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Cis-Z-alpha-bisabolene epoxide (bisabolene) compound is extracted fromCassia fistulaplant bark, which is a medicinal tree that contains many useful drug substances, the compound can act as a drug predictably similar to vitamin E, with the same function as an antioxidant which can act on pregnane X receptor on the body cells. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was used to identify the constituents of the n-hexane extract. Drug Bank was used to find similar compounds. The ID of the pregnane x receptor (PXR) was retrieved from the PDB database. Then the bisabolene ligand was used for docking with the receptor using Swiss Dock. Finally, the Swiss ADME was used to study and predict the pharmacological parameters. It was found that bisabolene can act as an antioxidant and alternative to vitamin E in the pregnane x receptor and with good pharmacological predicted results. When bisabolene is used as an effective ligand with pregnane X receptor alternative to vitamin E, care must be taken because the compound can penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) with a specific amount.

The long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) are effective against prevention of malaria and its utilization has been proven to save lives. Despite the mass distribution of LLIN, Nigeria remains the country with the highest malaria burden in Africa. . The current study aimed to assess the effect of Health Education through Community leaders on increased knowledge of Households Regarding malaria control, treatment and prevention in intervention and control villages of New Halfa Locality-Kassala State (2017-2020). Randomized community trials (Controlled intervention study) in New Halfa locality among two communities were randomly assigned to intervention group which receive health education messages regarding the use of LLINs and control group where there is no health education. Standard Questionnaire was use to collect data from the head of household at each village. The information collected should include the owner and using LLINs, distributed to household. The observation the conditions of LLINs. This Questionnaire was done with committee for integrated vector management - Federal Ministry of Health and WHO. The major source of information was TV in control (23.2%) and intervention villages (22.8%) with no significant difference, p> 0.05. There was no significant difference between intervention and control regarding sleeping under net last night (p=.87). The proportion of households slept under nets was not significantly slightly increased in intervention villages (51.9%) compared to control villages (48.1%). The most reasons for not sleeping under nets in control and intervention villages was significantly were no mosquito, no need, hot weather, bad feeling, owner absence and other reasons not mentioned. The frequency distribution of number of bed nets per household. The number of bed nets per household in control villages was found to be 3.7(1.9%) during survey I , 3.1 (1.5%) during survey П and 3.2 (1.6%) during the survey Ш with mean of 3.2 (1.6%). However, the number of bed nets in intervention villages during surveyI , survey П, survey were found 3.7 (1.9%), 3.2 (1.4%) and 2.9 (1.4%) respectively with mean of 3.3 (1.7%). The number of households in control group during survey I was 2541 (44.8%), survey П 1838 (32.4%) and during survey Ш 1300 (22.9%). While the number of households in intervention villages during survey I 2526 (41.8%), survey П 1997 (33.1%) and during survey Ш was 1514 (25.1%). The ownership of bed nets was 100% in control village during surveyI, survey П and survey Ш, but the ownership was slightly decreased in intervention villages during survey I (99.4%) and during survey Ш (99.6%). Regarding use of nets, the use of bed nets during survey I in control villages was found high 70.8% compared to intervention villages (64.1%) while remarkable increased in bed nets use during survey П (82%) and survey Ш ( 55.8%) in intervention villages compared to control villages (74.8%), (47%) respectively. This may be due to health education packages. It can be concluded that the overall knowledge was fair in the present study. This could be attributed to the media campaign sessions during net distribution and to the role of community leaders in these campaigns. Also in other words this study has demonstrated the effectiveness of health education as vital tool for improving the knowledge of malaria and utilization of LLINs.

Malaria vector control in Sudan has a long history. The primary vector control interventions are IRS in targeted areas with irrigation schemes, use of LLINs, LSM, and space spraying during an emergency. The present study aimed to assess the effect of Health Education through Community leaders on increased knowledge of Households Regarding malaria control, treatment and prevention in intervention and control villages of New Halfa Locality-Kassala State (2017-2020). Randomized community trials (Controlled intervention study) in New Halfa locality among two communities were randomly assigned to the intervention group which receive health education messages regarding the use of LLINs and control group where there is no health education. A standard Questionnaire was used to collect data from the head of household at each village. The information collected should include the owner and using LLINs, distributed to household. The observation the conditions of LLINs. This Questionnaire was done with committee for integrated vector management - Federal Ministry of Health and WHO. There were association between education level and overall mean knowledge of respondents about mosquito breeding sites, malaria control, uncomplicated malaria symptoms, severe malaria symptoms, and uncomplicated malaria treatment, severe malaria treatment, and fever treatment, p < 0.05. However, the overall mean knowledge was significantly more significant among those who have University education were compared to other level of education, p< 0.05. An increase knowledge scores was observed when pre- and post-test scores on malaria prevention and control were compared. Health education packages.i.e., mass media messages during Bed nets campaigns and the role of community leaders on malaria, was found to have improved knowledge of malaria prevention and control among the studied community.

Background: In Sudan, the prevalence of diabetes in adults was estimated at 19.1% in 2015. This study assessed dietary knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in Sudan. Methods: We randomly selected 238 T2DM patients from a list of 2460 patients from the Jabber Abulizz Hospital. We interviewed them face-to-face using a structured questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the determinants of KAP regarding the recommended diets for T2DM patients. Results: Majority of the patients demonstrated good knowledge (54.6%), positive attitude (79%); and good practice (58%). The result revealed that patients with formal education had 3.0 (95% CI: 1.6-5.7) times higher odds of having good diabetic dietary knowledge than those with informal education. While patients who had good knowledge and a positive attitude were respectively 4.7 (95% CI: 2.4-8.9) and 3.2 (95% CI: 1.5-6.7) times more likely to follow dietary recommendations than the patients with poor knowledge and negative attitudes. Conclusion: Irrespective of the socio-demographic position, the good knowledge and the positive attitude towards the rec- ommended diet, all the T2DM patients complied with the dietary recommendations. These findings highlight the need for improving knowledge and promoting positive attitudes towards the recommended diet among T2DM patients. Keywords: Dietary knowledge; type 2 diabetes mellitus; Sudan.

BackgroundBardet–Biedl syndrome is a rare multisystem autosomal recessive disorder that falls under the spectrum of ciliopathy disorders. It is characterized by rod–cone dystrophy, renal malformations, polydactyly, learning difficulties, central obesity, and hypogonadism. Many minor features that are related with Bardet–Biedl syndrome might aid in diagnosis and are crucial in clinical management. Bardet–Biedl syndrome is diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs and symptoms, which can be confirmed by genetic testing. Here we present four cases of Bardet–Biedl syndrome. To our knowledge, these are the first cases of Bardet–Biedl syndrome reported from Sudan.Case presentationHere, we report four Sudanese patients who presented with a variety of clinical manifestations of Bardet–Biedl syndrome (two males, 50 and 16 years old; two females, 38 and 18 years old). The first two patients presented with features of chronic kidney disease. The third patient had recently been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes and diabetic ketoacidosis. The fourth patient showed signs of retinal dystrophy early on. Case 1: a 38-year-old female presented with vomiting and irritability; the patient was diagnosed with Bardet–Biedl syndrome as she fulfilled six items of the primary features (obesity, retinitis pigmentosa, post-axial polydactyly, renal abnormalities, learning disabilities, and genitourinary malformations), as well as one secondary feature (cardiovascular involvement, that is, left ventricular hypertrophy). Case 2: a 50-year-old male presented with fatigability; the patient was diagnosed with Bardet–Biedl syndrome as he fulfilled four items of the primary features (obesity, retinitis pigmentosa, post-axial polydactyly, and renal abnormalities) in addition to two secondary features (diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular involvement, that is, left ventricular hypertrophy). Case 3: an 18-year-old female presented with polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, and epigastric pain for 2 days; the patient was diagnosed with Bardet–Biedl syndrome because he had four major features (retinal dystrophy, post-axial polydactyly, obesity, and learning disabilities) in addition to three secondary features (developmental delay, diabetes mellitus, and strabismus). Case 4: a 16-year-old male presented with a blurring of vision; the patient was diagnosed with Bardet–Biedl syndrome as he exhibited four major features (retinal dystrophy, post-axial polydactyly, obesity, and learning disabilities) plus two secondary features (developmental delay and cataract).ConclusionThe scarcity of Bardet–Biedl syndrome necessitates a high index of suspicion to diagnose this syndrome. Increased awareness among physicians is required for the early diagnosis and treatment of Bardet–Biedl syndrome and to avoid complications and mortality.

This study was aimed the covalently immobilization of Aspergillus niger amyloglucosidase (ANAG) onto activated carbon (AC) obtained from sesame seed shell. AC was firstly functionalized with ethylenediamine, and after then activated with glutaraldehyde. 99.80% immobilization yield and 99.83% activity yield were obtained as the result of optimization of immobilization conditions (pH and molarity of immobilization buffer, AC amount, and reaction time). The optimum pH (5.5) and the optimum temperature range (55–60 C) for ANAG were not affected by immobilization. After immobilization, Vmax value decreased from 1464.1 lmol D-glucose/L.min to 1342.3 lmol D-glucose/L.min, while Km value decreased from 116.3 g maltodextrin/L to 109.9 g maltodextrin/L. The immobilized enzyme retained 99.30% and 98.30% of its initial activity, respectively after twenty repeated uses and after twenty days of storage in 5 mL sodium phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 5.5) at +4 C in a refrigerator. Finally, glucose syrup was produced from maltodextrin solution having 1% (w/v) concentration by using the immobilized ANAG. Maltodextrin was completely converted to glucose after four hours. Consequently, it can be said that the immobilized ANAG obtained in this study can be used in the industrial production of glucose syrup., Siirt Üniversitesi BAP Koordinatörlüğü. Proje Kodu: 2017-SIÜFEB-28

Effects of milk feeding strategy and acidification on calf growth, metabolic traits, oxidative stress, and health were evaluated in the first 78 days of life. Holstein calves (N = 48; 12 calves/treatment) were assigned to 1 of the 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of milk feeding strategy [6 L/d (MOD) or 12 L/d (HIGH) of milk] and acidification [non-acidified milk (NAM) or acidified milk (ACM)] on day 2. Calves were bucket-fed milk as follows: 6 L/d from days 2 to 49 for MOD and 6 L/d from days 2 to 49, 12 L/d from days 7 to 42, and 8 L/d from days 43 to 49 for HIGH calves. All calves were then fed 4 L/d from days 50 to 56. Starter and water were available ad libitum, while hay was fed at 5% of starter from day 64. Calves were weighed, measured, and blood (except days 14, 42 and 56) sampled on days 2, 14, 28, 42, 49, 56, 63 and 78. Data were analyzed using Mixed PROC of SAS with time as repeated measurements. Fecal scores, checked daily, were examined by the logistic regression using a binomial distribution in GLIMMIX procedure. There were no three-way interactions observed for all the parameters. We detected a milk feeding strategy × time interaction for starter intake, body weight, ADG, ADG/ME, FE, structural measurements, and glucose. Although, overall (558.0 vs. 638.6 g/d), HIGH calves tended to consume less starter compared to MOD, significant differences were only observed in week 8. The HIGH calves had greater ADG during days 2–14 (1.12 vs. 0.75 kg/d) and tended to have greater ADG on days 15–28 (0.79 vs. 0.55) and 29–42 (0.86 vs. 0.60) and lower on days 57–63 (0.11 vs. 0.38) compared to MOD calves. The HIGH calves had greater BW from days 28 to 78 compared to MOD, while NAM were bigger compared to ACM calves from days 49 to 78. The HIGH calves had lower overall feed and metabolizable energy efficiencies compared to MOD. Except for BW and heart girth, no milk acidification × time interaction was observed for starter intake, ADG, FE, or ADG/ME. Blood glucose in calves fed NAM-HIGH and ACM-HIGH were greater compared to those fed moderate milk volumes on day 28 only. Albeit, feeding strategy had no effect, calves fed ACM had lower likelihood of experiencing diarrhea (odds ratio = 1.32; 95% confidence interval: 1.018–1.698) compared to those fed NAM. Overall milk feeding strategy had no effect on growth, while milk acidification reduced growth in calves, despite lowering the likelihood of experiencing diarrhea.

Plasmodium falciparum considered as the most serious form of species causes malaria compared with other species. Diagnosis of falciparum malaria in Sudan remain a major problem, the laboratory diagnosis depends solely on microscopy and RDTs. Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay is a molecular technique done in isothermal temperature using simple, inexpensive instruments for detection of falciparum malaria. The aim of the study is to evaluate the diagnostic performance of loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for detection of P. falciparum and compare with microscopic detection. A cross sectional hospital based study conducted on 220 blood samples collected from participants suspected to have falciparum malaria attending Wad Medani Teaching Hospitals and 26 healthy participants during the period November 2018 to January 2019. Thick blood films were done and used for P. falciparum detection. The extracted DNA by TE buffer was amplified by LAMP assay targeting 18S rRNA gene. Data were analyzed using Medical calculator (MedCalc) programs (V. 16). The results showed that the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive values were 99.1%, 84.6%, 53.2%, 99.8% respectively. Validation of LAMP diagnostic performance revealed that area under the curve is 0.919, while Weighted Kappa is 0.866. The study concluded that the LAMP assay had the identical diagnostic performance compared with microscopy in diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. This gives a relative effortlessness application of LAMP assay in Sudan after availing the required logistics.

A correlation of measured data for the solar radiation on a horizontal surface at ambient temperature and humidity was achieved. For all measurements being hourly averaged to fifth order polynomial. The data correlated to a second degree equation with time for an hourly, daily and monthly obtained data. This correlated data compared to best predictive models for the same site of observation. However these measurements appeared to be sensitive to minor and major changes of local weather patterns which is reflected in a deviation to about 4% to the lower margin and 5% to its higher margin.

Two antibacterial furano-polyenes, (−)-musanahol ( 1 ) and 3- epi -aureonitol ( 5 ), and a fatty acid, linoleic acid ( 8 ) were isolated from the laboratory cultures of a Chaetomium sp. accessed from tomato fruits, and grown on YMG medium (yeast extract, glucose, malt extract and water) at pH 5.8–6.0. The structure of compound 1 , a new furano-polyene, was elucidated by spectroscopic methods that include extensive 2D NMR experiments, double resonance experiments, Mosher's method and PM3 calculations. (−)-Musanahol ( 1 ) and 3- epi -aureonitol ( 5 ) were present in the culture filtrate of the fungus. 3- epi -Aureonitol ( 5 ) completely inhibited the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes at 15.63 μg/mL and Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , Salmonella choleraesuis and Corynebacterium diphtheriae at 31.25 μg/mL, whereas (−)-musanahol ( 1 ) lacked the antimicrobial potency of compound 5 in spite of the similarities in their structures. Linoleic acid ( 8 ) was isolated from the mycelia of the fungus; it inhibited the growth of S. aureus and Bacillus subtilis at a minimum concentration of 15.62 μg/mL.

Malaria is the most prevalent parasitic endemic disease in North Sudan, 75% of the total population is at risk. WHO recommends the use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) an effective malaria control strategy. This study was aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of mother’s about Insecticide-Treated Nets as one of the preventive measures against malaria. This is a descriptive community based study of (295) mothers living in Abo Harira village in North Sudan. The pre-tested structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Multivariate logistic regression was used to study association between the dependent and independent variables, using Spss version 20. The study showed that more than half (55.9%) of mothers had good knowledge regarding ITNs, In spite of good knowledge about ITNs, (66.8 %( of mothers still had negative attitude and only (27.8%) reported always sleeping under it. Multivariate analysis suggested that mothers aged ≤31 years were more likely to have good knowledge about ITNs compared with mother with age ≥ 32 years [OR; 0.5174 (95% CI: 0.2974-0.9001)]. Similarly, mothers who had formal education were more likely to have knowledge about ITNs, two time higher than those with informal education [OR; 2.2 (95% CI: 1.274-3.788)]. We observed that mothers with age ≤31 years had positive attitudes towards ITNs [OR=0.461; 95%CI= (0.2578-0.8232)]. In addition, mothers with formal education were more likely to have positive attitude toward ITNs two time higher than those with informal education [OR; 1.99 (95% CI: 1.1182-3.5731)]. Only association between income and practice is evident. Higher income group is more likely to practice preventive activities two time higher than those with low income group [OR; 1.69 (95% CI: 1.0158-2.8214)]. We Conclude that the attitude and practice of mothers to ITNs in this study was poor. Multivariate analysis revealed that knowledge of mothers about ITNs has significant association with age and education, also illustrate that mothers attitude towards ITNs has significant association with age, mother’s work, education and monthly income. Therefore, Education System and the Malaria Control Programme in North Sudan should work closely, especially on malaria education for behaviour change as a key element for increasing utilization of ITNs.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an endemic disease in Red Sea State. Efforts to control this disease started in 1996 with the establishment of a national tuberculosis control committee. Field application of a national tuberculosis program (NTP) was implemented in Port Sudan by the ministry of health, according to the guidelines of the WHO. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the outcome of tuberculosis control after the application of this program since 2002 to 2010. The active TB cases admitted and treated in Red Sea tuberculosis diagnostic center were studied. The outcome of control was evaluated, and comparison was made between the years 2002 to 2010. 12506 subjects were enrolled in this study. 8337 (66.7%) were males and 4169 (33.3%) were females. The ages ranged between 14 – 76 years. The total number of TB cases were decreased by 61% (from 1803 in 2002 to 1100 in 2010). The total Pulmonary TB (PTB) positive cases were reduced from 579 (32%) cases in 2002 to 240 (22%) cases in 2010. Default rate decreased in 2002 (11.9%) and increased in 2010 (16.7%). However, there was no substantial improvement in the cure rate, but inversely increased the default rate and death rate (16.7% and 9.6% respectively). The study demonstrated a positive correlation of mortality rate with the default rate (P< 0.023). Accordingly, the overall outcome of the application of the NTP was relatively satisfactory. A recommendation for speedy improve the infrastructure accompanied by supporting material of the health care system to create a suitable successful program is essential.