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OBJECTIVE: To analyze the global burden of periodontal disease and its relation with socioeconomic development. METHODS: Data of global disability-adjusted life year (DALY) due to periodontal disease and human development index (HDI) from 1990 to 2019 were obtained from Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx) and human development reports. The trend of the global burden of periodontal disease from 1990 to 2019 was described. The correlation between age-standardized DALY rates and HDI were examined in 2019, and between-country periodontal disease burden inequality from 1990 to 2019 was measured using health-related Gini coefficients and concentration indexes. RESULTS: From 1990 to 2019, the global DALY rate due to periodontal disease increased from 78.63 to 85.48, and the epidemiological burden did not increase significantly. Statistical differences were found across different HDI categories for age-standardized DALY rates of periodontal disease ( χ (2) =44.315, P

Amaranthus tricolor is a vegetable and ornamental amaranth, with high lysine, dietary fibre and squalene content. The red cultivar of A. tricolor possesses a high concentration of betalains, which has been used as natural food colorants. Here, we constructed the genome of A. tricolor, the first reference genome for the subgenus Albersia, combining PacBio HiFi, Nanopore ultra-long and Hi–C data. The contig N50 size was 906 kb, and 99.58% of contig sequence was anchored to the 17 chromosomes, totalling 520 Mb. We annotated 27,813 protein-coding genes with an average 1.3 kb coding sequence and 5.3 exons. We inferred that A. tricolor underwent a whole-genome duplication (WGD) and that the WGD shared by amaranths occurred in the last common ancestor of subfamily Amaranthoideae. Moreover, we comprehensively identified candidate genes in betalain biosynthesis pathway. Among them, DODAα1 and CYP76ADα1, located in one topologically associated domain (TAD) of an active (A) compartment on chromosome 16, were more highly expressed in red leaves than in green leaves, and DODAα1 might be the rate-limiting enzyme gene in betalains biosynthesis. This study presents new genome resources and enriches our understanding of amaranth evolution, betalains production, facilitating molecular breeding improvements and the understanding of C4 plants evolution.

Alveolar bone defects, which are characterized by a relatively narrow space and location adjacent to the cementum, require promising substitute biomaterials for their regeneration. In this study, we introduced novel yolk–shell biphasic bio-ceramic granules with/without a customized porous shell and evaluated their biological effect together with structural transformation. Firstly, a self-made coaxial bilayer capillary system was applied for the fabrication of granules. Secondly, thorough morphological and physicochemical characterizations were performed in vitro. Subsequently, the granules were implanted into critical-size alveolar bone defects (10 × 4 × 3 mm) in New Zealand white rabbits, with Bio-Oss® as the positive control. Finally, at 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks postoperatively, the alveolar bone specimens were harvested and assessed via radiological and histological examination. Our results showed that the yolk–shell biphasic bio-ceramic granules, especially those with porous shells, exhibited a tunable ion release performance, improved biodegradation behavior and satisfactory osteogenesis compared with the homogeneously hybrid and Bio-Oss® granules both in vitro and in vivo. This study provides the first evidence that novel yolk–shell bio-ceramic granules, on account of their adjustable porous microstructure, have great potential in alveolar bone repair.

Background: 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2), one of the major metabolites from prostaglandin D2 in arachidonic acid metabolic pathway, has potential anti-inflammatory properties. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of 15d-PGJ2-loaded poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanocapsules (15d-PGJ2-NC) on inflammatory responses and bone regeneration in local bone defect. Methods: The study was conducted on 96 Wistar rats from June 2014 to March 2016. Saline, unloaded nanoparticles, free 15d-PGJ2 or 15d-PGJ2-NC, were delivered through a collagen vehicle inside surgically created transcortical defects in rat femurs. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels in the surrounding soft tissue were analyzed by Western blot and in the defect by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction over 14 days. Simultaneously, bone morphogenetic protein-6 (BMP-6) and platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGF-B) messenger RNA (mRNA) in the defect were examined. New bone formation and EphrinB2 and osteoprotegerin (OPG) protein expression in the cortical defect were observed by Masson’s Trichrome staining and immunohistochemistry over 28 days. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance. Least-significant difference and Dunnett’s T3 methods were used with a bilateral P < 0.05. Results: Application of l5d-PGJ2-NC (100 μg/ml) in the local bone defect significantly decreased IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α mRNA and protein, compared with saline-treated controls (P < 0.05). l5d-PGJ2-NC upregulated BMP-6 and PDGF-B mRNA (P < 0.05). New bone formation was observed in the cortical defect in l5d-PGJ2-NC-treated animals from 7th day onward (P < 0.001). Expression of EphrinB2 and OPG presented early on day 3 and persisted through day 28 in 15d-PGJ2-NC group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Stable l5d-PGJ2-NC complexes were prepared that could attenuate IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression, while increasing new bone formation and growth factors related to bone regeneration. Key words: 15-Deoxy-Δ 12,14-prostaglandin J2; Interleukin-1 Beta; Interleukin-6; Nanocapsules; Osteogenesis

