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The quality of Wady Eqab waste water has been studied as on of main resources of Tigris river pollution in the north of Mosul city, the chemical and physical investigation have conducted according to international standards methods, also estimated the irrigation parameters and water quality index (WQI) of the water samples which taken from different sites in Wady Eqab to know the pollution degree and effects of waste water in Tigris river in the north of Mosul city. The result referred to the increasing of most studied parameters especially the electric conducting values, potential Salinity and residual sodium carbon to reach 1043 µs/cm,3.63 – 0.11 meq/L respectively, So, the studied water according to WQI is suitable for irrigation but bad quality for drinking livestock, also a clear effects of wady Eqab wastewater on Tigris river water has been noticed on the site (6) 50m away from the meeting area and continue to site (7) 200m .

This study was conducted to evaluate the protoscolicidal effect of four plants alcoholic extracts on protoscoleces of the parasite Echinococcus granulosus in vitro. The plants that had been used in this study were: Viscum album (Mistletoe) and Prunus armeniaca (Apricot bitter kernels) with concentrations of 375, 750 and 1500 mg/ml, also Syzygium aromaticum (Clove flower buds) and Capsicum frutescence (Chili pepper) with concentrations of 375, 750 and 1500 µg/ml. All extracts were treated at four periods (15, 30, 45 and 60 min.). In vitro, the high percentage of protoscoleces killing was observed in V. album alcoholic extract (80.7%) in the high concentration 1500 mg/ml at 60 min., and the lowest percentage of protoscoleces killing (62%) was in the concentration 375 mg/ml at 15 min. armeniaca alcoholic extract high percentage of killing (70.2%) was also at the high concentration 1500 mg/ml at 60 min., and the lowest percentage of protoscoleces killing (50.4 %) at the concentration 375 mg/ml at 15 min. The high percentage of protoscoleces killing of alcoholic extract of S. aromaticum (73.7%) was at the concentration 1500 µg/ml at 60 min. and the lowest percentage (58.7%) was at the concentration 375 µg/ml at 15 min. frutescence alcoholic extract high percentage of protoscoleces killing (71.4 %) was at the concentration 1500 µg/ml at 60 min. and the lowest percentage (40.6 %) was at the concentration 375 µg/ml at 15 min.

On account of its crucial role in the virus life cycle, SARS-COV-2 NSP13 helicase enzyme was exploited as a promising target to identify a novel potential inhibitor using multi-stage structure-based drug discovery approaches. Firstly, a 3D pharmacophore was generated based on the collected data from a protein-ligand interaction fingerprint (PLIF) study using key interactions between co-crystallised fragments and the NSP13 helicase active site. The ZINC database was screened through the generated 3D-pharmacophore retrieving 13 potential hits. All the retrieved hits exceeded the benchmark score of the co-crystallised fragments at the molecular docking step and the best five-hit compounds were selected for further analysis. Finally, a combination between molecular dynamics simulations and MM-PBSA based binding free energy calculations was conducted on the best hit (compound FWM-1) bound to NSP13 helicase enzyme, which identified FWM-1 as a potential potent NSP13 helicase inhibitor with binding free energy equals −328.6 ± 9.2 kcal/mol., Graphical Abstract

In this study, different assortments of 2-arylquinolines and 2,6-diarylquinolines have been developed. Recently, we have developed a new series of 6,7-dimethoxy-4-alkoxy-2-arylquinolines as Topoisomerase I (TOP1) inhibitors with potent anticancer activity. Utilising the SAR outputs from this study, we tried to enhance anticancer and TOP1 inhibitory activities. Though target quinolines demonstrated potent antiproliferative effect, specifically against colorectal cancer DLD-1 and HCT-116, they showed weak TOP1 inhibition which may be attributable to their non-coplanarity. Thereafter, screening against kinase panel revealed their dual inhibitory activity against EGFR and FAK. Quinolines 6f, 6h, 6i, and 20f were the most potent EGFR inhibitors (IC50s = 25.39, 20.15, 22.36, and 24.81 nM, respectively). Meanwhile, quinolines 6f, 6h, 6i, 16d, and 20f exerted the best FAK inhibition (IC50s = 22.68, 14.25, 18.36, 17.36, and 15.36 nM, respectively). Finally, molecular modelling was employed to justify the promising EGFR/FAK inhibition. The study outcomes afforded the first reported quinolines with potent EGFR/FAK dual inhibition., Graphical Abstract

Drug covalently bound to polymers had formed, lately, platforms with great promise in drug delivery. These drug polymer conjugates (DPC) boosted drug loading and controlled medicine release with targeting ability. Herein, the ability of entecavir (E) conjugated to hyaluronic acid (HA) forming the core of vitamin E coated lipid nanohybrids (EE-HA LPH), to target Kupffer cells and hepatocyte had been proved. The drug was associated to HA with efficiency of 93.48 ± 3.14 % and nanohybrids loading of 22.02 ± 2.3 %. DiI labelled lipidic nanohybrids improved the macrophage uptake in J774 cells with a 21 day hepatocytes retention post intramuscular injection. Finally, in vivo biocompatibility and safety with respect to body weight, organs indices and histopathological alterations were demonstrated. Coating with vitamin E and conjugation of E to HA (a CD44 ligand), could give grounds for prospective application for vectored nano-platform in hepatitis B.

