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DEVS (Discrete Event System Specification) is widely used in modeling and simulation fields to design, validate, and implement complex response systems. DEVS provides a robust formalism for system design using event-driven, state-based models with explicitly defined temporal information. We extend the RTL-DEVS model based on DEVS formalism to enable part of Verilog simulation in DEVS-based simulation tools. The simulation based on RTL-DEVS methodology, which imitates Verilog’s testbench and behavioral module, confirmed through experiments that RTL simulation can be performed sufficiently through the code elaboration process. In multiple simulation results, Verilog simulation and RTL-DEVS-based simulation were able to output equivalent results under limited conditions. DEVS formalism-based modeling can be extended to other DEVS-based simulators when using model-type exchange tools, and this means that the advanced functions or classes of RTL simulation tools can be applied using higher-level language tools.

BACKGROUND: For the heavy metal cotamination sites, it is very important to estimate the human bioavailability quotients for heavy metals in paddy soils released from mine tailings, which is a major source of contamination in Korea, and to assess the human health risks of heavy metals. METHODS AND RESULTS: This experiment was carried out to investigate the human bioavailability quotient of the heavy metals in paddy soils below part of the closed metalliferous mine. For estimating the human bioavailability quotients for heavy metals, 30 paddy soils below part of the closed mine were collected, and analyzed for Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and As using simple bioavailability extraction test(SBET). The quantities of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and As extracted from paddy soils below part of the mine by using the SBET analysis were 28.1, 17.3, 34.1, 14.6 and 2.3% respectively. Specially, the maximum values of Cd, Pb and Zn were 73.3, 81.5 and 58.1% of human bioavailability quotient, respectively, and varied considerably among the sampling sites. The human bioavailability quotient of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in soils near the closed mine showed significant positive correlation among soil pH value, O.M. and Ex. Ca. contents, while it correlated negatively between soil Ex. K and Ex. Mg contents in paddy soils. Also, its of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in paddy soils showed significant positive correlation with 0.1M HCl extractable and total contents, while in soils, it correlated negatively with As content in soil near the closed mine. CONCLUSION: The results of the simple bioavailability extraction test (SBET) indicate that regular ingestion of soils by the local population could be closed a potential health threat due to long-term heavy metals exposure in these mine areas.

BACKGROUND: Most of the tailings have been left without any management in abandoned meta lliferous mines and have become the main source of heavy metal contamination for agricultural soils and crops in the these areas. METHODS AND RESULTS: This experiment was carried out to investigate the assessment of the heavy metal contamination in paddy soils located on downstream of the closed metalliferous mine. The average total concentrations of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and arsenic (As) in paddy soils were 8.88, 56.7, 809, 754, and 37.9 mg/kg, respectively. Specially, the average concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn were higher than those of warning criteria for soil contamination(4 mg/kg for Cd, 200 mg/kg for Pb, and 300 mg/kg for Zn) in agricultural soil established by Soil Environmental Conservation Act in Korea. The proportions of 0.1 M HCl extractable Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and As concentration to total concentration of these heavy metals in paddy soils were 27.7, 21.3, 35.1, 13.8 and 10.5%, respectively. The pollution index of these five metals in paddy soils ranged from 0.42 to 11.92. Also, the enrichment factor (EFc) of heavy metals in paddy soils were in the order as Cd>Pb>Zn>Cu>As, and the enrichment factor in paddy soil varied considerably among the sampling sites. The geoaccumulation index (Igeo) of heavy metals in soils were in the order as Cd>Pb>Zn>Cu>As, specially, the average geoaccumulation index of Cd, Pb, and Zn (Igeo 2.49 ～3.10) were relatively higher than that of other metals in paddy soils.

Background We have occasionally encountered advanced lung cancer patients with disseminated carcinomatosis throughout the body and/or within the lung. This study investigated the clinical characteristics and outcomes of advanced lung adenocarcinoma patients with miliary disseminated carcinomatosis. Methods Patients with adenocarcinomas harboring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations who presented with miliary disseminated carcinomatosis (either intrapulmonary or distant site) were enrolled in the study. Clinical characteristics, treatment responses, and survival outcomes were collected from medical records. Results The most frequent EGFR mutation was an in-frame deletion in exon 19 (n = 44, 68.8%). Arginine substitution of leucine 858 in exon 21 and alanine substitution of glycine 719 in exon 18 were detected in 19 patients (29.7%) and one patient (1.6%), respectively. Patients with miliary disseminated carcinomatosis tended to be female and non-smokers. They expressed the E19 deletion more frequently than patients without miliary dissemination and had shorter progression-free survival times in response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (9.7 vs. 12.8 months, P = 0.003) and poorer overall survival (15.9 vs. 29.0 months, P = 0.077). Multivariate analyses revealed that metabolic tumor volume correlated with shorter overall survival time. Conclusions Our data indicate that lung adenocarcinoma patients with miliary dissemination have relatively shorter survival times than those without miliary dissemination. The poor prognosis of patients with miliary dissemination may reflect a high tumor burden, as represented by metabolic tumor volume.

