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Background: Closure of traumatic macular hole (TMH) can be achieved spontaneously or by surgical intervention. Thus far, there exist no prospective comparative studies that have analyzed the difference between the two modalities. This study aimed to compare the anatomical and visual recovery of eyes with TMH following either an immediate vitrectomy or six-month observation. Methods: This was a multicenter prospective comparative study. Eight centers participated in the study. Patient data from 40 eyes with a recent history of blunt ocular trauma and newly formed full-thickness TMH were recruited in this study. The participating patients selected between an early vitrectomy or a six-month observation after a doctor explained the potential benefits and risks of both strategies in an unbiased manner. Twenty-five patients underwent an immediate vitrectomy, and 15 patients received six-month observation. Patients were assessed by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). Results: Closure rates were 66.7% for the observational group, and 100% for the surgical group (P=0.002). There were no vision-threatening ocular complications in both groups. For the observational group, the mean closure time was 2.5±1.6 months, and 80% of the hole closure occurred within 3 months; cystic edema on the edge of the hole at baseline was significantly more frequent in the non-closed subgroup than in the closed subgroup (P=0.03). There were no significant differences in the foveal microstructure and in the final visual outcome between the spontaneously closed cases and the surgically closed cases. Conclusions: TMH had a moderately high incidence of spontaneous closure, but an immediate vitrectomy achieved an even higher closure rate. Vitrectomy was effective and safe to treat TMH, while a 3-month observation for spontaneous closure may be an alternative modality for TMH management. Cystic edema on the edge of the hole may be an unfavorable factor for the spontaneous closure of TMH.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the cost-effectiveness of etanercept plus methotrexate (ETN+MTX) compared to triple disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in treating Chinese rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Methods: The 134 Chinese RA patients who were about to initiate ETN+MTX or triple DMARDs therapy based on treat-to-target strategy were consecutively recruited and categorized into ETN+MTX group (N = 49) or triple DMARDs group (N = 85). Treatment efficacy was assessed at month 3 (M3)/M6/M9/M12 after initiation of treatment. Also, 1-year treatment cost was evaluated, and cost-effectiveness analysis and sensitivity analysis were conducted. Results: RA patients in ETN+MTX group exhibited similar disease activity and quality of life at each time point while elevated 28-joint disease activity score based on erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR) change (M0-M12) and low disease activity rate compared with triple DMARDs group. For 1-year treatment cost, ETN+MTX required increased drug cost, decreased other medical cost, and finally elevated total cost compared with triple DMARDs. Meanwhile, compared to triple DMARDs, ETN+MTX produced an additional quality-adjusted life year (QALY) of 0.015, resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of ¥2,939,506.7 per QALY that was 53.1 folds of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in China. More interestingly, sensitivity analysis revealed that the ETN price had to be reduced at least by 71.3% before ETN+MTX became cost-effectiveness compared to triple DMARDs. Conclusion: ETN+MTX is less cost-effective in treating Chinese RA patients compared with triple DMARDs.

According to manufacturing characteristics of mixed private cloud enterprise, production operation management requirements of mixed private cloud enterprise are analysed. Function of production operation management in mixed private cloud enterprise is summarized. Specific content of production operation management is inducted based on mixed cloud enterprise. The process of production operation management are designed in detail. Object model diagram of production operation management are elaborated. It is analysed that the content of the reform of production order and the specific process are obtained. It is researched that production order form to be queried and finally end process has been preliminaryly discussed.It has laid a basis for optimal and reasonable application of production operation management.

Whether industrial or civilian, advanced intelligent robots are the focus of Artificial Intelligence (AI), especially which have humanoid emotion and could show anthropomorphic facial expressions, so our research focuses on how to design a humanoid robot head to show emotion to human beings. In this paper, we successively discuss three issues. Issue 1: what are the approaches and theories to make robot have humanoid emotion Issue 2: how robot to show anthropomorphic facial expressions Issue 3: what is the mechanical structure of the robot head To issue 1, through analysis and comparison we choose Artificial Psychology as the means and guidance; To issue 2, we study Facial Coding System (FACS) and make innovative use, further optimize the combination of control points to construct facial expression; To issue 3, we divide the head into four parts, and each part could be driven by servos. Finally, we make a robot head according to the previous concept and design. Through experiments and correction, we achieve the expected goals of advanced intelligent robots.