The present study investigated the 1effects of both castration and manipulation of castrated1 subjects with 0.1 ml of 50µg/kg/day of testosterone at 3 weeks of age for 6 weeks on the pheromonal and histological structure of male mice preputial gland. The preputial gland results from the control intact group showed that six essential pheromonal compounds are present, whereas the glandular structure revealed well-developed acini with basement membrane and connective tissue around most of them. These findings also showed that castration has deleterious effects on the essential pheromonal compounds which are reduced to two compounds only (the α.-Farnesene and 1- Tetradecanol) as well as the histological sections from such subject appeared many atrophied vacuolated acini. On the other hand, treatment of castrated animals with such dose of testosterone did not show any marked effects on the essential pheromonal compounds but it was able to restore the activities of acinar development as showed by many hypertrophied alveoli.

In this article, emulsomes (EMLs) were fabricated to encapsulate the N-(5-nitrothiazol-2-yl)-carboxamido derivatives (3a–3g) in an attempt to improve their biological availability and antiviral activity. Next, both cytotoxicity and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities of the examined compounds loaded EMLs (F3a–g) were assessed in Vero E6 cells via MTT assay to calculate the CC50 and inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) values. The most potent 3e-loaded EMLs (F3e) elicited a selectivity index of 18 with an IC50 value of 0.73 μg/mL. Moreover, F3e was selected for further elucidation of a possible mode of action where the results showed that it exhibited a combination of virucidal (>90%), viral adsorption (>80%), and viral replication (>60%) inhibition. Besides, molecular docking and MD simulations towards the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro were performed. Finally, a structure–activity relationship (SAR) study focussed on studying the influence of altering the size, type, and flexibility of the α-substituent to the carboxamide in addition to compound contraction on SARS-CoV-2 activity.HighlightsEmulsomes (EMLs) were fabricated to encapsulate the N-(5-nitrothiazol-2-yl)-carboxamido derivatives (3a–3g).The most potent 3e-loaded EMLs (F3e) showed an IC50 value of 0.73 μg/mL against SARS-CoV-2.F3e exhibited a combination of virucidal (>90%), viral adsorption (>80%), and viral replication (>60%) inhibition.Molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and MM-GBSA calculations were performed.Structure–activity relationship (SAR) study was discussed to study the influence of altering the size, type, and flexibility of the α-substituent to the carboxamide on the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. Emulsomes (EMLs) were fabricated to encapsulate the N-(5-nitrothiazol-2-yl)-carboxamido derivatives (3a–3g). The most potent 3e-loaded EMLs (F3e) showed an IC50 value of 0.73 μg/mL against SARS-CoV-2. F3e exhibited a combination of virucidal (>90%), viral adsorption (>80%), and viral replication (>60%) inhibition. Molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and MM-GBSA calculations were performed. Structure–activity relationship (SAR) study was discussed to study the influence of altering the size, type, and flexibility of the α-substituent to the carboxamide on the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity.

Multiple inhibitions of CA, COX-2 and 5-LOX enzymes has been recognised as a useful strategy for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs that can avoid the disadvantages of using NSAIDs alone. Here, we report new pyridazine-based sulphonamides (5a-c and 7a-f) as potential multi-target anti-inflammatory candidates. First, the furanone heterocycle in the dual CA/COX-2 inhibitor Polmacoxib was replaced with the pyridazinone one. Then, a hydrophobic tail was appended through benzylation of the 3-hydroxyl group of the pyridazinone scaffold to afford benzyloxy pyridazines 5a-c. Furthermore, the structures were adorned with the polar sulphonate functionality, in pyridazine sulphonates 7a-f, that are expected to be engaged in interactions with the hydrophilic half of the CA binding sites. All of the disclosed pyridazinones were tested for inhibitory activities against 4 hCA isoforms (I, II, IX, and XII), as well as against COX-1/2, and 5-LOX. Furthermore, in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of pyridazinones 7a and 7b were examined.

