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Studies indicate that mental practice can be an adjuvant rehabilitation, improving motor functions.To synthesize the evidence on the intervention with the mental practice for the rehabilitation of the upper limb after stroke in the context of a dependent task.The review was registered on the PROSPERO with protocol number: CRD42020166624. We searched the PubMed, Medline, Embase, Central, PEDro, and Web of Science from randomized clinical trials from 1975 to 2022. A literature review was conducted with 13 studies that synthesized findings on mental practice such as adjuvant rehabilitation in the recovery of the upper limb after stroke based on Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) Motor and action research arm test (ARAT) scores.The sample size was 232 were part of the intervention group and 180 of the control group. The findings no showed results in favor of mental practice after stroke accordingly to ARAT and FMA Motor scores (Current evidence does not support the use of the mental practice to increase the recovery of the upper limb after stroke, although the evidence is conflicting for some aspects of the technique.

The study investigated the cortical activity changes and time production task performance induced by changes in motion speed of a non-immersive 3D virtual stimulus.Twenty-one individuals were participated in the crossover study with the visual-time reproduction task under three-speed conditions: original, slow and fast virtual stimulus. In addition, the electroencephalographic analysis of the theta band power in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was done simultaneously with time production task execution.The results demonstrated that in the slow speed condition, there is an increase in the error in the time production task after virtual reality (We propose that the modulations of speed of virtual stimulus may underlie the accumulation of temporal pulses, which could be responsible for changes in the performance of the production task of the time intervals and a substantial increase in right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity related to attention and memory, acting in cognitive domains of supraseconds.

This study investigated whether time-estimation task exposure influences the severity of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), as well as theta band activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex.Twenty-two patients with ADHD participated in a crossover experiment with a visual time-estimation task under control conditions (without exposure to time estimation tasks) and experimental (thirty days exposure to time-estimation tasks) in association with electroencephalographic analysis of theta band.ADHD patients with thirty days of time-estimation task exposure presented a worse performance of the time-estimation task, as revealed by the measurements of the absolute error and relative error (We propose that the decrease in EEG theta power may indicate an efficient accumulation of temporal pulses, which could be responsible for the improvement in the patient cognitive aspects as demonstrated by the current study. Time-estimation task improves ADHD cognitive symptoms, with a substantial increase in cortical areas activity related to attention and memory, suggesting its use as a tool for cognitive timing function management and non-invasive therapeutic aid in ADHD.

Methylphenidate produces its effects via actions on cortical areas involved with attention and working memory, which have a direct role in time estimation judgment tasks. In particular, the prefrontal and parietal cortex has been the target of several studies to understand the effect of methylphenidate on executive functions and time interval perception. However, it has not yet been studied whether acute administration of methylphenidate influences performance in time estimation task and the changes in alpha band absolute power in the prefrontal and parietal cortex. The current study investigates the influence of the acute use of methylphenidate in both performance and judgment in the time estimation interpretation through the alpha band absolute power activity in the prefrontal and parietal cortex. This is a double-blind, crossover study with a sample of 32 subjects under control (placebo) and experimental (methylphenidate) conditions with absolute alpha band power analysis during a time estimation task. We observed that methylphenidate does not influence task performance (p > 0.05), but it increases the time interval underestimation by over 7 s (p

Background: Coronary calcium score (CAC) is a marker of coronary atherosclerosis. We compared CAC scores in patients with ischemic stroke (IS) caused by large-artery atherosclerosis (Groupathero) to a control group (Groupcontrol), in multiethnic subjects without history of symptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, subjects in Groupathero (n=80) had at least one symptomatic stenosis ≥ 50% in the carotid or vertebrobasilar territories. Groupathero included two subgroups: stenosis in either cervical or intracranial arteries (GroupExtraorIntra), and in at least one cervical and one intracranial artery (GroupExtra&Intra). Subjects in Groupcontrol (n=40) had no history of stroke or stenosis ≥ 50% in cervical or intracranial arteries. Frequencies of CAC ≥ 100 and CAC > 0 were compared between the groups and subgroups by bivariate logistic regressions. Multivariate analyses were also performed. Results: Rates of CAC ≥ 100 were not significantly different between Groupathero and Groupcontrol but were significantly greater in GroupExtraI 1.21-18.04; p = 0.025). CAC > 0 was significantly more frequent in Groupathero (85%) than Groupcontrol (OR, 4.19; 1.74-10.07; p = 0,001). In multivariate analyses, “Groupathero” and “GroupExtra&Intra” was significantly and independently associated with CAC. Conclusions: The frequency of coronary calcification was higher in subjects with atherothrombotic stroke without symptoms of coronary disease than in controls with similar vascular risk factors. In patients with stroke, the burden of subclinical CAD was significantly higher in those with cervical and intracranial atherosclerosis.

