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Background Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a form of chronic inflammatory bowel disease of nonspecific origin. This study used an RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) approach to evaluate the transcriptomic landscape of a well-stratified treatment-naïve pediatric UC patient population by comparing them with healthy control children. The data were analyzed to evaluate the mechanisms driving UC-related intestinal inflammation and fibrosis. Methods Intestinal mucosal samples from five pediatric UC patients and five healthy controls were analyzed by RNA-Seq, and results were verified by qPCR. A CRISPR/Cas9 approach was used to knock out the expression of HLA-DRB5, and molecular biology techniques were used for additional mechanistic studies. Results In these analyses, 2290 genes were found to be differentially expressed between the UC and control samples, of which 1258 and 1032 were upregulated and downregulated, respectively. Gene Ontology analysis showed that these genes were enriched in extracellular matrix (ECM)-related processes and that 7 of 8 differentially expressed genes of interest (PIK3CD, IL1β, IL1α, TIMP1, MMP1, MMP12, COL6A3, and HLADRB5) were upregulated and involved in ECM-receptor interaction and inflammatory bowel disease-related pathways. Increased HLA-DRB5 expression driven by intestinal bacteria was found to promote IL-1α secretion, leading to intestinal inflammation and fibrosis, suggesting a possible target for the treatment of UC. Conclusion These data suggest that intestinal inflammation is present in pediatric UC patients for extended periods before the onset of symptoms, and intestinal fibrosis begins even during the early stages of UC. Intestinal bacteria were also found to trigger intestinal inflammation and fibrosis, with HLA-DRB5 playing a central role in this process.

Governments actively encourage renewable energy use to deal with climate change and achieve carbon emission reduction targets. It is crucial to find out the driving factors that affect the utilization of renewable energy. Therefore, based on China’s 2010–2016 input–output table, this paper uses the input–output model and structural decomposition analysis (SDA) to analyze the driving factors of renewable energy changes in the production end, household end, and the aggregate economy. The results show that the changes in the consumption structure (F) is the most crucial factor for renewable energy use, followed by technology progress (T) and final demand per capita (V). Sector SEHW (supply of electric power, heat power, and water) and MCRP (manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products) are the two vital sectors to achieve China’s energy transition of the production level. However, as for households, the proportion of renewable energy has been declining. Hence, the government should promote renewable energy use and achieve the green transition in production and household levels.

Rationale: Oseltamivir-induced alimentary tract hemorrhage and liver injury are rarely reported in children and adult individuals. In this study, we described the clinical features and outcomes of oseltamivir-induced alimentary tract hemorrhage and liver injury in a child. Patient concerns: Here, we present a case of a 6-year-old Asian boy with hematemesis and elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (80 U/L) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (69 U/L) levels on day 2 of oseltamivir administration. The presence of alimentary tract hemorrhage and liver injury was diagnosed. The ALT level reached 1931.3 U/L, accompanied by an increase in total bilirubin (TBIL) to 53.3 μmol/L on day 15 after oseltamivir administration. Additional tests were performed to determine the presence of viruses that can cause hepatitis and autoantibodies, and the results from these tests were all negative. Diagnosis: Drug-induced liver injury was considered. Interventions: This patient was treated with compound glycyrrhizin and reduced glutathione and glucocorticoid. Outcomes: The liver enzymes recovered within 6 weeks without any symptoms of liver-related diseases after treatment with glucocorticoid. This treatment therefore helps reduce ALT and TBIL levels and protects the liver from further injury. Lessons: Oral oseltamivir is widely used to treat influenza and the adverse effects of this drug were mostly mild. However, clinicians should always be alert for oseltamivir-induced alimentary tract hemorrhage and liver injury when prescribing oseltamivir for children.