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are an important component of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and have been linked to immunosuppression and poor prognosis. TAMs have been shown to be harmful in ovarian cancer (OC), with a positive correlation between their high levels of tumors and poor overall patient survival. These cells are crucial in the progression and chemoresistance of OC. The primary pro-tumoral role of TAMs is the release of cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, and exosomes that directly enhance the invasion potential and chemoresistance of OC by activating their pro-survival signalling pathways. TAMs play a crucial role in the metastasis of OC in the peritoneum and ascities by assisting in spheroid formation and cancer cell adhesion to the metastatic regions. Furthermore, TAMs interact with tumor protein p53 (TP53), exosomes, and other immune cells, such as stem cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) to support the progression and metastasis of OC. In this review we revisit development, functions and interactions of TAMs in the TME of OC patients to highlight and shed light on challenges and excitement down the road.

Background: Melanocytoma is a rare pigmented central nervous tumor. In the spine, it may develop in meninges, extramedullary or intramedullary. It usually has good outcome after total excision. Case report: A 40-year-old male patient was admitted to our hospital 12 years ago with a 3-month history of progressive neck pain and difficulty walking. On clinical examination, he showed upper dorsal bilateral gray blue hyperpigmentation, quadriparesis and bilateral hypoesthesia below C4. Cervical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T1-weighted images without contrast showed a C3-C4 intradural, extramedullary lesion. The patient underwent total microsurgical resection of the lesion. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses confirmed the diagnosis of melanocytoma. Another skin biopsy of the abnormal area showed histological findings of a blue skin nevus. Eight years after resection the patient presented with recurrent symptoms, which were similar to his initial presentation. Cervical MRI showed an intradural extramedullary tumor anterior to the spinal cord at the same C3-C4 level. The patient underwent a second complete tumor excision and melanocytoma was confirmed histologically. The patient significantly improved and remained well at last follow-up. Conclusions: Intradural extra- or intramedullary melanocytoma is a rare benign tumor that frequently recurs but usually has good outcome following total excision. Keywords: Spinal cord, Meningeal, Melanocytoma, Extramedullary, Skin Nevus of Ito, Outcome

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G molecules are proposed to influence susceptibility to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A case-control study was conducted on 209 patients with COVID-19 and198 controls to assess soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) levels and HLA-G 14-bp insertion [Ins]/deletion [Del] polymorphism. Results revealed that median levels of sHLA-G were significantly higher in serum of COVID-19 patients than in controls (17.92 [interquartile range: 14.86-21.15] vs. 13.42 [9.95-17.38] ng/mL; probability0.001). sHLA-G levels showed no significant differences between patients with moderate, severe or critical disease. Del allele was significantly associated with the risk of COVID-19 (odds ratio = 1.89; 95% confidence interval = 1.44-2.48; corrected probability = 0.001), while a higher risk was associated with Del/Del genotype (odds ratio = 2.39; 95% confidence interval = 1.25-4.58; corrected probability = 0.048). Allele and genotype frequencies of HLA-G 14-bp Ins/Del polymorphism stratified by gender or disease severity showed no significant differences in each stratum. Further, there was no significant impact of genotypes on sHLA-G levels. In conclusion, sHLA-G levels were up-regulated in COVID-19 patients regardless of disease severity. Further, it is suggested that HLA-G 14-bp Ins/Del polymorphism is associated with COVID-19 risk.

This paper presents the research results on the contribution of user-centered data mining based on the standard principles, focusing on the analysis of survival and mortality of lung cancer cases. Researchers used anonymized data from previously diagnosed instances in the health database to predict the condition of new patients who have not had their results yet. Medical professionals specializing in this field provided feedback on the usefulness of the new software, which was constructed using WEKA data mining tools and the Naive Bayes method. The results of this article provide elements of interest to discuss the value of identifying or discovering relationships in apparently “hidden” information to propose strategies to counteract health problems or prevent future complications and thus contribute to improving the quality of care. Life of the population, as would be the case of data mining in the health area, has shown applicability in the early detection and prevention of diseases for the analysis of genetic markers to determine the probability of a satisfactory response to medical treatment, and the most accurate model was Naive Bayes (91.1%). The Naive Bayes algorithm’s closest competitor, bagging, came in second with 90.8%. The analysis found that the ZeroR algorithm had the lowest success rate at 80%.