Electrodeposition has been so widely used to immobilize biomacromolecules, and it is always an important topic to increase the load and activity of the immobilized biomacromolecules. We report here on a new, simple and rather universal method for the highly efficient immobilization of enzymes by aqueous electrodeposition of enzyme-tethered chitosan (CS) for sensitive amperometric biosensing. Glucose oxidase (GOx) is chosen here to examine the proposed protocol in detail. GOx was crosslinked to CS with low-concentration glutaraldehyde (GA, 0.080 wt%), and the electroreduction of added H(2)O(2) increased the electrode-surface pH and triggered the electrodeposition of a GOx-GA-CS composite film. The GOx-GA-CS electrodeposition was monitored by an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance and is theoretically discussed based on an electrogenerated base-to-acid titration model. The prepared first-generation enzyme electrode (CS-GA-GOx/Pt(nano)/Au) exhibits a current sensitivity as high as 102 microA mM(-1) cm(-2) at 0.70 V vs SCE, being 13 times that of the CS-GOx/Pt(nano)/Au prepared similarly but without the GOx-CS precrosslinking. UV-vis spectrophotometric determination of the GOx remains in the supernatant liquids after pH-induced CS precipitation suggested a high enzyme load in the GOx-GA-CS film, and amperometric measurements suggested a negligible decrease in the enzymatic activity of GOx after its reaction with the low-concentration GA. Also, the proposed protocol works well for the precrosslinking manner of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide/N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide activation, the water-electroreduction-triggered CS electrodeposition, the second-generation biosensing mode, a 5.0-microm-radius Pt ultramicroelectrode, and immobilization of alkaline phosphatase for phenyl phosphate biosensing. The proposed protocol of pretethering the target biomacromolecules to the electrodeposition precusor for immobilization of the biomacromolecule at high load/activity is recommended for wide applications.

We report on the aqueous preparation of novel polymeric bionanocomposites (PBNCs) with polydopamine (PDA) as an efficient matrix to support antibody and uniformly dispersed abundant Pt nanoparticles (PtNPs) for high performance sandwich-type amperometric immunoassay. We prepare three kinds of PBNCs (PBNCs 1 , 2 , and 3 ) via chemical polymerization synthesis ( 1 ) and further adsorption ( 2 ) or glutaldehyde (GA) covalent crosslinking ( 3 ) of antibody. Transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and quartz crystal microbalance are used to characterize the PBNCs. The results show that PDA is an excellent matrix to support antibody and PtNPs due to its high biocompatibility, adsorbability, and processibility, and the thus-prepared PBNCs are of high immuno-recognition efficiency and high catalytic activity toward H 2 O 2 reduction. Then, we examine the applicability of the prepared PBNCs for sandwich-type amperometric immunosensing using a model immuno-pair of human immunoglobulin G (hIgG) and anti-hIgG, and obtain the signal by detecting the electro-reduction of H 2 O 2 catalyzed by the PtNPs label. The constructed immunosensors using PBNCs 1 , 2 and 3 exhibit detection limits of 0.068, 0.037, and 0.018 ng mL −1 , respectively, being competitive with or better than the reported analogues. Our immunosensors also present good reproducibility, stability, regeneration ability, specificity, and satisfactory feasibility for target assay in clinical human serum samples. The suggested protocol for the preparation of PBNCs with high signal-transduction ability is expected to find wide bioassay applications.

To investigate if Drynariae rhizoma (DR) and its main ingredient Naringin could reduce alveolar bone loss by stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts.The effect of DR water (DRWE), ethanolic extract (DREE), and Naringin on MC3T3-E1 cells was evaluated respectively by MTT method and by measuring the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP activity) as well as the level of osteocalcin in medium. Bone mineral density (BMD) detection, osteoclast counting by tartrate resistant acid phosphatase staining, and histopathological analysis were performed in an induced rat model of alveolar bone resorption after gastric perfusion with DR extracts or Naringin.DRWE and Naringin effectively increased the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells, whilst DREE and Naringin enhanced the differentiation of osteoblastic cells. The in vivo study indicated an elevated BMD value in the tooth-periodontal tissues from DRWE, DREE and Naringin treated groups after 10, 20 and 30 days of perfusion (P0.05). In DRWE treated group, the number of osteoclasts at days 10, 20 and 30 decreased remarkably as compared to the corresponding negative controls (P0.05), and no osteoclast could be found at day 30. New non-calcified bone-like matrix attached by osteoblasts at the root furcation was also shown.DR could be a supplementary medicine for periodontal therapy as it could reduce bone resorption in rat model of alveolar bone resorption and exert osteogenic effect on osteoblasts.