BACKGROUND: Soil utilization pattern can be the main factor affecting soil physico-chemical properties, especially in soil phosphorus (P). Understanding the distribution and bioavailability of P is important for developing management to minimize P release from arable soils to environment. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential bioavailability of soil organic P by using phosphatase hydrolysis method. METHODS AND RESULTS : Twenty-four soils from onion-rice double cropping and 30 soils from plastic film house were selected from Changyeong and Daegok in Gyeongnam province, respectively. The P accumulation pattern (total P, inorganic P, organic P, residual P) and water soluble P were characterized. Commercial phosphatase enzymes were used to classify water-extractable molybdate unreactive P from arable soils into compounds that could be hydrolysed by (i) alkaline phosphomonoesterase (comprising labile orthophosphate monoesters), (ii) a combination of alkaline phosphomonoesterase and phosphodiesterase (comprising labile orthophosphate monoesters and diesters), and (ⅲ) phytase (including inositol hexakisphosphate). Available P was highly accumulated with 616 and 1,208 mg/kg in double cropping system and plastic film house, respectively. Dissolved reactive P (DRP) and dissolved unreactive P (DUP) had similar trends with available P, showing 24 and 109 mg/kg in double cropping and 37 and 159 mg/kg in plastic film house, respectively, indicating that important role of dissolved organic P in the environments had been underestimated. From the result of phosphatase hydrolysis, about 39% and 66% of DUP was evaluated as bioavailable in double cropping and plastic film house, respectively. CONCLUSION(S) : Orthophosphate monoester and orthophosphate diester accounted for high portion of dissolved organic P in arable soils, indicating that these organic P forms give important impacts on bioavailability of P released from P accumulated soils. Key Words: Bioavailability, Phosphatase hydrolysis, Soil phosphorusResearch Article Open Access

BACKGROUND: Mine drainage from metal mining districts is a well-recognized source of environmental contamination. Oxidation of metal sulfides in mines, mine dumps and tailing impoundments produces acidic, metal-rich waters that can contaminate the local surface water and soil. METHODS AND RESULTS: This experiment was carried out to investigate the pollution assessment of heavy metal on the water quality of mine drainage, paddy soils and sediment in lower watershed affected by mine drainage of the Sambo mine. The average concentrations of dissolved Cd (0.018∼0.035 mg/L) in mine drainage discharged from the main waste rock dumps(WRD) was higher than the water quality standards (0.01 mg/L) for agricultural water in Korea. Also, the average concentrations of dissolved Zn, Fe and Mn were higher than those of recommended maximum concentrations (Zn 2.0, Fe 5.0, Mn 0.2 mg/L) of trace metal in irrigation water proposed by FAO (1994). The average contents of Pb and Zn in paddy soils was higher than those of standard level for soil contamination(Pb 200, Zn 300 mg/kg) in agricultural soil by Soil Environmental Conservation Act in Korea. Also, the concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn in sediment were higher than those of standard level for soil contamination (Cd 10, Pb 400, Zn 600 mg/L) in waterway soil by Soil Environmental Conservation Act in Korea. The enrichment factor (EFc) of heavy metals in stream sediments were in the order as Cd>Pb>Zn> As>Cu>Cr>Ni. Also, the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) of heavy metals in stream sediments were in the order as Zn>Cd>Pb>Cu>As>Cr>Ni, specially, the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) of Zn (Igeo 3.1∼6.2) were relatively higher than that of other metals in sediment. CONCLUSION(s): The results indicate that stream water and sediment were affected by mine drainage discharged from the Sambo mine at least to a distance of 1 km downstream (SN-1, SN-2) of the mine water discharge point.

BACKGROUND: This experiment was conducted to investigate the distribution and burden characteristics of heavy metal in the rainwater sampled at Taean area, in the middle part of Korea, from April 2002 to October 2003. METHODS AND RESULTS: The relationship between concentration of heavy metal and other chemical properties in the rainwaters was also evaluated. Chemical properties in the rainwater were various differences with raining periods and years. It appeared that a weighted average pH values of rainwater was ranged from 5.0 to 5.1. Heavy metal con- centrations in the rainwater were ranked as Pb > Zn > Cu > Ni > As > Cr > Cd. As compared with heavy metal con- centrations of rainwater in 2002, Cu, Pb, and Zn were higher than other elements in 2003. There were positive corre- lation between major ionic components, such as NH4 + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , K + , Na + , SO4 2- and NO3 - , and As, Cd, Zn, Cr, and Ni concentrations in rainwater. For heavy metal distribution of rainwater, the order of average enrichment factor was Cd > Pb > As > Cu > Zn > Ni > Cr, and these were relatively higher than the natural components such as Fe, Mg and Ca. The monthly enrichment factor were relatively high, from August to October at Taean. The monthly amount of heavy metal precipitation was high in the rainy season from July to August because of great influence of rainfall. CONCLUSION(s): The results of this study suggest that the heavy metals(Cd, Pb, As, Cu, and Zn) of rainwater is strongly influenced by anthropogenic sources rather than natural sources.