The OBJECTIVE was to give a molecular genetic foundation of combination therapy in the early postoperative period for peritonitis.METHODS AND MATERIALS. 70 patients with diffuse peritonitis were studied: the first (n=35) – patients underwent basic treatment, the second (n=35) – combined treatment with the inclusion of Remaxol and laser irradiation. The severity of endotoxemia and oxidative stress, the state of the hemostasis system and the functional status of the liver were determined. Molecular genotyping of the following genes was performed: beta subunits of platelet fibrinogen receptor (T1565C, ITGB3), fibrinogen (G(-455)A, FGB), catalase (-262C/T, CAT), superoxide dismutase (C47T, SOD2).RESULTS. It was found that the early postoperative period in patients with peritonitis is accompanied by endotoxemia, oxidative stress, impaired functional status of the liver, hypercoagulation and hypofibrinolysis. In patients with conditionally «mutant» genotypes of the studied genes, peritonitis is more severe, the severity of changes in the studied indicators of homeostasis is greater. At the same time, the effectiveness of therapy decreased, the number of complications increased, and the stay of patients in the hospital increased. The early inclusion of Remaxol and laser radiation in basic therapy increases the overall effectiveness of treatment: the severity of endotoxemia and oxidative stress decreases, the functional state of the liver and hemostasis system is restored relatively quickly, and as a result, an improvement in clinical results has been registered (a 37.5 % decrease in the frequency of complications (χ2=3.360, p=0.047) and a reduction in the length of stay of patients in the hospital by 16.6 % (pCONCLUSION. The inclusion of Remaxol and laser therapy in the early postoperative period in the treatment regimen of patients with peritonitis makes it possible to influence pathogenetically important links of the disease relatively quickly, which improves treatment results. This type of therapy is particularly effective in patients with polymorphic genotypes T1565C and C1565C of the ITGB3 gene.

Nucleic acids or proteins electrophoresed within a matrix or gel that immersed in a buffer provides ions needed to carry a current and for pH maintenance at a relatively constant value. Sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) utilizes SDS as an anionic detergent that causes protein denaturation that linearized protein molecules. Each molecule of SDS has the ability to binds to two amino acids. As a result, the ratio of charge to mass becomes constant for all denatured proteins in the mixture. The molecules of protein migrate toward the positive pole and separated in the gel depending only on their molecular weights. The chains of polyacrylamide are cross linked by N, N-methylene bisacrylamide comonomers and ammonium persulfate used as an initiator for polymerization as they act as radical source and N, N, N', N'- tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) used to catalyse the polymerization. Electrophoresis of proteins and nucleic acids by using agarose or polyacrylamide gels were illustrated in this review.

The present study was included limitation, distribution, spread and resources of pesticides in water (Dissolved and suspended), sediments from three stations Al-harrir, Al-sulal and Al-burga). This study was extended from January, 2009 to December, 2009 during low tide times. The highest concentrations of pesticides in sediments was recorded for Lindane pesticides in February 497.5 μg/ kg and lowest concentrations 0.01 μg/ kg was found for Dialdrin in March at Al-harrir station and in November at Al-sulal station. Percentage ratio of total organic compounds (TOC) and grain size analysis of sediments was measured and Significant correlation (r = 0.98) were recorded between TOC% and total average of pesticides at tree stations and no Significant correlation were found between silts and total average of pesticides.

Child abuse is one of the medico-legal issues a physician may face during his/her clinical practice. It has devastating effects on both the child and family, especially psychological. If falsely identified as a child abuse case, it could result in detrimental consequences. Therefore, physicians must recognise and be able to rule out child abuse mimickers, which are often conditions that are mistakenly confused with true physical child abuse. Injuries like bruises and burns are common presentations and therefore it is important to consider cutaneous abuse mimics to avoid incorrect diagnosis of child abuse. This review article sheds light on the most common cutaneous conditions that can mimic physical child abuse, where patients present with patterns of various skin lesions that raise a suspicion of child abuse.

BACKGROUND: The influence of the COVID-19 pandemic is great not only on general health but also on regular learning worldwide. AIM: This study analyzed medical undergraduate students’ feedback about online education at Taif University during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Five hundred undergraduate medical students from the four medical colleges at Taif University participated in the current study. They were requested to give their feedback about online medical education through an online questionnaire. The questionnaire was prepared and administered to the medical students at different academic levels through Google forms. The current study is a cross-sectional study. RESULTS: The respondents who can ask questions during e-classes were significantly higher than those who had not this opportunity. A significantly higher number of students reported that the shared material was useful. In addition, the study results indicated significantly poor student-teacher interaction during the e-classes. Finally, about 231 of the respondents (46.2%) preferred physical classes over e-classes and 140 of respondents (28%) preferred online classes over physical classes, and the remaining number, 129 (25.8%), mentioned that online and conventional education are both the same. CONCLUSION: Most students said that conventional education is better than online education. The combination of online and formal education can be implemented after the COVID-19 pandemic to satisfy all parties.