The adsorption of cefradine was carried out using biological adsorbents of powder and carbon prepared from orange peels, an agriculture by-product. The equilibrium was easily reached in less than 10 minutes, with adsorption rates of more than 98%. Cefradine showed a firm combination to the adsorbent, which could hardly be damaged or affected by pH values. After equilibrium was reached within 1 h, no desorption behavior was observed in the next 30 minutes. The adsorption process could be well fitted thermodynamically to both Freundlich and Langmuir equations. Similar results could also be obtained using ashes of orange peel, as well as carbon prepared from pistachio and peanut hull, indicating an attractive option to treat industrial wastewater.

As super-span cross-rail of NC heavy-duty planer type milling machine tool has a super span and heavy mass,it will deform seriously after installed. Machining an arch camber on X direction sideway in advance is used to compensate for influence caused by its deformation.Finite-element method is used to analysis deformation of super-span cross-rail when working.Multinomial is used to fit deformation curve based on deformation of the X direction sideway of cross-rail when bottom-slide and ram at each position.At the same time this paper takes into consideration of the impact on camber curve as the bottom-slides span brings about 2 deformation curves.A method based on 2 deformation curves is put forward to design and optimize the camber curve. By comparing various camber curves effect on the deformation of milling head,this article proves that the optimization method can effectively reduce the influence of cross-rails deformation on machine tools accuracy.

To realize cloud manufacturing (CMfg) production in group enterprises, manufacturing resources and modeling technologies of cloud pool were studied. According to the characteristics of group enterprises, manufacturing resources were analyzed and classified into human, equipment, materials, cooperation resources and so on. Then, the realization method which manufacturing resources mapped into virtual resources was researched, and a layer platform for cloud manufacturing was proposed. Taking CNC machine tool as an example, the ontology model was built with Semantic Web and OWL based on ontology theory. Finally, using semantic similarity computation method and case-based reasoning, the virtual resources were intelligent searched and matched so that manufacturing resources can realize unification, sharing and reuse.

Several issues impact environment sustainability, its evaluation index usually contains so high number of indicators and parameters that it is constrained in data-scarce regions where lack of consistent time series data especially. So, the assessment would just be carried on present situation, rarely on process. A water environment sustainability index for downstream marsh representing process was developed and proposed in this paper. Applied to Zhalong Wetland, the WESI scores the highest (3.47) at 1988 to the lowest (1.92) at 2005 that could be divided into 3 periods: 1980’s (good level), 1990’s (bad level) and 2000’s (rising up slowly under human manipulation). To maintain it at a good level, it is necessary to drain water from Nenjiang River year by year.

The purpose of this study is to establish a kind of geological disaster monitoring system,The system proposed in this paper has a good scalability and unified data interface in which change monitoring parameters can be changed according to the different types of disasters conveniently.The system can be widely used in monitoring of debris flow, landslide, collapse, mine tailings and other disaster.The electricity of the system is supplied by solar energy ,and it uses the wireless network through the GPRS remote communication. It can realize the remote automation monitoring of disaster and the system has been widely used in the landslide demonstrational site.

Based on the engineering geological, hydrogeological conditions and survey results of Zhelamuqing tailings dam, two types seepage problems in the tailings dam which are saturated seepage and saturated - unsaturated seepage were described and solved by Darcy law and Richards Equation respectively. Then the three-dimensional seepage field of tailings dam under steady saturated state was simulated by finite element method (FEM). And the seepage line of saturated - unsaturated seepage field in the tailings dam was simulated and predicted by numerical analysis method when the embankment is enduring the flood. Subsequently, the simulated seepage line of saturated - unsaturated seepage field in the tailings dam was verified by the survey result. Results show that it is feasible to describe the saturated seepage and saturated - unsaturated seepage by means of Darcy law and Richards Equation respectively and it is effective to simulate the three-dimensional seepage field of tailings dam under steady saturated state by using the finite element software Midas GTS. Results also show that the simulated seepage line of saturated - unsaturated seepage field in the tailings dam agree with the survey result.

To solve the beacon collision problem in IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee cluster-tree Wireless Sensor Networks, we proposed a Sequential Beacon Scheduling (SBS) mechanism. In this mechanism, the Cluster Headers (CHs) choose the beacon transmission time in a certain order. The CH which finishes the sequence chosen sends out control frame to inform other CHs in its interference range. The simulation results indicate that SBS general has better delivery ratio, latency, and throughput than three other beacon scheduling mechanisms.

For the complex features in the form of a flat L-shaped reinforced concrete frame structure, the three dimensional FEM model of the structure was established in this paper, and the dynamic characteristics of the structure was analyzed, the participation equivalent mass of every mode’s order was obtained. Seismic response analysis for the structure was carried out with modal decomposition spectrum method and time history analysis method, the weak layer of the structure was pointed out and the reference for the structural design was provided.

