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Melanoma of the mouth is a rare entity of cancer. It has a bad prognosis. We report two cases of mouth melanoma. In the first case, 68 years old man developed a mandibular gingival tumor. Head and neck MRI scans showed an aggressive tumor process in the mouth with bone extension and in the deep spaces. The patient was free of cervical lymph nodes. The second case is a 75-years-old male with heavy tobacco smoke. The man felt a burgeoning mass on the right palate. The neck palpation found a firm mobile non-tender mass at the left upper jugular region. The anatomopathological study of the biopsies assigned both cases to malignant melanoma. Because of the rarity and delays in diagnosis, case reports are an invaluable source of information., Highlights • Melanoma of the mouth is a rare entity of cancer with a bad prognosis. • Tobacco and alcohol use are two of the most important risk factors for oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers. • Maxillofacial surgeons and physicians who treat oral lesions must be conscious of the need for early diagnosis of melanoma.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) diagnosis and management have undergone significant shifts in the recent past. MSCT makes it possible to assess not only the prevalence of the tumor process, but also the calyx-pelvic system and vessels; In the past 10 years, due to the technological advancements, laparoscopic nephrectomy has become the popular and effective method of the treatment and a less traumatic alternative to open radical nephrectomy. Laparoscopy may not be used only for removal of the neoplasm, but also for biopsy of the tumor. Over the past years, cryodestruction of neoplasms has become widespread since it is possible to carry out the procedure in real time under the control of ultrasound, CT or MRI. This review aims to highlight recent evidence that has emerged in the diagnosis and management of this complicated oncologic issue.

The analysis of long-term results of treatment of 88 primary patients with colon adenocarcinoma at various stages of tumor process is presented, taking into account the TNM system criteria, and serum IGF-1, IGF-2, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2, IGFBP-3, VEGF, and MMP-7 levels. The overall survival rate assessed by Kaplan-Meier method and Cox multivariate regression model was used as the criterion of prognosis. It was established that IGF-1, IGFBP-2 and VEGF serum levels along with the stage of colorectal cancer might be considered as statistically significant independent predictors of overall survival in patients.

Scientific evidence indicates the stabilization of indicators of morbidity and mortality from breast cancer in women in Ukraine and the existence of a number of models for predicting the breast cancer risk with the consideration of life style factors, detectable mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, family history, as well as predicative and prognostic factors (clinical, molecular-biological) to determine the possible ways of the tumor process and the survival of breast cancer patients.

The article deals with results of comparative analysis of the dynamics and trends of the incidents of malignant neoplasms in the population of the Moscow region. The Central Federal district and the Russian federation as a whole according to Rosstat data for 2009-2018. It was established that in Moscow region in comparison with other territories, the level and growth rates of the incidence of malignant neoplasms were lower. In the structure of the incidence of malignant neoplasms, the first rank places are occupied by breast, skin, lung, colon and prostate cancer. Attention is drawn to the fact that over the entire period of observation, the indicator of the number of people under medical supervision in the Moscow region was consistently higher than in the Russian Federation and the Central Federal district. Over the period of 2012-2018, the share of malignant neoplasms of the first stage of the spread of the tumor process increased by 23.4% in the region, and the share of stages III and IV decreased (by 16.9% and 12.3%, respectively).The increase in the number of newly detected malignancies seems to be due to increased diagnostic capabilities in recent times.

We report the case of a patient with recurrent pterygo-palatal angiofibroma and its treatment. A 21-year-old male patient had a long history of recurrent epistaxis with progressive nasal obstruction. He was diagnosed with an angiofibroma centered in the right pterygo-palatine fossa. Initially, he underwent surgical excision with removal of the entire tumor. The evolution was clinically good with no signs of recurrence on the cervico-facial scan of control (CT). Nine months after, he presented a reappearance of epistaxis. A cervico-facial MRI was performed and showed a recurrence of the tumor process, which this time was considered inextirpable, hence the decision to opt for radiotherapy with intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). He has improved clinically with a clear reduction in tumor mass on CT scan. This technique represents an interesting alternative to overcome anatomical complexity of the region, cover the tumor and preserve the organs at risk.