The Multiple Traveling Salesman Problem (MTSP) is considered as an NP-complete problem due to the difficulty of finding the shortest tour between different cities with a set of constraints such as visiting each city once by one salesman. The solution tour represents the sum of all tours' costs performed by n salesmen. In this research, we propose a novel approach to find different solutions for various instances of MTSP based on a memetic algorithm using Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Hill-Climbing (HC) algorithm. The experimental results proved that the memetic approach achieved promising results i.e., minimum total tour compared to other existing approaches.

Sediment samples were taken from six location in Tigris, Euphrates and Shatt AI-Arab River during 2021- 2022, sample were extracted to determine the heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni and Zn) in Residual sediment of these samples by using the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP). The analysis was also determined percentage of total organic carbon and grain size. The results of the concentrations in the Residual phase as follows (Fe> Mn> Cu > Pb> Zn> Ni >Cd) was (811.71, 90.49, 72.47, 67.34, 64.44, 38.52,25.54) dry weight. The results showed that the concentrations of the Metals were high, except for nickel and cadmium, which were relatively few, as for of total organic carbon concentrations high value (TOC %) It was (7.2 µg/g) at the six station during winter while the lowest value was (2.0µg/g) at the first station during summer. The grain size analysis was mainly silt and clay are the most predominate in the study area. Geo Accumulation Index (I-geo) for heavy elements in the sediments was also determined, and it showed that the yearly rate of the concentrations of the metals varied between the lowest value (-6.895) of Iron and the maximum value (6.826) for cadmium. Additionally, it was determined the enrichment coefficient (EF) for the heavy elements in the sediments, where the annual rate of the metals ranged between the lowest value (3.26) for manganese and the highest value (10488.14) for cadmium, and was accounted the Contamination factor (CF)for the heavy metals in the sediments, where the annual average of the metals ranged between the lowest value (0.012) for Iron and the highest value (170.26) for cadmium. These results showed that organic matter pollution was mainly from direct discharge of domestic wastewater into Tigris, Euphrates, and Shatt al-Arab river.

Due to their widespread distribution in the environment, petroleum hydrocarbons are pollutants that contain a variety of hazardous organic compounds, many of which have the ability to mutate and have cancerous impacts on natural ecosystems To determine the quantities, distribution, and sources of total petroleum hydrocarbon in sediment samples, sediment samples were collected from six locations along the Tigris, Euphrates, and Shatt Al Arab rivers in December 2021. The highest concentration of TPHs was (10.83µ g/g dry weight) in station 6 at Shatt Al-Arab and the lowest was (1.39 µg/g dry weight) in station 3 at Euphrates. These results were compared with previous studies conducted in the same area since 1998. The current study's results indicated that TPHs concentrations in the sediments at the Tigris, Euphrates and Shatt Al-Arab River were within the permitted limits. Therefore, we can come to the concluded that since 1998, these regions of the study have not been significantly contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons.

Amal Alomran,1,2,* Nada Alyousefi1,2,* 1Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Amal Alomran, Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11362, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966114670836, Email amal9alomran@gmail.comObjective: The interaction between physicians and patients is essential in clinical practice. Patient-centered care (PCC) is becoming popular in healthcare and provides an approach to deliver high-quality healthcare to yield positive clinical outcomes. This study explores family medicine residents’ attitudes toward the physician–patient relationship and patient-centered care and the possible influence of demographic characteristics, level of training, school of graduation, and previous training.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among family medicine residents in Riyadh. They were invited to enroll in a web-based survey that includes demographic data, training details, and the “Patient Practitioner Orientation Scale (PPOS).”.Results: A total of 114 family medicine residents completed the survey. There were 68 (59.6%) males and 46 (40.4%) female residents. The overall PPOS was 4.23 ± 0.53. The mean score for sharing domain was 3.97 ± 0.66. The caring domain scored 4.49 ± 0.57. No correlations were found between the residents’ demographic data and other included variables, and the means of sharing domain, caring domain, and overall score.Conclusion: Family medicine residents were found to have positive attitudes toward patient-centeredness. Integrating patient-centered training early in the curriculum can improve healthcare students’ and trainees’ attitudes toward patient-centered care. Future research can explore the possible interventions in systematic assessment and training programs that can improve PCP.Keywords: physician–patient relations, medical residency, patient-centered care, Saudi Arabia

Trypanosomiasis is a protozoan disease transmitted via Trypanosoma brucei. This study aimed to examine the metabolic profile and anti-trypanosomal effect of methanol extract of Thunbergia grandifolia leaves. The liquid chromatography-high resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (LC-HRESIMS) revealed the identification of fifteen compounds of iridoid, flavonoid, lignan, phenolic acid, and alkaloid classes. The extract displayed a promising inhibitory activity against T. brucei TC 221 with MIC value of 1.90 μg/mL within 72 h. A subsequent in silico analysis of the dereplicated compounds (i.e. inverse docking, molecular dynamic simulation, and absolute binding free energy) suggested both rhodesain and farnesyl diphosphate synthase as probable targets for two compounds among those dereplicated ones in the plant extract (i.e. diphyllin and avacennone B). The absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) profiling of diphyllin and avacennone were calculated accordingly, where both compounds showed acceptable drug-like properties. This study highlighted the antiparasitic potential of T. grandifolia leaves.