The different sequences of the coupled tasks set lead to different development cycles, so optimizing sequences is a key for reconstructing complex product development process. As there are overall iterations stemming from activities’ coupling in complex product design process, this paper first proves two propositions of ordering coupled tasks by stochastic process theory: 1) more shorter the development cycle of a coupled activities subset is , more shorter the development cycle of the entire coupled activities set is. 2) If the execution sequence of the coupled activities set is changed, the development cycle of the coupled tasks set will also change. When execution order of two activities is converted into partial order of two elements, this paper presents a sequence optimization algorithm based on qualitative and quantitative partial order (SOQQ) from these two propositions. Simulation has been used to confirm SOQQ algorithm’ validity and high efficiency.

To improve product family design methods for mass customization currently, scale-based modular method for product family design is proposed. On the basis of it, a web-based customization product design system is built. Three processes are included in the system: modeling product family, customizing individual product and estimating cost. Key technologies used in the system are studied on focus that include modular design, scale factors design, tabular layouts of article characteristics (LAC), Case-Based Reasoning (CBR), parametric CAD (SolidWorks) and so on. Finally, taking MK2110 internal grinder as an example, the web-based customization design system is set up.

Inhibition and restoration of different concentrations of phenol on the bioactivity of anaerobic granular sludge were investigated with laboratory-scale equipment. It indicated that phenol concentration lower than 50 mg/l show no inhibitory effect on bioactivities of granular sludge. However, methane productivity, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) content, and coenzyme F(420) activity were decreased by varying degrees when phenol concentration adopted for inhibition ranged between 50 and 400 mg/l. Noticeably, methane productivity could be fully or partly restored in case the phenol was removed after 24 h of phenol inhibition.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 has been detected in ocular tissues; however, the mechanism of entry has not been established. It has been hypothesized that the blood-retinal barrier (BRB), a critical guardian against microbial invasion of the eye, may be compromised in the presence of HIV-1 in the eye. In vivo and in vitro model systems have shown that the breach of tight junctions induced by HIV-1-associated factors contributes to the breakdown of the BRB. The present study reviews the mechanism of tight junction disruption, focusing on signaling pathways, the expression of enzymes, including metalloproteinases, and cytokines that affect inflammation. The studied pathways may be potential targets for the prevention of ocular HIV complications.

Most RNA positive controls currently used for monitoring the quality of RT-PCR assays have some disadvantages, such as instability, inability to monitor the quality of the relevant primers and/or causing indifferentiable false positives. To avoid these disadvantages, a simple method to prepare stable and differentiable RNA positive controls is now demonstrated with a real-time RT-PCR assay for the detection of Nipah virus (NiV). A DNA sequence which was shorter than its counterpart in the NiV genome and contained the binding sites of the primers of the RT-PCR assay was designed, synthesized and inserted into a vector, and then amplified by PCR with two vector-specific primers both of which contained a T7 promoter at the 5′ terminal. The RNA positive control was the dsRNA in vitro transcribed from the PCR amplicons flanked by two T7 promoters. The RNA positive control was stable and able to monitor the quality of the whole concerned RT-PCR assay. False positives caused by contaminations of the RNA positive control or its amplicons could be easily identified because the amplicons of the RNA positive control were obviously shorter than those of real positive samples. Thus, the RNA positive control reported in this study avoided some common disadvantages of current RNA positive controls.

N1 subtype influenza viruses have caused many epidemics and even a few pandemics in humans, pigs and fowls including 1918 human H1N1 pandemic, which killed 20–50 million people and the current avian H5N1 pandemic in the Eastern Hemisphere, which has caused great economic losses and posed a severe threat to human public health. To elucidate the whole diversity of N1 influenza viruses from a dynamic view, 202 neuraminidase (NA) sequences of N1 subtype influenza isolates were selected and analyzed in this study. Our results showed that N1 influenza isolates could be divided into three distinct lineages (Human, Classic Swine and Avian), which largely circulated in the humans, pigs and fowls respectively, though viruses in the Avian lineage could infect mammals and even there was a sublineage in the Avian lineage wholly isolated from pigs. The Avian lineage and the Human lineage, which have existed at least for decades, possibly began divergence around in 1890 through regression analysis. Both of the Human and Avian lineages could be further divided into some sublineages, and the correlation between these lineages (or sublineages) and their isolation places, isolation time, hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes, host species, virulence, or epidemics were discussed. The panorama of the diversity of N1 influenza viruses presented in this study provided a framework for the studies on the evolution and epidemiology of N1 influenza viruses.

