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Absztrakt: Bevezetés és célkitűzés: A világjárványt jelentő 2-es típusú diabetest (2DM) jelző géneltéréseket kerestünk – a mindennapos diagnosztika részére hozzáférhető – keringő fehérvérsejteken. Módszer: Anyagcseréjüket illetően egészséges, elsőfokú, 2-es típusú cukorbeteg rokonokkal rendelkező személyek (n = 6) izombiopsziás mintáinak mRNS-microarray-eredményét hasonlítottuk ugyancsak anyagcseréjüket illetően egészséges, de negatív családi anamnézisűek (n = 6) mintáival. A microarray-eredmények kvantitatív real-time (valós idejű) PCR-rel történő megerősítése után 8 gén expressziója maradt különböző, ezeket ellenőriztük a keringő fehérvérsejteken nagy esetszámú (n = 58 anyagcseréjüket illetően egészséges, nincs cukorbeteg rokon és n = 58 egészséges, cukorbeteg rokonnal rendelkező önkéntes) vizsgálatban. Eredmények: Nők és férfiak esetében is a SERPINF1-gén expressziója volt szignifikánsan alacsonyabb a fehérvérsejtekben a genetikai terhet hordók között (relatív kvantifikáció: FC – nő: = 0,69, p–3, FC – férfi: = 0,65, p–3). Ez az eltérés nem a romló anyagcsere következménye volt, miután a már diabeteses és még anyagcseréjüket illetően egészséges, de 2DM-rokonnal rendelkezők között nem különbözött. Így feltételeztük, hogy a SERPINF1-gén vérsejtbeli expressziójának eltérése valódi genetikai meghatározottságot jelent. Következtetés: A perifériás fehérvérsejteken mért SERPINF1-expresszió, valamint a lipid- és biokémiai paraméterek segítségével sikerült egy, a betegség jóslására alkalmas matematikai összefüggést találnunk, melyet nagyobb esetszámon történő ellenőrzés után – reményeink szerint – a diabetes „korai markereként” használhatunk. A LAMP2 expressziója nem különbözött a két anyagcseréjüket illetően egészséges csoport között, de az anyai öröklődéssel összefüggő eredményt kaptunk. Az anyai ágon történő öröklődés eseteiben szignifikánsan magasabb expressziós szintet kapunk, ami „parent of origin” hatást feltételez, jelezvén, hogy az anyától öröklött génnek meghatározó szerepe van. Orv Hetil. 2020; 161(18): 738–746.

IntroductionEffective management of seasonal and pandemic influenza is a high priority internationally. Guidelines in many countries recommend antiviral treatment for older people and individuals with comorbidity at increased risk of complications. However, antivirals are not often prescribed in primary care in Europe, partly because its clinical and cost effectiveness has been insufficiently demonstrated by non-industry funded and pragmatic studies.Methods and analysisAntivirals for influenza-Like Illness? An rCt of Clinical and Cost effectiveness in primary CarE is a European multinational, multicentre, open-labelled, non-industry funded, pragmatic, adaptive-platform, randomised controlled trial. Initial trial arms will be best usual primary care and best usual primary care plus treatment with oseltamivir for 5 days. We aim to recruit at least 2500 participants ≥1 year presenting with influenza-like illness (ILI), with symptom duration ≤72 hours in primary care over three consecutive periods of confirmed high influenza incidence. Participant outcomes will be followed up to 28 days by diary and telephone. The primary objective is to determine whether adding antiviral treatment to best usual primary care is effective in reducing time to return to usual daily activity with fever, headache and muscle ache reduced to minor severity or less. Secondary objectives include estimating cost-effectiveness, benefits in subgroups according to age (64 years), severity of symptoms at presentation (low, medium and high), comorbidity (yes/no), duration of symptoms (≤48 hours/>48–72 hours), complications (hospital admission and pneumonia), use of additional prescribed medication including antibiotics, use of over-the-counter medicines and self-management of ILI symptoms.Ethics and disseminationResearch ethics committee (REC) approval was granted by the NRES Committee South Central (Oxford B) and Clinical Trial Authority (CTA) approval by The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. All participating countries gained national REC and CTA approval as required. Dissemination of results will be through peer-reviewed scientific journals and conference presentations.Trial registration numberISRCTN27908921; Pre-results.

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes is associated with increased risk of bone fractures, and the connection between bone remodeling and carbohydrate homeostasis is decoupled. It is not known whether these phenomena are the consequence of the deteriorating glucose metabolism, and the increasing insulin resistance or they belong to the genetic risk of type 2 diabetes. Aim: The aim of the authors was to clarify the impact of genetic risk on bone and carbohydrate homeostasis connections. Method: Hyperinsulinemic-normoglycemic clamps, and oral and iv. glucose loads were done to select 18 metabolically healthy females with first degree type 2 diabetic relatives -and 26 without diabetic relatives. Results: The connections between total body glucose utilization and the activity of the bone metabolic unit were missing in healthy females with the genetic risk of type 2 diabetes, like in those with manifest diabetes. In this risk group the level of low-density-large molecular sized LDL lipids were decreased, while the high-density LDL group with low molecular size was increased. The latter change was in significant connection with increased interleukin-6 levels and increased bone resorption within the bone metabolic unit. Conclusions: These data suggest that the missing connection between glucose and bone metabolism is not the consequence of the developing insulin resistance and deteriorating glucose metabolism, but rather it belongs to the inherited diabetes risk. The etiology of this early alteration, which develops prior to glucose intolerance and insulin resistance is unknown and needs further investigations. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(25), 1007–1013.