In the Kabarda-Balkar Republic during last decades, stable dynamics of increasing rates of primary breast cancer morbidity is established. The gaining rate of indicator made up to 40.7% over last 10 years. The prevalence indicator of breast cancer is characterized by high growth intensity twice higher than the national level. In the structure of malignant neoplasms morbidity, breast cancer (23.3%) takes position of leading oncologic pathology. The most of patients with breast cancer (33.0%) are in the age group of 50-59 years. However, higher oncologic alertness of medical personnel concerning young women, especially 20-29 years old is required since their percentage among patients with breast cancer is increasing. Noteworthy is the low indicator of active case finding of patients with breast cancer: only 31.8% of cases is diagnosed during prevention examinations. At the early stage of development of tumor process (stage I-II), the rate of identified patients with breast cancer is lower than in the Russian Federation. Especially low is the level of early diagnosis of the disease at stage I. The data testifies existing problems of organization of oncologic medical care in the Kabarda-Balkar Republic and indicates the need of strengthening preventive measures at the primary health care level. Their effectiveness will be assessed by the level of early diagnosis of breast cancer in women and by corresponding appropriate treatment.

The paper presents the clinical case that reflects the difficulties of diagnosis and choice of treatment tactics of patients with neuroendocrine tumors of the small intestine. The sequence of instrumental diagnostic methods made it possible to determine the localization of the tumor in small intestine and to clarify the prevalence of the tumor process. The implementation of active surgical treatment tactics allowed performing cytoreductive surgical intervention, eliminating the risk of complications of the tumor process and improving the quality of life of the patient with generalized neuroendocrine tumor of the small intestine.

Over the past 40 years, the incidence of skin melanoma in the world has increased approximately 3-fold.To study the current epidemiological situation of skin melanoma in the Russian Federation, data on the absolute, coarse and standardized incidence rates of melanoma (S43) in the male and female populations were analyzed. The specific gravity of the melanoma patients detected actively was analyzed at different stages of the tumor process who died within the first year since the diagnosis was established between 2006–2016.The incidence of skin melanoma in the Russian population is characterized by a constant increase of indexes, the average annual rate of increase in the incidence of the Russian Federation’s population of melanoma is 2 times higher than that of the general oncological morbidity. A higher average annual rate and a general increase in the incidence of SM is recorded in the male population. Only every 4th patient in the RF is detected actively, despite the fact that melanoma is a tumor of visual localization. In general, only one third of patients with skin melanoma (32.8%) are diagnosed in the first stage of the tumor process in the Russian Federation. Over the period from 2006 to 2016 in Russia, the indicators of neglect on skin melanoma significantly decreased by 40.6%, however they remain at an unacceptably high level. The index of the first-year lethality from skin melanoma in Russia for the period from 2006 to 2016 decreased by 26.01%.To improve the index of active detection of patients with SM, especially in the early stages, it is necessary to create a system for interaction of primary contact physicians with the patient (dermatovenerologists, cosmetologists, therapists) with the oncological service, the formation of on-alertness among physicians of all specialties, and among the population.

In clinical practice, various masks of oncological diseases are often found. Some of them can manifest as a variety of syndromes or symptom complexes that resemble many non-oncologic diseases, including diffuse connective tissue diseases. In some cases, paraneoplastic syndrome facilitates diagnosing a malignant neoplasm in the early stages, but, unfortunately, can also mimic the tumor process by its more prominent manifestations, which lead to late establishment of the true cause of the disease, and therefore postpone specific treatment, creating significant clinical problems. Aim of the study was to reveal pathogenetic relationship between cancer and paraneoplastic syndrome on the example of our clinical observation. A clinical case of diagnosed paraneoplastic syndrome in the form of secondary Sjogren's syndrome, which developed long before the diagnosis of stomach cancer was made, as well as the results of clinical, instrumental, and laboratory examination of the patient, are presented. Questions of epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, and clinical picture of paraneoplastic syndrome are covered. The presented clinical case made it possible to outline the features of the course of paraneoplastic Sjogren's syndrome in gastric cancer and to identify a number of criteria for the diagnostic algorithm of this nosology. In particular, such criteria include general pathogenetic mechanisms, development only in malignant tumors, nonspecific clinical and laboratory manifestations, lack of parallelism with local symptoms of the tumor, the possibility of occurrence of paraneoplastic Sjogren's syndrome before development of local tumor symptoms and reappearance after its relapse. Oncologic diseases are characterized not only by specific symptoms characteristic for a certain organ damage (pain, bleeding, dysfunction, etc.), but also by a variety of nonspecific manifestations (fatigue, subfebrile temperature, weight loss, etc.) regardless of the nature, location and prevalence of the tumor process.