This study was conducted to assess the impact of agricultural land use on the water quality in mountain village farmlands. Two soil types, paddy and upland soil were analysed for their chemical properties. Although, pH and organic matter contents were not significantly different to each other, concentrations of available P and exchangeable K and Ca were much higher in upland soil compared with those in paddy soil. The results of water quality analysis indicated that, in Goseong-cheon watershed, the nutrients contents were much higher in downstream area than in upstream area. Particularly, the elevation of and T-P were significant during rainy season. When paddy fields coexist with upland fields, SS, T-N, and T-P concentrations in paddy fields were lower than those of upland fields. This may indicate that paddy fields possess an water-purifying ability by absorbing nutrients. This effect may reduce excessive nutrients discharged into the neighboring streams which may cause eutrophication problem. The difference between inflow and outflow of nitrogen and phosphorus during the cultivation period were measured as -98.9 kg and -29.7 kg , which means that nutrient outflow was higher than inflow. This may suggest that much nutrient was discharged during the crop harvest period.

2) National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, pyeongchang, 232-955, Korea) ABSTRACT: Metal mining district drainage is a well recognized source of environmental contamination. Oxidation of metal sulfides produces acidic and metal-rich waters that contaminate local surface water and ground water in mines, mine dumps, and tailing impoundments. This monitoring study was carried out to investigate the stream water quality and pollution as affected by the Sambo mine drainage in relation to the relative distance from the mine. It obvious that pH values of the mine drainage ranged from 5.8 to 6.9, while the average concentrations of the dissolved chemical constituents for EC, SO4 2- ,K + ,C a 2+ ,a nd Mg 2+

Objective of this study was to access the environmental impacts of the use of discharge water from municipal waste water treatment plant as alternative irrigation resources during drought season for rice cultivation. For the field experiments, it was observed that plant growth and yield characteristics at 20 days of alternative irrigation period with application of FAST (fertilizer application based on soil test) 50% were relatively the same as the control. For the surface water quality, it appeared that ECi (electrical conductivity of irrigation water) and SAR (sodium adsorption ratio) values of DMWT (discharge waters from municipal wastewater treatment plant) irrigation were twofold higher than those of ground water irrigation as the control regardless of fertilization levels. For the irrigation periods, there were not significantly difference between 10 and 20 days of treatments, but ECi and SAR values of surface water were highest at 30 days of irrigation periods at initial rice growing stages. Generally, ECi values of percolation water in all the treatments were gradually increasing until 30days after irrigation, and then decreasing to harvest stage. Overall, it might be considered that there was possibility to irrigate DMWT with application of FAST 50% for 20 days of drought periods at rice transplanting season. Furthermore, efficiency rate of alternative irrigation water for 20 days of drought period was 32.7% relative to the total annual irrigation water for rice cultivation.

To evaluate the acidity and chemical characteristics of rainwater in Korea, its pH and ion concentrations were investigated in Suwon from April to December, 2006. In addition, to estimate the contribution of ions on its acidity, ion composition and neutralization effect of major cations were investigated. Ion balance and electrical conductivity balance between measured and estimated values showed a high correlation. The mean pH and EC in rainwater collected during the investigation periods were 4.7 and , respectively. The monthly variation in EC showed a clear seasonal pattern, which had the lowest value of in July and increased remarkably in November. was the most abundant cation and followed by >>>>. Among them, and accounted for more than 65% of the total cations. In case of anions, the relative abundance was >>. About 67% of the total anions in rainwater was , which showed as mean value during the monitoring periods. Furthermore, 94% of the soluble sulfate in rainwater was identified as nss-(non-sea salt sulfate). We also found that and contributed greatly in neutralizing the rain acidity, especially in dry season.