AIM OF THE STUDY Previous studies have shown that several cortical regions are involved in temporal tasks in multiple timescales. However, the hemispheric predominance of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during time reproduction after repetitive low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is relatively unexplored. Here, we study the effects of 1 Hz rTMS and sham stimulation applied medially over the superior parietal cortex (SPC) on the DLPFC alpha and beta band asymmetry and on time reproduction. MATERIALS AND METHODS For this purpose, we have combined rTMS with electroencephalography in 20 healthy subjects who performed the time reproduction task in two conditions (sham and 1 Hz). RESULTS The worst performance was observed in sham and 1Hz conditions for longer time intervals (p

Background Parkinson’s disease is described as resulting from dopaminergic cells progressive degeneration, specifically in the substantia nigra pars compacta that influence the voluntary movements control, decision making and time perception. Aim This review had a goal to update the relation between time perception and Parkinson’s Disease. Methodology We used the PRISMA methodology for this investigation built guided for subjects dopaminergic dysfunction in the time judgment, pharmacological models with levodopa and new studies on the time perception in Parkinson’s Disease. We researched on databases Scielo, Pubmed / Medline and ISI Web of Knowledge on August 2017 and repeated in September 2017 and February 2018 using terms and associations relevant for obtaining articles in English about the aspects neurobiology incorporated in time perception. No publication status or restriction of publication date was imposed, but we used as exclusion criteria: dissertations, book reviews, conferences or editorial work. Results/Discussion We have demonstrated that the time cognitive processes are underlying to performance in cognitive tasks and that many are the brain areas and functions involved and the modulators in the time perception performance. Conclusions The influence of dopaminergic on Parkinson’s Disease is an important research tool in Neuroscience while allowing for the search for clarifications regarding behavioral phenotypes of Parkinson’s disease patients and to study the areas of the brain that are involved in the dopaminergic circuit and their integration with the time perception mechanisms.

The low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) application has been associated with changes in cognitive processes embedded during time perception tasks. Although several studies have investigated the influence of neuromodulation on time perception, the effect of the 1-Hz rTMS application on the superior parietal cortex is not clearly understood. This study analyzes the effect of the low-frequency rTMS on time estimation when applied in the parietal medial longitudinal fissure. For the proposed study, 20 subjects were randomly selected for a crossover study with two conditions (sham and 1 Hz). Our findings reveal that participant underestimate 1-s time interval and overestimate 4-s and 9-s time intervals after 1-Hz rTMS (p ≤ 0.05). We conclude that the 1-Hz rTMS in the parietal medial longitudinal fissure delays short interval and speed up long time intervals. This could be due to the effect of parietal inhibition on the attentional level and working memory functions during time estimation.

Studies at the molecular level aim to integrate genetic and neurobiological data to provide an increasingly detailed understanding of phenotypes related to the synchronization ability and brain oscillations in time perception. Genetic variation as a modifying factor at cellular and neurochemical levels permeates several neurofunctional aspects in time-lapse duration concentrating from milliseconds to hours. Thus, the review presents the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism association in a dynamic frame of brain neurotrophic factor expression in the adaptation, integrity, and neuronal synchronism processes in the ability to estimate multisensory stimuli at different time intervals. Our study aims to understand the molecular aspects involved in a neurobiological domain pertinent to the time judgment, tracing a genetic profile of association with psychometric functions and behavioral performances related to timing stimuli.

Background Studies at the molecular level aim to integrate genetic and neurobiological data to provide an increasingly detailed understanding of phenotypes related to the ability in time perception. Main Text This study suggests that the polymorphisms genetic SLC6A4 5-HTTLPR, 5HTR2A T102C, DRD2/ANKK1-Taq1A, SLC6A3 3’-UTR VNTR, COMT Val158Met, CLOCK genes and GABRB2 A/C as modification factor at neurochemical levels associated with several neurofunctional aspects, modifying the circadian rhythm and built-in cognitive functions in the timing. We conducted a literature review with 102 studies that met inclusion criteria to synthesize findings on genetic polymorphisms and their influence on the timing. Conclusion The findings suggest an association of genetic polymorphisms on behavioral aspects related in timing. However, order to confirm the paradigm of association in the timing as a function of the molecular level, still need to be addressed future research.

Studies have shown that working memory tasks minimize the cognitive disabilities associated with old age. In this context, the present study examined the bavioral changes of working memory in elders during a cognitive training through DVDs. The results show that there significance in MMSE tests (p=0.001), self-evaluation (p=0.002) and verbal fluency test in the semantic category (p=0.022). However, verbal fluency tests of spelling criterion and free evocation did not present significant differences (p ≥ 0.05). Based on the findings, we suggest that recurring training with working memory tasks through DVDs promotes neural adaptations compared to retaining and recalling the memory, promoting a compensatory effect in the performance and maintenance of cognitive skills. In addition, the training of working memory through DVDs offers a non-invasive, non-pharmacological and low-cost alternative for rehabilitation.

Dopaminergic system plays a key role in perception, which is an important executive function of the brain. Modulation in dopaminergic system forms an important biochemical underpinning of neural mechanisms of time perception in a very wide range, from milliseconds to seconds to longer daily rhythms. Distinct types of temporal experience are poorly understood, and the relationship between processing of different intervals by the brain has received little attention. A comprehensive understanding of interval timing functions should be sought within a wider context of temporal processing, involving genetic aspects, pharmacological models, cognitive aspects, motor control and the neurological diseases with impaired dopaminergic system. Particularly, an unexplored question is whether the role of dopamine in interval timing can be integrated with the role of dopamine in non-interval timing temporal components. In this review, we explore a wider perspective of dopaminergic system, involving genetic polymorphisms, pharmacological models, executive functions and neurological diseases on the time perception. We conclude that the dopaminergic system has great participation in impact on time perception and neurobiological basis of the executive functions and neurological diseases.

Studies have shown an association between time perception and the basal ganglia and cortical areas, suggesting a role for these regions in the perception of seconds, minutes, and hours. We present the hypothesis that time estimation training tasks may change the modulatory activity of dopamine in the basal ganglia and the cortical areas related to temporal perception. Through this mechanism, the estimated training time interval can promote a compensatory effect on motor and cognitive performance via a dynamic neural adaptation process. We believe that the training will develop a competition between neural pathways involved in the process of time perception, positively affecting the brain pathways related to Parkinson’s disease, and thereby minimizing the cognitive and motor deficits caused by the disease.