Aim. To improve the results of treatment of patients with advanced oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Methods. To achieve the aim, studies were carried out on 30 patients with advanced cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx. An operation was developed that involved modified mandibulotomy with vertical slanting jaw incision and separation of its fragments, and radical removal of the tumor under visual and manual control, which was performed in 14 patients (study group). Postoperative osteosynthesis was performed by fixing jaw fragments with a titanium miniplate. For comparison, 16 patients were operated in a traditional way (control group), in which the cheek was dissected up to the projection of the mandible branch, the tongue was stitched and stretched, the tumor process was removed. Results. Use of the proposed method provides visibility of the tumor process, its boundaries, topography of the internal carotid artery, facilitates radical removal of the tumor. The event-free 2-year survival in the study group was 43±7.2%, in control group - 25±6.0%. The median event-free survival in the study group was 22 months, in control group - 14 months. Conclusion. The proposed method of surgery provides radical removal of the tumor while monitoring the internal carotid artery, and in the post-operative period - rehabilitation of the resected organs of the oral cavity.

Aim of the work – to improve an effectiveness of combined radiotherapy (CRT) of patients with locally advanced form of cervical carcinoma (CC) using conformal radiotherapy (RT) and high-energy (HE) brachytherapy (BT) on the background of chemoradiomodifying preparations (tegafur, ciplastin). Methods. 101 patients with CC of 11–111 stage of tumor process underwent CRT. Patients were separated in 2 main (33 and 34 patients) and control (34 patients) groups depending on CRT methodology. In the main groups patients underwent conformal RT and HE BT in the first main group they took tegafur (800 mg per day per os) and ciplastin (50 mg 1 time a week, in sum 300 mg drip-feed). In the control group 34 patients underwent conventional remote RT and BT by the sources of mean radiation dose (MRD) activity.Results. In patients of the main groups was detected an increase of regression of cervical tumors: the complete regression (CR) was registered in 10 (30,3 %) patients from the 1-st main group, in 7 (20,6 %) patients from the 2 main group and in 5 (14,7 %) patients of the control group. The partial regression (PR) of tumor – in 20 (60,6 %) patients of the 1-st main group, in 18 (52,9 %) patients of the 2 main group and in 15 (44,1 %) patients of the control group.Conclusion. The use of cytostatic preparations (tegafur, ciplastin) as radiomodifiers during CRT course in patients of the main groups reliably increase the degree of cervical carcinoma regression comparing with the standard methodology of CRT, it does not cause an increase of frequency and manifestations of the general and local toxicity of treatment

Stomach cancer is a leader in the structure of cancer pathology in Ukraine and in the world. This paper summarizes own results and literature data on diagnosis, treatment and prevention of stomach cancer. Authors analyzed the experience and specific features of long-term treatment and diagnostic approach to patients with stomach cancer involving esophagus. Conducting pre-and postoperative cytostatic herbal therapy and cryosurgical operations during surgical treatment in patients with spread of tumor process allows to statistically significantly improve 3-and 5- year survival of patients.

The role of extracellular matrix enzymes in the development of distant metastases of colorectal cancer was studied. The expression of types 2 and 9 matrix metalloproteinases was evaluated in primary colorectal adenocarcinomas (264 patients) and their metastases in the lymph nodes (127 patients) and liver (109 patients). Increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 was associated with the probable progress of tumor process and with a low level of histological differentiation of the tumor (p=0.048), deeper invasion of the tumor in the intestinal wall (p=0.012), unfavorable outcome (p=0.037), high risk of metastases in the liver, and worse overall and uneventful survival of patients with colorectal cancer (p=0.001 and p=0.01, respectively). High expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 was less significant for the invasive potential and prognosis of colorectal tumors. It is suggested that matrix metalloproteinase-9 is an important marker for analysis of the postoperative prognosis and risk of metastases in the liver in patients with colorectal cancer.

Expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 was studied in primary tumors and their metastases in patients with colorectal cancer. The correlation of immunoreactivity with clinical morphological signs, prognosis of the disease, and development of metastases in the liver was analyzed. The level of expression and distribution of markers in patients with colorectal cancer with metastases in the liver differed from that in control patients without metastases. Enhanced expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 was detected in colorectal cancer patients with distant metastases. Increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 was associated significantly with low histological differentiation of the tumor, deeper tumor invasion, and was more often observed in tumors of colorectal cancer patients with unfavorable prognosis. Thus, matrix metalloproteinase 9 is a valuable marker for clinical observation and prognosis in patients with this location of the tumor process.

Cytological and histological studies of the thymus, bone marrow, peripheral blood, spleen, and lymph nodes in 6-9-month-old AKR/JY mice showed that the risk of thymic lymphoma in these animals increased with age. Generalization of the tumor process was observed in mice aged over 8 months and first involved the spleen, then the lymph nodes, bone marrow, and liver. A case of primary lymphoma in the spleen was detected.

We revealed an antimetastatic effect of thymus-dependent corpuscular antigen (sheep erythrocytes) injected intravenously or intraperitoneally in sensitizing or high doses alone or in a complex with a course dose of cyclophosphamide to C57Bl/6 mice with Lewis carcinoma. Injection of the antigen appreciably reduced the number and volume of Lewis carcinoma metastases in the lungs, notably increased the therapeutic effect of cyclophosphamide, and restored hemopoiesis, particularly, the red blood stem suppressed by the tumor process and cytostatic treatment. The growth of primary tumors virtually did not change. High dose of sheep erythrocytes was more effective.

We studied the content of tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 2 (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2) and activities of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) in the serum and lungs of mice with Lewis lung carcinoma metastasizing into the lung. Metastasizing was associated with increased serum content of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 (only on day 20 at the terminal stage of the tumor process). These data confi rm the hypothesis on pro-tumorigenic role of TIMP-1 in the serum. Locally, the development of metastases was associated with a decrease in TIPM-1 concentration (day 7), an increase in TIMP-2 concentration (days 7 and 20), and elevated activity of MMP at all terms of the study (days 7, 15, and 20). Increased concentration of TIMP-2 in the lungs (but not in the serum) can be regarded as an indicator of Lewis lung carcinoma metastasizing.

INTRODUCTION Brain tumors are a unique and heterogeneous group of tumors with which face a variety of specialties, mostly oncologists, neurologists and neurosurgeons. Due to their specific location all brain tumors are malignant, regardless of their malignant potential, because any expansion process within the skull, increased intracranial pressure and destruction of surrounding structures, which can cause neurological, quantitative disturbances of consciousness or death. GOAL The goal of this study was to record neoplastic processes of the central nervous system in patients of Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center of Sarajevo University in the twenty-year period (January 1st 1990-December 31st 2009). The study was partly retrospective and partly prospective determined by three time periods. MATERIAL AND METHODS We reviewed medical records and documentation of patients treated at Neurology Clinic, which has 102 beds. All patients' data were collected using a specially designed questionnaire for this study. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The number of secondary tumor process for the period 2000-2005 is greater than in the period 1990-1999, while in the period 2000-2009 is increasing (17.2%-30.3%). The male-female ratio is 52:48. During the first two monitoring period there were statistically significantly more men, and in the last monitoring period there were more women. The mean patient's age was 60 years. The most common symptom was hemiparesis for all observed periods evaluated with standard diagnostic tests: CT and MRI. CONCLUSION We can conclude that CNS neoplasms in patients of Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center of Sarajevo University are present in the twenty-year period with total of 1.47%, and showed a decrease of 2.7% (1990-1999) to 0.47% for the period 2006-2009.