The main purpose of this work is the development of water quality level model using the data such as DO, EC, BOD, , T-N, T-P, and SS in 88 agricultural streams of the Han river watersheds. To grant water quality level for each parameters, it divided into 20% respectively in the order of water quality level. On the basis of the lowest water quality level, water quality of streams was assigned. As the result, number of stream corresponding to Level Ⅰ was 0, Level II was 1 stream, Level III was 3 streams, Level IV was 22 streams, and Level V was 62 streams. By standardized canonical discriminant function coefficient, was the highest in 0.427 at the discriminant power. According to discriminant function for water quality level, it was equal to from Level II to Level V, respectively. As a result of test at real data of the Han river watersheds in 2007, the suitability of water quality level model was high to 88.4%.

The study was carried out to estimate runoff loads of heavy metals in the valley watershed at the middle of South Korea, during farming season. There were no other pollution sources except agricultural activity. From 27 April 2006 to 31 October 2007, water samples were collected using two methods. The first method was regular sampling wherein water samples were taken every two weeks; and the other method was through regular sampling when water were collected during each rainfall event. Results showed that heavy metals were found in the water from the regular samples, and were highest during May and June. It was presumed that this might have been contributed by farming activities. Heavy metal concentration of the irregular samples was lower than regular samples. The correlation coefficient between each heavy metal of the regular samples were as follows: Fe-Al>Cr-Al>Fe-Cr>Mn-Fe. The correlation coefficient of the irregular samples were the following: Fe-Al>Fe-Cu is positive; and Pb-Cu>Ni-Al is negative. Measured pollutant loads of heavy metals in the valley watershed were : 2.047 kg of Al, 0.008 kg of Cd, 0.034 kg of Cr, 0.311 kg of Cu, 0.601 kg of Fe, and 0.282 kg of Zn in 2006; while in 2007, the following were observed: 2.535 kg of Al, 0.026 kg of Cd, 0.055 kg of Cu, 0.727 kg of Fe, and 0.317 kg of Zn. In the analysis of data gathered, the loading rates of effluents from the valley watershed during the rainy season were : 79.8% of Al, 69.1% of Cu, 82.5% of Fe, and 69.1% of Zn in 2006; while 69.9% of Al, 67.5% of Cu, 70.4% of Fe, and 67.5% of Zn in 2007.

The main purpose of this study is to accumulate the fundamental data representing ground-water of plastic film houses by means of water quality and its multivariate statistical analysis. Groundwatersamples were collected in every two years since 2000 to 2004 from total 211 sites. According to the resultof water quality analysis, ground water quality was suitable for irrigation purpose averagely. Correlationanalysis showed that EC was highest positively correlated with Mg 2+ to 0.810 (p

This study was focused on understanding the agricultural non-point sources pollution in 72 rural catchments of Nakdong river watershed from 2001 to 2005 every two year. Also. Pearson correlations between water quality and basin characteristic were computed. Water quality of this study watershed was better in 2003 than any other period. The water quality of upstream was recorded from 0.040 to 0.510 dS/m in EC, from 3.55 to 22.60 mg/L in DO, from 0.32 to 16.64 mg/L in T-N, from 0.00 to 12.21 mg/L in , from 0.000 to 0.860 mg/L in T-P, and from 0.000 to 0.640 mg/L in . A the downstream, EC was measured from 0.030 to 0.520 dS/m, DO from 4.13 to 18.36 mg/L, T-N from 0.38 to 26.88 mg/L, from 0.10 to 20.12 mg/L, T-P from 0.002 to 0.820 mg/L, from 0.002 to 0.690 mg/L. But there was no difference between upstream and downstream for the water quality. Based on the correlation analysis between water quality and land use, correlation between BOD and residential was the highest positive correlation of 0.541 (p and forest was the highest negative correlation of -0.451 (p, and pH were not correlated with all basin characteristics and basin was not correlated with all water quality parameter. According to the correlation residential was causative of growing worst for water quality, and forest was causative of improving for water quality.

This study was focused on the investigation of the phytoplankton flora and community structure for changing of water environment at the rivers in the lower part of Nakdong river, The samples for this study were collected every month from Jan. 2004 To Dec. 2004. the 196 species belonged to 94 genera were identified during this study periods. The number of species was recorded the maximum 124 taxa in summer and the minimum 69 taxa in winter, We observed the maximum taxa (92 taxa) at the site No. 20 and the minimum taxa (55 taxa) at the site No. 8, respectively. Among the phytoplankton communities, diatoms were dominated over 40% of total phytoplankton groups. Subdominant groups were green algae (over 20% of total phytplankton groups). During this study periods, the 60 species were investigated ecologically significant species (46 cosmopolitic species, 25 pollution indicator, 21 redtide causative species, 8 dominant species, and 7 frequently occurred species). According to the cluster analysis by similarity index, the study sites could be divided into 4 groups.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the distribution and burden characteristics of heavy metals in the rainwater sampled at Suwon area, in the middle part of Korea, from April 2002 to October 2003. The relationship between concentration of heavy metal and other chemical properties in the rainwater was also evaluated. Chemical properties in the rainwater were various differences with raining periods and years. It appeared that a weighted average pH of rainwater was ranged from 4.7 to 5.5. Heavy metal concentrations in the rainwater were ranked as Zn>Pb>Cu>Ni>Cr>As>Cd. As compared with heavy metal concentrations of rainwater in 2002, Cd, Cu and As were higher than other element in 2003. There were positive correlation between major ionic components, such as Ca, Mg, and K, and heavy metal concentrations of rainwater, and As, CU, Cu, Zn and Ni were relatively higher relationship than Pb and Cr in respective to correlation coefficient. For heavy metal distribution of rainwater, the order of average enrichment factors was Cd>Pb>AS>Cu>Zn>Ni>Cr, and these were relatively higher than the natural component such as Fe, Mg and Ca. The monthly enrichment factors were relatively high in the spring (from April to May) at Suwon. The monthly amount of heavy metal precipitation was high in the rainy season from June to August because of great influence of rainfall.