This study aimed to utilize cholesterol conjugation of 5-fluorouracil (5-FUC) and liposomal formulas to enhance the partitioning of 5-FU into low density lipoprotein (LDL) to target hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Thus, 5-FU and 5-FUCwere loaded into liposomes. Later, the direct loading and transfer of 5-FU, and 5-FUC from liposomes into LDL were attained. The preparations were characterized in terms of particle size, zeta potential, morphology, entrapment efficiency, and cytotoxicity using the HepG2 cell line. Moreover, the drug deposition into the LDL and liver tissues was investigated. The present results revealed that liposomal preparations have a nanosize range (155 − 194 nm), negative zeta potential (- 0.82 to – 16 mV), entrapment efficiency of 69% for 5-FU, and 66% for 5-FUC. Moreover, LDL particles have a nanosize range (28–49 nm), negative zeta potential (- 17 to −27 mV), and the entrapment efficiency is 11% for 5-FU and 85% for 5-FUC. Furthermore, 5-FUC loaded liposomes displayed a sustained release profile (57%) at 24 h compared to fast release (92%) of 5-FU loaded liposomes. 5-FUC and liposomal formulas enhanced the transfer of 5-FUC into LDL compared to 5-FU. 5-FUC loaded liposomes and LDL have greater cytotoxicity against HepG2 cell lines compared to 5-FU and 5-FUC solutions. Moreover, the deposition of 5-FUC in LDL (26.87ng/mg) and liver tissues (534 ng/gm tissue) was significantly increased 5-FUC liposomes compared to 5-FU (11.7 ng/g tissue) liposomal formulation. In conclusion, 5-FUC is a promising strategy for hepatic targeting of 5-FU through LDL-mediated gateway., Graphical abstract

Glioblastoma is one of the most difficult to treat cancers with poor prognosis and survival of around one year from diagnosis. Effective treatments are desperately needed. This work aims to prepare temozolomide acid (TMZA) loaded albumin nanoparticles, for the first time, to target glioblastoma (GL261) and brain cancer stem cells (BL6). TMZA was loaded into human serum albumin nanoparticles (HSA NPs) using the desolvation method. A response surface 3-level factorial design was used to study the effect of different formulation parameters on the drug loading and particle size of NPs. The optimum conditions were found to be: 4 mg TMZA with 0.05% sodium cholate. This yielded NPs with particle size and drug loading of 111.7 nm and 5.5% respectively. The selected formula was found to have good shelf life and serum stability but with a relatively fast drug release pattern. The optimized NPs showed excellent cellular uptake with ∼ 50 and 100% of cells were positive for NP uptake after 24 h incubation with both GL261 and BL6 glioblastoma cell lines, respectively. The selected formula showed high cytotoxicity with ̴ 20% cell viability at 1 mM TMZA after 72 h incubation time. Finally, the fluorescently labelled NPs showed co-localization with the bioluminescent syngeneic BL6 intra-cranial tumour mouse model after intravenous administration.

BACKGROUND: Due to the rise in the number of deaths, the hepatitis C virus remains a public health issue worldwide. During the recovery period, cytokines are known as indicators of chronic liver infection. AIM: In this study, immunological parameters were measured and calculated in chronic hemodialysis patients after more than 6 months of drug administration. METHODS: We have picked 60 patients with hemodialysis who are anti-HCV positive. ELISA and the calculation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were used to evaluate IP-10 and IFN-γ. RESULTS: A substantial association between variables and infected cases was found. No worth was considered for genders or age categories. CONCLUSIONS: The serum IP-10 level can be a warning primarily for patients who have taken a variety of prescriptions intermittently. In both the RPT and RST cohorts, IFN-γ serum levels are usually elevated. Serum level ALP is not a particular chronic HCV predictor.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a potentially fatal disease that prompted health disasters worldwide. The virus was reported first from Wuhan, China, in December 2019. SARS-CoV-2 majorly transmits through direct contactwith an infected person or inhalation.The spread rate of SARS-CoV-2 is much higher than the other virus of family. The virus is very harmful to the children, people with old age, low immunity, or suffering from other critical diseases. A total of 29.6 million infected cases and approximately 936000 death were reported worldwide. Whereas in India reached 5.02 Million cases are reported with 82000 deaths. In this paper, the authors had study the Origin of viruses, Symptoms, actions taken by the Indian government, and precautions suggested to healthcare workers. The biometric system's adverse effects in hospitals are highlighted, and authors emphasize IoT-based smart door-lock that works without direct contact. The proposed system helps in reducing contamination at healthcare centers.