Today the prevalence of type 2 diabetes reached an epidemic level. It is known that type 2 diabetes could only be prevented before the manifestation, during the "prediabetic" state, urging the development of diagnostic tests to recognize the group at risk in time.The authors explored metabolic differences between healthy, normal glucose tolerant, normal insulin resistant females having first degree relatives with and without type 2 diabetes.Healthy, normal insulin sensitive females without (n = 26) and with (n = 18) type 2 diabetic relatives were investigated.Healthy females with first degree diabetic relatives had lower low density lipoproteins and higher high density lipoproteins as well as higher glucose and insulin levels at the 120 min of oral glucose test as compared to those without first degree diabetic relatives.These results suggest that the appearance of insulin resistance is preceded by hepatic insulin resistance and impaired lipid metabolism in the symptom-free prediabetic period of genetically susceptible females.Bevezetés: A 2-es típusú cukorbetegség ma már „világjárvány”, megelőzése csak a „praediabetes” idején eredményes, ezért olyan szűrővizsgálatokra van szükség, amelyek a cukorbetegség várományosait időben felfedik. Célkitűzés: A szerzők célul tűzték ki egészséges, negatív családi anamnézisű (genetikailag nem diabeteses) és elsőfokú cukorbeteg rokonokkal rendelkező (genetikailag diabeteses), normális szénhidrát-toleranciájú és inzulinérzékenységű nőkben a diagnosztikai értékű anyagcsere-eltérések feltárását. Módszer: A klemp vizsgálatok során normális inzulinérzékenységű, genetikailag nem diabeteses (n = 26) és genetikailag diabeteses (n = 18) önkéntesek adatait elemezték. Eredmények: Genetikailag diabeteses, egészséges nőkben az orális cukorterhelés 120. percében magasabb glükóz- és inzulinkoncentrációt, valamint nagyobb magas denzitású és kisebb alacsony denzitású lipidszintet találtak a genetikailag nem diabeteses egészséges nőkben mért értékekhez képest. Következtetések: Az eredmények szerint genetikailag diabeteses, egészséges nőkben a kialakuló inzulinrezisztenciát megelőzi a hepaticus inzulinrezisztencia és a zsíranyagcsere zavara. A szerzők nem kaptak választ arra a kérdésre, hogy a cukorbetegséghez és az elhízáshoz vezető energiafelesleg miért okoz genetikailag diabeteses nőkben korán zsíranyagcsere-zavart és hyperinsulinaemiát, továbbá arra sem, hogy az elhízás miért nem társul mindig inzulinrezisztenciával. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 1747–1753.

Introduction: The recognition of prediabetic patients with the genetic risk of type 2 diabetes is very important as prediabetes is the last stage when manifestation of diabetes could be prevented by life style modification or drug intervention. This suggests the need for diagnostic processes to trace the risk of patients in time. Aims: The authors looked for metabolic differences between age and BMI in adjusted healthy men with or without first degree type 2 diabetic relatives. Methods: The study included 73 healthy men (21 with and 52 without) first-degree relatives with type 2 diabetes. Results: Total body and muscle tissue glucose utilization, glucose tolerance did not differ between the two groups, but free fatty acid levels were not suppressed by glucose load in subjects with diabetic relatives. In addition the body fat content, leptin and IL-6 levels were higher, while adiponectin and the free fatty acid/adiponectin ratio were significantly lover in healthy men with diabetic relatives. In this group HDL cholesterol, and the large buoyant LDL fraction were lower whereas the high density LDL – small molecular lipid fraction was higher than those measured in subjects without diabetic relatives. Conclusions: These data suggest that deteriorations of insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance is preceded by disturbances of fatty acid metabolism. The observed alteration in free fatty acid/adiponectin ratio, and/or the absence of free fatty acid suppression during glucose tolerance tests could be a screening tool for diabetes risk among men. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 178–186.

ObjectiveTo describe primary health care (consultation characteristics and management) for patients contacting their general practitioner (GP) with a respiratory tract infection (RTI) early on in the COVID-19 pandemic in contrasting European countries, with comparison to prepandemic findings.SettingPrimary care in 16 countries (79 practices), when no routine SARS-CoV-2 testing was generally available.Design and participantsBefore (n=4376) and early in the pandemic (n=3301), patients with RTI symptoms were registered in this prospective audit study.Outcome measuresConsultation characteristics (type of contact and use of PPE) and management characteristics (clinical assessments, diagnostic testing, prescribing, advice and referral) were registered. Differences in these characteristics between countries and between pandemic and prepandemic care are described.ResultsCare for patients with RTIs rapidly switched to telephone/video consultations (10% in Armenia, 91% in Denmark), and when consultations were face-to-face, GPs used PPE during 97% (95% CI 96% to 98%) of contacts. Laboratory testing for SARS-CoV-2 in primary care patients with RTIs was rapidly implemented in Denmark (59%) and Germany (31%), while overall testing for C reactive protein decreased. The proportion of patients prescribed antibiotics varied considerably between countries (3% in Belgium, 48% in UK) and was lower during the pandemic compared with the months before, except for Greece, Poland and UK. GPs provided frequent and varied COVID-related advice and more frequently scheduled a follow-up contact (50%, 95% CI 48% to 52%). GPs reported a slightly higher degree of confidence in the likely effectiveness of their management in face-to-face (73% (very) confident, 95% CI 71% to 76%) than in virtual consultations (69%, 95% CI 67% to 71%).ConclusionsDespite between-country variation in consultation characteristics, access to SARS-CoV-2 laboratory testing and medication prescribing, GPs reported a high degree of confidence in managing their patients with RTIs in the emerging pandemic. Insight in the highly variable pandemic responses, as measured in this multicountry audit, can aid in fine-tuning national action and in coordinating a pan-European response during future pandemic threats.