To elucidate the global diversity of H5 influenza viruses from a dynamic view, haemagglutinin (HA) sequences of 170 isolates were selected and analyzed in this study. Our results showed that H5 influenza isolates could be divided into two distinct lineages that circulated in the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere, respectively. This may be due to the separate migration routes and habitats of birds in the two hemispheres. The two distinct lineages, having existed at least for decades, possibly began divergence in 1850s. Each of the two distinct HA lineages could be further divided into some sublineages, but there was little correlation between the minor lineages and their isolation places, isolation time, neuraminidase subtypes, host species or virulence. The panorama of the diversity of H5 influenza viruses presented here integrated all known H5 epidemics including the current severe H5N1 avian epidemics in the Eastern Hemisphere and suggested that H5 virulent viruses could originate from multiple sublineages and associate with multiple NA subtypes. Our study provided a framework for the studies on the evolution and epidemiology of H5 influenza viruses.

The anaerobic digestion of cattail by rumen cultures in the presence of Cu(II), Cd(II) or Cr(VI) was investigated in this study. Three cases were respectively observed for the different metal dosages: promoted cattail degradation and methane production at a low heavy metal concentration, e.g., Cu(II) 2.4 mg/l, Cd(II) 1.6 mg/l, Cr(VI) 4.0 mg/l; reduced cattail degradation efficiency and methane production at a middle metal level; a severe inhibition to the cattail degradation at a high heavy metal dosage. The inhibition kinetics of Cu(II) on the digestion of cattail by rumen cultures was also analyzed and a simplified Andrews equation was used to describe such an inhibition. The inhibition constants for Cu(II) on the degradation of cattail, production of volatile fatty acids and formation of methane were estimated as 7.4, 9.5 and 6.4 mg/l, respectively. Comparative experimental results suggest that the order of toxicity degree of the tested metals on the rumen cultures was: Cd(II) > Cu(II) > Cr(VI).

To study whether intravitreal injection of plasmin + hyaluronidase safely induces posterior vitreous detachment (PVD).Rabbits were randomized into three groups: (A) 20 rabbits, intravitreal injection of plasmin 1 U + hyaluronidase 20 U in balanced salt solution (BSS) 0.1 mL into one eye; (B) 12 rabbits, plasmin alone; (C) 12 rabbits, hyaluronidase alone. The fellow eye of each rabbit was injected BSS 0.1 mL. In Group A, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was done in four rabbits at 0.5 hour and in four rabbits at 1 hour. After 7 days, all the remaining 36 rabbits received electroretinography, SEM was examined in eight of each group, and immunohistochemistry was done in four of each group.SEM disclosed the eyes of Group A had complete PVD (8/8), Group B partial PVD (7/8), and Group C (8/8) and all the control eyes (24/24) no PVD after 7 days. Partial PVD was found in 4/4 at 0.5 hour and complete PVD was seen in 3/4 at 1 hour in Group A. Immunohistochemistry showed that the amounts of laminin and fibronectin in the vitreoretinal interface were decreased in Group A and B versus the control eyes (P0.001), but not in Group C versus the control eyes (P0.05). Electroretinography showed no changes in any group (P0.05).Vitreous injection of plasmin + hyaluronidase induced complete PVD with no obvious toxicity. Plasmin induced partial PVD, but hyaluronidase had no effects.

To investigate the source of the blood supply in carvenous hemangioma of liver (CHL), and provide a feasible treatment for CHL via thehepatic artery.(1) Portovenography, hepatic arteriography and portal vein staining were performed in 5 patients to determine the origin of the blood supply. Two casts of hepatic blood vessels from resected specimens were observed. (2) Clinical data from 75 patients (30 males, 45 females, aged 25-57 years, mean of 37.4) were obtained. Of these, 56 were of solitary type (44 on the right lobe, 12 on the left, with 4 having intraparenchyma), and 19 were of multiple type (9 on the right, 2 the left, 8 whole liver). Twenty-two patients were treated with sclerosis, 50 by embolization via hepatic artery, and 3 were excised.In the 5 cases where portography was used, the contrast medium did not enter the tumor, and the tumor appeared as low density area, with the intrahepatic branches of the portal vein pushed aside. In the 5 cases with where portal vein staining was used, the normal liver parenchyma stained a deep blue; however, the tumor was not stained. The tumor area appeared as a round vacant cavity in the 2 specimen casts. For the 72 patients treated with sclerosis or embolization via hepatic artery or through interventional method, the tumors diminished by 10%-30% in diameter, and no tumors grew larger.The blood supply of CHL originates from the hepatic artery. Tumors treated with sclerosis and embolization decreased in size or got fibrotic.