In this study, we report the complete mitochondrial genome of P. semisulcatus. The mitogenome has 16,002 base pairs (68.6% A + T content) and made up of total of 37 genes (13 protein-coding, 22 transfer RNAs and 2 ribosomal RNAs), and a control region. This study adds one more available complete mitogenomes of Penaeus and will provide useful genetic information for future evolutionary and taxonomic classification of Penaeidae.

The black sea cucumber, Holothuria leucospilota, is an ecologically and economically important holothuroid in China due to broader environmental adaptation and valuable pharmacological compounds. However, the wild stocks of H. leucospilota, have been declining steadily due to overexploitation in recent years. The stock enhancement programme has become an increasingly important priority. In this study, we report the complete mitochondrial genome of H. leucospilota. The mitogenome has 15,839 base pairs (57.6% A + T content) and made up of total of 37 genes (13 protein-coding, 22 transfer RNAs and 2 ribosomal RNAs), and a putative control region. The complete mitogenomes of H. leucospilota will provide useful genetic information for future conservation and management of this valuable and vulnerable species.

The sea cucumber, Stichopus monotuberculatus, is an economically important holothuroid in China due to its larger body size and valuable nutrition. However, the taxonomic revision studies of Stichopodidae have been one of the most controversial issues in recent years. Moreover, there remain considerable doubts about a complex of cryptic species within S. monotuberculatus. In this study, we report the complete mitochondrial genome of S. monotuberculatus. The mitogenome has 16,274 base pairs (60.4% A + T content) and made up of total of 37 genes (13 protein-coding, 22 transfer RNAs and 2 ribosomal RNAs), and a putative control region. This study adds one more available complete mitogenomes of Stichopus and will provide useful genetic information for future evolutionary and taxonomic classification of Stichopodidae.

The rare-spined murex (Murex trapa) is an ecologically and economically important species of Muricidae, which comprises a highly diverse group of predatory marine snails. However, the taxonomic classification and phylogenetic studies have so far been limited. In this study, we report the first complete mitochondrial genome of Murex from M. trapa. The mitogenome has 15,408 bp (66.3% A + T content) and made up of total of 37 genes (13 protein-coding, 22 transfer RNAs, and 2 ribosomal RNAs), and a control region. This study provided the first complete mitogenome of Murex and will provide useful genetic information for future phylogenetic and taxonomic classification of Muricidae.

Hemifusus tuba is an ecologically and economically important species of Buccinoidea, which comprises an ecologically diverse group of carnivorous marine gastropods. However, the taxonomic classification and phylogenetic studies have so far been limited. In this study, we report the first complete mitochondrial genome of Melongenidae from H. tuba. The mitogenome has 15,483 bp (68.2% A + T content) and made up of total of 37 genes (13 protein-coding, 22 transfer RNAs, and 2 ribosomal RNAs), and a control region. This study was the first to provide complete mitogenome of Melongenidae and will provide useful genetic information for future phylogenetic and taxonomic classification of Buccinoidea.

Melo melo is an ecologically and economically important species of Neogastropoda, which is an ecologically diverse group of carnivorous marine gastropods. However, the taxonomic classification and phylogenetic studies have so far been limited. In this study, we report the second complete mitochondrial genome of Volutidae from M. melo. The mitogenome has 15,721 base pairs (68.3% A + T content) and made up of total of 37 genes (13 protein-coding, 22 transfer RNAs and 2 ribosomal RNAs), and a control region. This study was the second available complete mitogenomes of Volutidae and will provide useful genetic information for future phylogenetic and taxonomic classification of Neogastropoda.