This current study review provides a brief review of a natural bee product known as propolis and its relevance toward combating SARS-CoV viruses. Propolis has been utilized in medicinal products for centuries due to its excellent biological properties. These include anti-oxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-fungal, and bactericidal activities. Furthermore, studies on molecular simulations show that flavonoids in propolis may reduce viral replication. While further research is needed to validate this theory, it has been observed that COVID-19 patients receiving propolis show earlier viral clearance, enhanced symptom recovery, quicker discharge from hospitals, and a reduced mortality rate relative to other patients. As a result, it appears that propolis could probably be useful in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. Therefore, this review sought to explore the natural properties of propolis and further evaluated past studies that investigated propolis as an alternative product for the treatment of COVID-19 symptoms. In addition, the review also highlights the possible mode of propolis action as well as molecular simulations of propolis compounds that may interact with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The activity of propolis compounds in decreasing the impact of COVID-19-related comorbidities, the possible roles of such compounds as COVID-19 vaccine adjuvants, and the use of nutraceuticals in COVID-19 treatment, instead of pharmaceuticals, has also been discussed.

Accurate estimation of air transport demand is vital for airlines, related aviation companies, and government agencies. For example, both short-term and long-term business plans of airlines require accurate forecasting of future air traffic flows. This study aims to forecast the volume of air passengers in Kuwait International Airport (KIA), which is in the state of Kuwait. Using monthly air traffic volume data between January 2012 and December 2018, this study focuses on the modelling and forecasting the number of air passengers in KIA. A wide range of time series forecasting models are considered in this research, including autoregressive-integrated-moving average model (ARIMA), exponential smoothing with errors term (ETS), Holt-Winters exponential smoothing, neural network autoregression (NNAR), hybrid and Bayesian structural time series (BSTS), and a hybrid model. The forecasting performance of these models are compared using multiple train-test splits where the models are fitted on the training sets and evaluated on the test sets. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) is used to compare the performance of various models. Empirical analysis suggests that the BSTS model compares favorably against the other time series models in its ability to forecast complex time series. The BSTS model may be applied to study other complex time series forecasting problems with irregularity.

Objective Only a few studies have assessed the quality of life in children with tracheostomies. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of life and the factors influencing it in these children. Method This cross-sectional, two-centre study was conducted on paediatric patients living in the community with a tracheostomy by using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory. Clinical and demographic information of patients, as well as parents’ socioeconomic factors, were obtained. Results A total of 53 patients met our inclusion criteria, and their parents agreed to participate. The mean age of patients was 6.85 years, and 21 patients were ventilator-dependent. The total paediatric health-related quality of life score was 59.28, and the family impact score was 68.49. In non-ventilator-dependent patients, multivariate analyses indicated that social functioning and health-related quality of life were negatively affected by the duration of tracheostomy. The Quality of Life of ventilator-dependent patients was influenced by care visits and the presence of pulmonary co-morbidities. Conclusion Children with tracheostomies have a lower quality of life than healthy children do. Routine care visits by a respiratory therapist and nurses yielded significantly improved quality of life in ventilator-dependent children.

Backgroud Cryptosporidium species are zoonotic protozoan parasites responsible for gastroenteritis in various animals and humans. The diagnosis of Cryptosporidium presents many challenges. This research attempted to match the diagnostic efficiency of the modified Ziehl–Neelsen technique (mZN), immunochromatographic assays (IC), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of Cryptosporidium in faecal samples of cattle in Kuwait. In addition, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was utilised to determine the predominant species infecting cattle in Kuwait and correlating the detected species with the results of different diagnostic tests used, the presence or absence of clinical signs, and the age group of the infected cattle. Results Of 400 analysed faecal samples, Cryptosporidium positive samples were 23%, 15.25%, and 14% using IC, ELISA, and mZN. IC had the highest sensitivity (74.07%), and mZN had the highest specificity (98.29%) using a composite reference standard (CRS) as a gold standard. The rapid IC test results in high false-positive results of cryptosporidiosis, whereas using mZN alone is insufficient to declare a negative faecal sample. Only 74.5% (35/47) of Cryptosporidium-positive samples by the three assays could be amplified by PCR. This study was the first to genotype Cryptosporidium in Kuwait. Cryptosporidium parvum (n = 26) was the dominant species detected from cattle samples, followed by C. andersoni (n = 6), C. bovis (n = 2), and C. raynae (n = 1). The findings showed a statistically relevant relationship between diarrhoea and the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in faecal samples of cattle (p-value = 0.0003). Pre-weaned calves were the most vulnerable age group to Cryptosporidium spp. infection (p-value = 0.0007). Conclusion For screening of Cryptosporidium infection in faecal samples, antigen detection or PCR methods combined with one of the microscopy techniques should be used. Cryptosporidium parvum was the prepoderant Cryptosporidium spp. recovered from cattle samples in Kuwait followed by C. andersoni. Cryptosporidium parvum is a significant risk factor for diarrhoea in pre-weaned calves. However, further study is needed as many other causes of diarrhoea in calves must be ruled out before a diagnosis of Cryptosporidium diarrhoea can be made.