The objective of this research was to review the correlation between microalgae and agricultural water quality. Although microalgae has been considered as an essential factor for control1ing of water ecosystem, little attention has been paid for evaluating of microalgae as an important factor for water quality management. But it can be use to make us know the water pollution state at saprobic system, LTSI (Lake Tropic State Index), DAIpo (Diatom Assemblage Index to Organic Pollution), and AGP (Algal growth potential). In saprobic system, it is used microalgae such as Actinastrum hantzschii var. fluviatile, Asterionella gracillima, Coelastrum microporum, Synedra acus, Dictyosphaerium pulchellum, Micractinium pusillum, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Microcystis aeruginosa, Scenedesmus quadricauda, and Nitzschia palea for assessment water quality. In addition, they have ecologically significant characteristics such as dominant species, cosmopolitan species, redtide causative species etc. Also, microalgae such as Botryococcus braunii, B. sp., Chlorella vulgaris, C. sp., Phormidium sp., Scenedesmus quadricauda, Selenastrum capricornutum, Spirulina maxima, and S. platensis have an effect on improvement of water quality.

Objective of this research was to assess the release characteristics of metals from the mine tailing to base the prediction of metal load potential from tailing to soils. Water-soluble concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn released from mine tailing after 2 hrs were 2.31, 129.38, 17.17, and 287.53 mg/kg, respectively, as compared to 1.6, 128, 108, and 142 mg/kg that were extractable by 0.1 M HCl. Kinetics of metal releases followed the power function model significantly indicating that more of water soluble fractions of those metals released at the initial short time, followed by a slow increase. Concentrations of metals released from tailing by water and 0.1 M HCl were in the orders of Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd. The breakthrough curve from the column experiment showed that concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Zn reached at highest after one pore volume, but that of Pb reached highest after five pore volumes when 0.1 M HCl was used as eluent. The release rate of Cd from mine tailing was the fastest but Pb was the slowest. The cumulative mass of metal released by 0.1 M HCl was in the order of Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd after nine pore volume elution.

This experiment was conducted to investigate heavy metal transition and bioavailability from soil to the edible pare of water dropwort near industrial complex. The soils were collected from the paddies cultivating water dropwort stream sediments, and background soils near industrial complex. The pH values, organic matter, Av. , Ex. Ca content of paddy soils were higher than those measured for nor-contaminated paddy fields in 2003. The contents of Cd and Cu was higher than those of standard level for soil contamination by Soil Environmental Conservation Act in Korea. The pollution index in stream sediments were higher than those of paddies cultivating water dropwort. The geoaccumulation index of heavy metals in paddy soils and stream sediment were in the order Cu>Cd>Ni>Zn>Pb. The rates of 0.1N-HCl extractable heavy metals to total contents in soils were in the order Cd>Cu>Zn>Ni>Pb. In case of Cd and Ni in paddy soils near industrial complex, 0.1N-HCl extractable heavy metals and total content were highly correlated with each other. Heavy metal contents in mot parts were higher than those in top pare of water dropwort. The Zn and Cu transfer factor from soil to the top pare of water dropwort were higher than those of other heavy metals. The bioavailability of water dropwort varied considerably between the different parts and heavy metals. Cd, Cu and Ni contents in water dropwort were correlated with each elements in paddy soils.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the nutrient loss and to assess the eutrophication into small stream by intensive rains in the steeped cornfield during cultivation. The crop cultivated was a soiling com (DW5969), and the experimental plots were divided into two parts that were 10 and 18% of slope degrees. The amount of T-N and T-P loss was calculated by analysis of surface run-off water quality, and was investigated the effect of eutrophication to small stream as a part of life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology application. For the surface run-off water quality, EC and T-N values were highest in first runoff event as compared to the other events and maintained the stage state with litter variations at every hour during the runoff period except for EC in the slope 18%. However, T-P concentration has been a transient stage after runoff event of July 27. Total surface run-off ratio was not significantly different with slope degrees, but amount of T-N and T-P losses at 18% of slope were high as as relative to 10% of slope degree, respectively. Furthermore, T-N losses from run-off water in the sloped cornfield 10 and 18% were approximately 9.8 and 12.5% of the N applied as fertilizer when the fertilizer applied at recommended rates after soil test, respectively. For the eutrophication impact to the small stream, it was shown that equivalence and Eco-indicator value at 18% of slope degree were greater as much and 0.81 as compared to the slope angle 10%, respectively. Therefore, it was appeared that each effect of nutrient losses, eutrophication and Eco-indicator value was enhanced according with higher slope degree.