In 3 groups of patients with neoplasms plasma antioxidant activity was measured by the yield of TBA-reactive products generated in lecithin-Fe2+ model system. Patients with laryngeal, tongue, oropharyngeal, oral, and laryngopharyngeal tumors showed lower plasma antioxidant activity compared to patients with breast, lung, and bronchial cancer (p

We studied adhesive properties and physiological activity in vivo of cells from Lewis lung carcinoma and its metastases. These cells differed in tumorogenic activity and metastatic potential in the syngeneic system. In vivo non-metastasizing cells are characterized by a lower content of surface lectins to tetrasaccharides SiaLex [Neu5Acα2-3Galβ1-4(Fucα1-3) GlcNAcβ] and SiaLea [Neu5Acα2-3Galβ1-3(Fucα1-4)GlcNAcβ] and trisaccharide HSO3Lex [HSO32-3Galβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAcβ] compared to cells forming metastases in the syngeneic system. Metastatic cells with low tumorogenic activity weakly expressed lectins to disaccharide ligands 6-SiaLac [Neu5Acα2-6Galβ1-4Glc], 6-HSO3LacNAc, and A-di [GalNAcα 1-3Galβ] and trisaccharides H-type 1 [Fucα1-2Galβ1-3GlcNAc and Lex [Fucα1-3(Galβ 1-4)GlcNAc] compared to cells that initiated tumor formation in the syngeneic system (similarly to transplanted tumors). We hypothesized that cell receptors to these carbohydrate determinates are involved in the development and growth of primary tumors, while lectins to SiaLex, SiaLea, and HSO3Lex play a role in the progress of tumor process and metastasizing.

The growth of LS-lymphosarcoma in CBA mice was accompanied by a decrease in the content of the major extracellular inhibitor cystatin C in the tumor, plasma and, to a lesser extent, in tissued not involved in tumor process (liver and spleen). Cyclophosphamide in a dose of 50 mg/kg prolonged the life-span of animals and decreased tumor size by 80%. Cathepsin B and L activities in the tumor tissue increased by 3 and 7 times, respectively. Cystatin C content in the tumor tissue, spleen, and plasma also increased. Cystatin C assay in tumor tissue and plasma helps to predict the rate of tumor growth and to evaluate the efficiency of antitumor therapy.

Accelerated bone marrow cell death and activation of the sympathoadrenal system were observed during aging of highly leukemic 2-7-month-old AKR/JY mice compared to that in (CBA/CaLacxAKR/JY)F1 strain. Close correlation was revealed between activity of the sympathoadrenal system and necrotic and apoptotic forms of cell death. This can promote tumor process, because maximum changes in hemopoietic cells occur during advanced stage of the disease.

The content of calmodulin in chondrosarcomas was notably lower in patients with early relapses or generalized tumor process in comparison with patients without postoperation relapses. The mean level of calmodulin in chondrosarcomas virtually did not depend on patient's sex and age and tumor location in bones. There was a tendency to an inverse correlation between calmodulin level in chondrosarcoma and the degree of tumor differentiation. The highest level of calmodulin was detected in the cytosolic fraction of chondrosarcomas containing no estrogen and androgen receptors.

Cytogenetic analysis of blood lymphocytes of a patient with prolymphocytic lymphosarcoma performed by the method of G-differential chromosome staining before the beginning of specific antitumor therapy revealed 5 metaphases (of 50 metaphases studied) with the following unknown aberration: 46,XY, t(13;17)(q22;p13). This aberration is supposed to be associated with the development of tumor process.

In 20 patients with stomach cancer the total and effective concentrations of blood albumin were measured using a fluorescent probe and albumin binding reserve was calculated. These parameters in two groups of patients (with local and disseminated process) differed significantly. Evaluation of the effective concentration and albumin binding reserve in cancer patients gives additional valuable information about patient's status. The effective concentration of albumin below 30 g/liter and albumin binding reserve below 70% can be regarded as a prognostically unfavorable sign indicating more extensive dissemination of the tumor process.

During the last two years the Huntington Cancer Research Fund has been, in part, devoted to the study of a tumor which occurs naturally in dogs. This tumor, under the name of "infectious lymphosarcoma," has been the subject of investigation and observation at other laboratories during recent years, and because of its ease of transplantation it affords a splendid opportunity to study experimentally the tumor process in a large animal. Nearly all the opinions in regard to the nature of the growth support the belief that it is a neoplasm, and the term infectious has been applied to it, because the tumor occurs naturally on the genital organs and may be transmitted by coitus. The process has been called by a few pathologists, notably Bashford, an infectious granuloma, comparable in many respects to syphilis. Very early in our study of the growth we realized the necessity of having additional information