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In the face of the radical revolution of energy systems, there is a gradually held consensus regarding the adoption of distributed renewable energy resources, represented by Photovoltaic (PV) and wind generation. Consequently, the distributed Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) have become increasingly important in the distribution networks, as they provide the arbitrage and ancillary services. Determining the optimal installation site and the capacity of the distributed ESSs will defer the network reinforcements, reduce the investment of ESSs, and improve the reliability, flexibility, and efficiency of distribution grids. In order to investigate the optimal ESS configuration and to solve voltage fluctuations brought by the increased penetration of PV, in this study a two-stage heuristic planning strategy has been proposed, which considers both the economic operation and the lifetime of the distributed ESSs, to determine the optimal sitting and sizing of the ESSs, in the distribution grids. The first stage decides the optimal installation site and the economic scheduling of the ESSs, aiming to minimize the fabricating cost of the distributed ESSs and the network losses. Based on the output of the first stage, the second stage planning is further delivered to achieve the optimal ESS capacity, considering the Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) minimization. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method is verified on a typical distribution case study network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy storage system (ESS) has been advocated as one of the key elements for the future energy system by the fast power regulation and energy transfer capabilities. In particular, for distribution networks with high penetration of renewables, ESS plays an important role in bridging the gap between the supply and demand, maximizing the benefits of renewables and providing various types of ancillary services to cope the intermittences and fluctuations, consequently improving the resilience, reliability and flexibility. To solve the voltage fluctuations caused by the high permeability of renewables in distribution networks, an optimal capacity allocation strategy of ESS is proposed in this paper. Taking the life cycle cost, arbitrage income and the benefit of reducing network losses into consideration, a bilevel optimization model of ESS capacity allocation is established, the coordination between active/reactive power of associate power conversion system is considered, and the large scale nonlinear programming problem is solved using genetic algorithm, simulated annealing and mixed integer second-order cone programming method. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm have been verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]