Most of the tailings have been left without any management in abandoned metalliferous mines and have become the main source of heavy metal contamination of agricultural soils and crops in the these areas. To compare of environmental assessment of heavy metals in tailings derived from various 25-metalliferous mines in Korea, 3 different analysis methods such as water soluble, 0.1 M-HCl extractable, and total acid digestion method (aqua regia) were used. The chemical composition of water soluble in mine tailing were in the order ${SO_4}^{2-}>Ca^{2+}>Mn^{2+},\;Na^+,\;Al^{3+}>Mg^{2+},\;Fe^{3+}>Cl^-$. Specially, pH, EC, concentrations in tailing varied considerably among the different mines. The average total concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and As in tailing were 31.8, 708, 4,961, 2,275 and 3,235 mg/kg, respectively. Specially, the contents of Cd, Zn and As were higher than those of countermeasure values for soil contamination (Cd : 4, Zn : 700 and As : 15 mg/kg in soil) by Soil Environmental Conservation Act in Korea. The rates of water soluble heavy metals to total contents in tailings were in the order Cd > Zn > Cu > Pb > As. The rates of 0.1M-HCl extractable Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and As (1M-HCl) to total content were 17.4, 10.2, 6.5, 6.8 and 11.4% respectively. The enrichment factor of heavy metals in tailings were in the order As > Pb > Cd > Cu > Zn. The pollution index in tailing Au-Ag mine tailing were higher than those of other mine tailing. As a results of enrichment factor and pollution index for heavy metal contaminations in mine tailing of metalliferous mines, the main contaminants are mine waste materials including tailings.

This study was conducted to identify the characteristics of non-point pollutants discharge in a small agricultural watershed during farming season. for this purpose, the Neoungchon watershed in Goesangun was selected as a typical agricultural area. Runoff and water quality data in the stream, the domestic sewage and the precipitation of the watershed were analyzed periodically from June 1 to November 6 in 2004 and pollutant loads were estimated. As a result the mean concentrations of BOD, SS, TN and TP in the stream were 3.0, 76.7, 8.7, 0.16 mg/L in rainy season and 2.4, 10.0, 3.5, 0.11 mg/L in dry season respectively. Daily discharge of non-point pollutant occurred above of 95% in rainy period. Measured pollutant loads in the watershed were of T-N and of T-P, within the range of other research results. Effluent loads based on guideline of total pollutant to stream management of MOE (Ministry of Environment) were less than delivery loads since the guideline could not reflect the agricultural practices, geomorphic and meteorological characteristics in an agricultural watershed.

In order to examine effects of sampling frequency during rainfall-runoff process from paddy field on the estimation of pollution load, EMCs of several water sampling frequencies were examined. Water quality samples were conducted by every two hours interval for each event. It was found that difference of load estimation between five times sampling and two hours consecutive sampling during rainfall-runoff showed for T-N, for T-P, for the SS, respectively. In the same way, the effects of number of sampling data on estimation of pollution load using runoff-mass load(L-Q) method were investigated. L-Q equation made of five times sampling data provided 10% differences in estimation of mass loads of T-N, T-P, and SS when compared to those by L-Q equation using entire two hours consecutive sampling data during runoff process.

Biological oxygen demand (BOD) as a stream water quality indicator was monitored monthly in the Mankyeong and Dongjin river basins from June 2001 to October 2002 to evaluate water qualitied as well as to get the information on the water quality management strategy in Semangeum reclamation areas. BOD in the Mankyeong river was 5.4mg/L in average during the survey and increased after the inflow of Iksan tributary, which was contaminated with livestock wastewater. BOD of Iksan tributary was maintained at 5.4 mg/L before joining the Wanggung tributary, however, that in the downstream was increased to 13.6 mg/L in average due to the inlet of the livestock wastewater. Meanwhile, BOD of Dongjin river was the average of 2.8 mg/L during the survey periods but it showed 3.5 mg/L when Jungeup tributary which was contaminated with sewage and industrial wastewater joined into the main stream. BOD in both Mankyeong and Dongjin rivers decreased in 2002 as compared to that in 2001.

Objectives of this study were to monitor the distribution of heavy metals, to compare extractable heavy metal with total content and to investigate the relationships between soil physico-chemical properties and heavy metals in orchard soil. Sampling sites were 48 in Gyeonggi, 36 in Gangwon, 36 in Chungbuk, and 44 in Chungnam, Soils were collected farm form two depths, 0 to 20 and 20 to 40 cm (here after referred to as upper and lower layers) from March to May in 1998. Total contents of heavy metal in soils were analyzed by ICP-OES after acid digestion (:HCl:) whereas extractable contents were measured after successive extraction of 0.1N-HCl, 0.05 M-EDTA, and 0.005 M-DTPA. Mercury was analysed by mercury atomizer. The average contents of Cd Cu, and Pb in the extractant with 0.1N-HCl at upper layer were 0.080, 4.23, and 3.42 mg/kg, respectively. As content in the extractant with 1N-HCl was 0.44 mg/kg, and total contents of Zn, Ni and Hg were 78.9, 16.1, and 0.052 mg/kg, respectively. The ratios of concentrations of heavy metals to threshold values (Cd 1.5, Cu 50, Pb 100, Zn 300, Ni 40, Hg 4 mg/ke in Soil Environmental Conservation Act in Korea (2001) were low in the range of in orchard soils. The ratios of extractable heavy metal to total content ranged for Cd, for Cu, % for Pb, for Zn, for Ni, and for Zn, respectively. Cu and Pb contents in 0.05 M-EDTA extractable solution were higher than those in the other extractable solution. Total contents of Cd, Ni and Ni in soils were negatively correlated with sand content but positively correlated with silt and clay contents. Ratios of extractable heavy metal to total content were negatively correlated with clay content but ai and Ni contents were positively correlated with soil pH, organic matter, and available phosphorous. Therefore, the orchard soil was safe because the heavy metal contents of orchard soil were very low as compared to its threshold value in the Soil Environmental Conservation Act. However, it need to consider the input of agricultural materials to the agricultural land for farming practices for assessment of heavy metals.

Growth and mineral composition of young radish in soil amended with sewage sludge (ISS) with or without liming were investigated. Levels of EC, T-N, and micronutrients were increased in the ISS treatment (50 Mg/ha) compared to the NPK treatment but those of available P and exchangeable cations were decreased. Chlorosis was appear on the young radish leaf at the ISS treatment, but this phytotoxic symptom was corrected with lime amendment (3 Mg/ha). Yields of young radish leaf and root in the combined treatment of ISS and lime were increased about 29 and 48%, respectively, compared with those in the ISS treatment. Contents of P, K, Ca, and Mg in young radish were higher in the combined treatment to ISS and lime, whereas those contents in the ISS treatment were lower than those in the NPK treatment. Contents of Cu, Zn, and Ni in soil and young radish leaf were positively correlated with total N content in young radish leaf, while contents of P, K, Ca, and Mg were negatively correlated. Contents of Cu, Zn, and Ni in leaf were negatively correlated with yield of young radish. Contents of Cu and Zn in leaf corresponding with a 5% yield reduction of young radish were 22.4 and 349 mg/kg, respectively.

Irrigation water quality along Donjin river watershed was monitored to find a possible pollutant, for maintaining water quality to achieve food safety through water quality preservation of river. As a pollution indicators, such as Biological Oxygen Demand(BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD), Total Nitrogen(T-N), and Total Phosphate(T-P) in Dongjin river were examined from May to November in 2001. The results were as follows : The BOD level of Dongjin river ranged from 2.84 to 6.45 mg/L, which would be in a IIIV grade of the potable water criteria by Ministry of Environment. Averaged BOD level of downstream DJ6(After Jeongupcheon confluence) was 4.07 mg/L. The average COD level of Dongjin river ranged from 11.20 to 32.96 mg/L. COD level of DJ6 rapidly increased rapidly after the junction of Dongjin river and Jungupcheon because it showed the latter had relatively high pollution level. T-N content were significantly high in all sites of Dongjin river ranged through 4.16 to 5.84 mg/L. T-P examined high concentration than another thing point by 0.19 mg/L after Jeongupcheon confluence as BOD and COD. COD of main stream was expressed high concentration to dry season after rainy season. In case of T-P, pollution degree of dry season before rainy season appeared and examined that quality of water was worsened go by dry season after rainy season. The water quality of Dongjin river was deteriorated with inflow of Jungupcheon polluted by municipal and industrial sites near Jungup city.

