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Steven Truong,1,* Nam Quang Tran,2,3,* Phat Tung Ma,2,3 Chi Khanh Hoang,3 Bao Hoang Le,3 Thang Dinh,3 Luong Tran,3 Thang Viet Tran,2,3 Linh Hoang Gia Le,4 Hoang Anh Vu,4 Thao Phuong Mai,5 Minh Duc Do4 1Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; 2Department of Endocrinology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; 3Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; 4Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; 5Department of Physiology-Pathophysiology-Immunology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Minh Duc DoCenter for Molecular Biomedicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, 217 Hong Bang, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam, Tel +84 932999989, Email ducminh@ump.edu.vnPurpose: Genetic factors play an important role in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, few genetic association studies related to these disorders have been performed with Vietnamese subjects. In this study, the potential associations of ADIPOQ single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with T2DM and MetS in a Kinh Vietnamese population were investigated.Patients and Methods: A study with 768 subjects was conducted to examine the associations of four ADIPOQ SNPs (rs266729, rs1501299, rs3774261, and rs822393) primarily with T2DM and secondarily with MetS. The TaqMan SNP genotyping assay was used to determine genotypes from subjects’ DNA samples.Results: After statistical adjustment for age, sex, and body mass index, the ADIPOQ SNP rs266729 was found to be associated with increased risk of T2DM under multiple inheritance models: codominant (OR = 2.30, 95% CI = 1.16– 4.58), recessive (OR = 2.17, 95% CI = 1.11– 4.26), and log-additive (OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.02– 1.70). However, rs1501299, rs3774261, and rs822393 were not associated with risk for T2DM. Additionally, rs266729, rs3774261, and rs822393 were statistically associated with MetS, while rs1501299 was not. Haplotype analysis showed a strong linkage disequilibrium between the SNP pairs rs266729/rs822393 and rs1501299/rs3774261, and the haplotype rs266729(G)/rs822393(T) was not statistically associated with MetS.Conclusion: The results show that rs266729 is a lead candidate SNP associated with increased risk of developing T2DM and MetS in a Kinh Vietnamese population, while rs3774261 is associated with MetS only. Further functional characterization is needed to uncover the mechanism underlying the potential genotype–phenotype associations.Keywords: genetic association, Kinh Vietnamese, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus