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Lacrimal adenoid cystic carcinoma (LACC) is the most common orbital malignant epithelial neoplasm. LACC with high-grade transformation (LACC-HGT) has higher rates of recurrence, metastasis, and mortality than LACC without HGT. This study investigated the effects of microRNA-29a-3p (miR-29a-3p) in the pathogenesis of LACC-HGT.An Agilent human miRNA microarray was used to screen the differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) in LACC and LACC-HGT tumor tissues. Then, the primary cells obtained in previous studies were used to determine the effect of miR-29a-3p.The expression of miR-29a-3p was abnormally lower in LACC-HGT than in LACC. miR-29a-3p can specifically target the 3' UTR of Quaking mRNA and down-regulate Quaking expression, thereby inhibiting the proliferation, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of LACC cells.This study illustrated that miR-29a-3p functions as a tumor suppressor by down-regulating the expression of Quaking to inhibit the tumorigenesis of LACC cells. This study may also reveal the pathogenesis of HGT in LACC cells and provide a reference for LACC-HGT targeted diagnosis.

Background Orbital vascular malformation often encircles normal tissue with ill-defined borders. It is easy to bleed during resection operation, making surgical treatment difficult and lesions hard to be removed completely. In this study we aimed to summarize the treatment outcomes by embolizing orbital vascular malformation with intraoperative intracavitary injection of medical glue . Methods A retrospective observational and cross-sectional case series study enrolled 31 patients (male = 9, female = 22) with orbital vascular malformations, who were treated from March 2008 to September 2017 at our institution. The clinical features, operation records, pathological reports and follow-up data were analyzed. Results The location of vascular malformations involved intraorbital (14 cases), superficial area of eyelid and/or face (7 cases), both intraorbital and superficial area (10 cases). Imaging examination showed a solitary mass with regular shape in 8 cases and a space occupying lesion with irregular shape and ill-defined margins in 23 cases. There were 9 cases had optic nerve involved. Surgical debulkling were performed via skin incision on the mass surface (5 cases), lateral orbitotomy (2 cases), and anterior orbitotomy (24 cases). During the operation, lesions were partly exposed and injected with medical glue. The amount of injected glue was 0.25 ml to 2.5 ml in divided doses. The lesions and remnant glue were removed after the glue had turned hard. The whole procedure caused less bleeding and was easier performing than usual. Topical skin aseptic inflammation took place on the same side of the superficial eyelid lesions in 3 cases. One patient suffered from sudden central retinal artery embolism on the third day post operation. With timely rescue and appropriate procedure, visual acuity recovered to 20/32. There were no recurrences in 29 cases. Conclusions Embolization of orbital vascular malformation with medical glue intraoperatively made it easy to control hemorrhage. Surgeons should be careful with glue application methods in order to avoid complications.

Using tissue block culture techniques, we established a new human tumor cell line derived from adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal glands (LACC-1). The LACC-1 cell line was successfully subcultured for more than 100 passages during the last two years. The outgrowth of cells was observed by day 5 after seeding, and then the cells were generated slowly. The first passage proceeded by day 32, and the classical epithelioid cell colonies formed by day 69 after inoculation. After eight passages, homogeneous epithelioid tumor cells appeared when we combined continuous passage, mechanical scraping, repeated adherence, and dissociation methods to remove the fibroblast cells. LACC-1 cells appeared as a histologically solid pattern and continuous passage culture. The population doubling time was approximately 37.1 h. LACC-1 cells appeared as an epithelioid monolayer culture on the cell culture flask and presented with a cobblestone-like appearance when they reached confluency. The nucleus was large and round with many abnormal mitoses. The nucleoplasm ratio was high. Multinucleated tumor giant cells appeared. LACC-1 cells showed a tendency to have overlapping growth without contact inhibition when the cell density continued to increase. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the LACC-1 cells were malignant tumor cells that were poorly differentiated. The surface of the LACC-1 cells exhibited affluent microvilli, protuberances and filopodia under SEM. The no. 84 generation LACC-1 cell line was inoculated subcutaneously into the subaxillary of nude mice and the tumorigenic potential was evident. The formation rate of the transplanted tumors was 100% at day 7 after inoculation. This finding showed that the LACC-1 cell line was malignant with tumorigenic ability. The xenograft tumors retained the same histological characteristics of a solid pattern as the LACC-1 original tumor after inoculation for 49 days. Under TEM observation, the xenograft tumor cells had the same ultrastructure as the LACC-1 cells. Immunohistochemical examination revealed the similarity of both cytoskeletal proteins (e.g., cytokeratin, vimentin, desmin and α-SMA) and S-100 expression in the original tumor, LACC-1 cells and xenograft tumors. Immunoreactivity of these proteins was gradually decreased in these three tissues. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that the xenograft tumors originated from the human. Based on these results, the LACC-1 cell line provides a useful model for studying the biological characteristics of human ACC of the lacrimal glands.

The authors report a rare case of primary orbital melanoma (POM) combined with giant divided nevus of the eyelid. An 8-year-old Chinese girl is referred for evaluation of 2-month duration of exophthalmos with decreased vision, epiphora, and pain on her right eye. His presentation, imaging, biopsy, histopathology, and management are presented. The possible cellular origin of the POM and the relationship of POM and divided nevus are discussed. We presume that divided nevus may be one of rarely preexisting lesions of POM.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the amended International Classification of Headache Disorders (third edition, beta version, ICHD-3 beta) with a retrospective analysis. A total of 22 patients diagnosed with painful ophthalmoplegia and Tolosa–Hunt syndrome (THS) in our hospital were retrospectively studied. The following clinical data were collected: symptoms, signs, location of inflammatory tissue, time interval of paresis following the onset of pain, pain and signs of resolution, follow-up and relapse. Pain and diplopia were found in 22 (100 %) and 20 cases (91 %). The sympathetic nerve was involved in 6 cases (27 %). Paresis followed the pain for an average of 8 ± 5.87 days. Serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed granulomatous lesion that was visible in 20 patients (91 %). 19 patients (86 %) demonstrated the lesions located in the cavernous sinus, orbital apex or superior orbital fissure. One lesion extended to the intracranial structure. Pain was relieved in 20 cases (91 %) within 72 h and no patient had complete relief from paresis. According to our study, we think the time course of relief should be undefined. Headache location is hard to describe accurately. Normal MRI should be involved in THS diagnoses. The lesion of THS can extend beyond the cavernous sinus and the orbit. The time interval between headache and paresis can exceed 2 weeks.

Background To evaluate color Doppler imaging (CDI) as the primary imaging modality in the diagnosis of pediatric orbital capillary hemangioma. Methods This is a retrospective study of 36 consecutive cases of orbital capillary hemangiomas between January 2006 and July 2011. Data on demographic details, clinical findings, gray-scale ultrasonography, CDI characteristics, treatment, and follow-up period were reviewed. Results The mean age of onset was 7 weeks. Twenty-nine (81%) lesions presented as eyelid masses, whereas seven (19%) presented as exophthalmos. Nineteen (53%) tumors were located on the upper eyelid, seven (19%) on the lower eyelid, six (17%) in the medial canthus, and one on both upper and lower eyelids. Ultrasonography depicted a heterogeneous, well-defined, irregular tumor with a low or moderate echogenicity. All lesions presented with abundant color blood flow on CDI. The intralesional blood flow had a mean peak systolic velocity of 37.5 ± 24.5 cm/second, and a mean resistance index of 0.69 ± 0.16, representing a shift in the pulse Doppler toward high velocity and high resistance. After a single intratumoral injection of betamethasone, 18 cases (50%) resolved. Additionally, 15 (42%) and four (11%) cases resolved after two injections and three injections, respectively. Only three (8%) masses persisted after three injections within the follow-up period. Conclusion The blood flow characteristics of CDI play a vital role in the differentiation of orbital capillary hemangiomas from other orbital lesions. The availability and lack of adverse effects of CDI enable its utilization in the early clinical diagnosis of pediatric orbital capillary hemangioma.

This study aimed to investigate the influence of different microenvironments on melanoma microcirculation patterns, invasiveness and metastatic behavior. Sixty C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into two groups with 30 mice per group. Melanoma B16 cells were injected into the subretinal space and groin area of mice synchronously. The number of each type of microcirculation pattern was counted. Invasion and metastasis were observed. Epithelial cell kinase (EphA2), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 expression and their mRNA levels were detected by immunohistochemical staining and real-time PCR and compared between the two groups. Five invasions and six lung metastases were found in the subretinal group while no invasion and metastasis were found in the groin group. The number of vasculogenic mimicry (VM) was significantly higher in the subretinal group (P=0.000). However, no significant difference in the numbers of mosaic and endothelium-dependent vessels was observed between the two groups (P=0.076 and 0.146, respectively). EphA2, MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression was significantly higher in the subretinal group. The mRNA levels of EphA2, MMP-2 and MMP-9 were slightly higher in the subretinal tumors (P=0.002, 0.001 and 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, this experimental paradigm can be a powerful one in which to investigate tumor-microenvironment interactions in melanoma. Tumor cells in the intraocular microenvironment had increased EphA2 expression which induced the formation of VM channels. Moreover, expression of MMP-2 and -9 in tumor tissue was increased to enhance the invasiveness and metastatic behavior.