The objective of this study was to know the qualities of soil and shallow groundwater in plastic film house fields around Central Part of Korea. The study was conducted at 11 sites in Suweon, Hwasung, Pyungtaek, Yongin and Chuncheon through May to August in 1999. Soil textures of plastic films house were mainly sandy loam or loam. Electric conductivity and organic matter content of surface soils mostly exceeded the critical levels for crop production. Average concentration of in the sha]low groundwater was 19.1 mg/L, and it reached almost the limiting level of agricultural groundwater quality (20 mg/L). Moreover about 36% of survey sites exceeded the limiting level of agricultural groundwater quality. Sulfate concentrations also at some sites exceeded agricultural groundwater quality limit level (50 mg/L). Nitrate-N, one of the most important factors in the groundwater quality, had positive correlations with other ions in foundwater.

The effect of lime on plant availability of heavy metals in soils amended with industrial sewage sludge (ISS) or pig manure compost (PMC) was investigated. A pot experiment with Altari radish (Raphanus sativus) was conducted. Industrial sewage sludge and Pig manure compost were added at 25 and 50 Mg/ha, and lime was added at 3 Mg/ha. Heavy metal contents of ISS treated soils after experiment were higher than those in control (NPK plot) and PMC treatment. Specially, the contents of copper, zinc, nickel and chromium in the 50 Mg/ha of ISS treated soils were higher 1248 times than those in control. Copper, zinc, and nickel contents in Altari radish leaves cultivated at the ISS treated soil exceeded the critical levels of plant toxicity. Copper, zinc, and nickel contents in Altari radish loaves and roots cultivated at the ISS treated soil were reduced by the addition of lime. Copper, zinc, and nickel contents in Altari radish loaves were negatively correlated with soil pH after experiment. It concluded that liming would reduce the uptake of heavy metals by plants and be a temporary method of reclamation at the highly heavy metal accumulated soils by ISS.

In order to select proper plants for phytoremediation at heavy metal contaminated areas, eight species of non-edible plants were cultivated at the heavy metal contaminated soils near a metal smelter. The content of the absorbed heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and As) at different part of the plants were analyzed. Plants included five tree species (Populus nigra x P. maximowiczii, Euonymus japonica, Acer palmantum, Celtis sinensis, Buxus microphylla), two flower species (Rhododendron lateritium, Calendula officinalis), and lawn (Zoysia japonica). Biomass yield of tree species was higher than those of flower or lawn species. Heavy metals were highly accumulated in roots compared to those In leaves and stems. The concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, and As in Buxus microphylla were greater than those in other plant species. Total absorbed Cd and Pb contents, from high to low by each plant in experimental plots were in the order of Populus nigra x P. maximowiczii, Celtis sinensis and Acer palmantum. They were Celtis sinensis, Populus nigra x P. maximowiczii and Buxus microphylla for Cu, and Buxus microphylla, Acer palmantum and Populus nigra x P. maimowiczii for As. It was estimated that among eight plant species used in the experiment Populus nigra x P. maximowiczii, Buxus microphylla, Acer palmantum, and Celtis sinensis were the most effective species for phytoremediation in the heavy metals polluted areas considering biomass yield and heavy metal uptake.

Heavy metal contents in commercial horticultural growing media were investigated Fifty-three samples were collected nationwide during 2000 to 2001 and heavy metals in the samples were analyzed by ICP-OES after acid digestion and 0.1N HCl extraction. Average contents of total Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Pb, and Zn by acid digestion in the growing media were 0.69, 35.7, 14.9, 15.5, 12.7, and 54.8 mg/kg DW, respectively. The ranges of heavy metal in the growing media were , , , , , DW for Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Pb, and Zn, respectively. Heavy metal contents in the commercial horticultural growing media were showed lower levels than the permitted levels for quality control described by Korean Standard Analytical Method for Growing Media. Average contents and ranges of 0.1 N HCl extractable heavy metals were 0.08 and for Cd, 0.38 and for Cr, 1.45 and for Cu, 0.85 and for Ni, 0.84 and for Pb, and 30.68 and DW for Zn, respectively. These concentrations by 0.1 N HCl extraction showed much less levels than those of total heavy metals by acid digestion.

Generation of a monomethylated selenium metabolite is critical for the anticancer activity of selenium. Because of its strong nucleophilicity, the metabolite can react directly with protein thiols to cause redox modification. Here, we report a neural network-based analysis to identify potential selenium targets. A reactive thiol specific reagent, BIAM, was used to monitor thiol proteome changes on 2D gel. We constructed a dynamic model and evaluated the relative importance of proteins mediating the cellular responses to selenium. Information from this study will provide new clues to unravel mechanisms of anticancer action of selenium. High impact selenium targets could also serve as biomarkers to gauge the efficacy of selenium chemoprevention.