Mahasen S Al Najar,1 Nosaiba T Al Ryalat,1 Jaffer S Sadaqah,1 Rawand Y Husami,1 Karem H Alzoubi2,3 1Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Jordan Hospital, Amman, Jordan; 2Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; 3Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, JordanCorrespondence: Mahasen S Al Najar, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Jordan Hospital, P. O. Box 13046, Queen Rania Street, Amman, 11942, Jordan, Fax +96265353388, Email m.najar@ju.edu.joObjective: To describe variable mullerian duct anomalies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to classify these anomalies according to the available classification systems, namely the American Fertility Society (AFS) system, the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) system, and the new American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) system.Design: Retrospective chart review.Subjects: The pelvic MRI studies and the clinical records of 64 females with mullerian congenital anomalies were retrospectively reviewed between January 2010 and December 2021. The mean age was 22 years (age range 2– 63 years).Main Outcome Measures: Detailed imaging findings were recorded, and the resulting mullerian anomalies were then classified according to the three classification systems of interest.Results: Variable mullerian anomalies were found among patients with multiple frequencies. Mullerian agenesis and hypoplasia were found in 12 patients (19%) and 16 patients (25%), respectively. Uterus didelphys was found in 5 patients (8%). Twelve (19%) patients had septate uterus, while 8 (12.5%) had a bicornuate anomaly. Unicornuate uterus was present in 7 patients (11%). Isolated vaginal anomaly was diagnosed in 4 patients (6%). Renal/urinary tract imaging was available for 27 (42%) patients, and accompanying urinary tract anomalies were noted in 10 of them (37%). Few ovarian and other extra-renal anomalies were observed.Conclusion: MRI could efficiently delineate the mullerian anomalies regardless of their complexity. Most of these anomalies were more efficaciously categorized by the ESHRE and the new ASRM systems, compared to the originally widely used AFS system. The new ASRM classification was found to be more practical as it is a modification of the original AFS system, using drawings with clear descriptions instead of symbols. This is particularly helpful in the radiological era, saving time and effort.Keywords: mullerian duct anomalies, classification system, renal agenesis, uterus, pelvic MRI

BACKGROUND Dieulafoy's lesion is a rare cause of severe gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, accounting for approximately 1-2% of all cases of GI hemorrhage. Nevertheless, it can be life-threatening without prompt intervention. Dieulafoy's lesion of jejunal origin can be particularly challenging to identify due to the inability of conventional endoscopic techniques to visualize the jejunum. This case report emphasizes the difficulties in diagnosing and managing jejunal Dieulafoy's lesions and highlights the methods by which to approach refractory bleeding. CASE REPORT This is a case of a 41-year-old man with a history of uncontrolled hypertension who presented with an episode of syncope and melena associated with low hemoglobin levels requiring multiple packed red blood cell transfusions. This warranted searching for a source of bleeding within the gastrointestinal tract via 2 upper-GI endoscopies, a colonoscopy, and an abdominal computed tomography angiogram, all of which failed to localize the site of bleeding. A push enteroscopy was required to identify the lesion in the jejunum, but the bleeding was not controlled despite the application of hemoclips and epinephrine. Consequently, laparotomy and resection of the jejunal segment containing the Dieulafoy's lesion was performed and the diagnosis was established histopathologically. The patient recovered well and was discharged 4 days after the procedure. CONCLUSIONS Suspicion of a jejunal Dieulafoy's lesion should be raised if both upper- and lower-GI endoscopies yield unremarkable findings. Ideally, a push enteroscopy should be utilized diagnostically and to conservatively manage the bleeding. However, laparotomy should be considered in refractory lesions or in the presence of hemodynamic instability.