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Objetivo: Caracterizar indicadores clínicos, comorbilidad y variables de laboratorio asociadas a la hospitalización y mortalidad de personas mayores con COVID-19. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de acuerdo con la declaración PRISMA, en las bases de datos Medline/Pubmed, Science Direct y WOS, en la que se aplicaron estrategias de búsquedas específicas para artículos y estudios que fueron publicados desde el periodo de tiempo comprendido entre el 1 de enero del 2020 hasta el 26 de noviembre del 2020. Resultados: Se identificaron 28 artículos que cumplieron con los criterios de selección, con una suma del tamaño muestral de los estudios incluidos de 581,319 sujetos (55.1% mujeres). De los factores analizados, un estado funcional óptimo, el sexo femenino, el recuento de linfocitos, el uso de anticoagulantes de manera curativa y los niveles de albúmina sérica, se han asociado a un mejor pronóstico clínico en adultos mayores de 65 años. Conclusiones: Se encontraron características clínicas, de comorbilidad y variables de laboratorio asociadas a la hospitalización y morbilidad.

Objetivo. Determinar las variables predictoras de una baja calidad de vida en población adulta latinoamericana en situación de pandemia por COVID-19. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo, trasversal. La población estuvo compuesta por habitantes adultos de Chile, Colombia, México y Perú. Los factores de riesgo se identificaron mediante un análisis de regresión logística. Estos análisis fueron ajustados por estado nutricional, edad y procedencia geográfica. Resultados. Ser de género femenino (OR=1.73; p=0.001), físicamente inactivo/a (OR=1.85; p=0.001), consumir tabaco (OR=1.29; p=0,026), alcohol (OR=1.31; p=0,002) y comida chatarra (OR=2.04; p=0,001) aumenta la probabilidad de tener una disminución en la dimensión salud general de la calidad de vida durante una cuarentena por COVID-19. Conclusiones. Durante la pandemia por COVID-19, los principales factores de riesgo presentes en la disminución de las ocho dimensiones de la calidad de vida evaluadas fueron ser de género femenino, físicamente inactivo/a, sedentario/a, consumir comida no saludable, beber alcohol y hábito tabáquico.

Objetivo: Analizar las características metodológicas y de investigación, los antecedentes del sujeto de estudio y de las evaluaciones e intervenciones de las tesis de pregrado de la carrera de kinesiología en una universidad chilena durante los años 2010 – 2018.Materiales y métodos: Se analizaron 91 tesis; para su análisis se utilizó un instrumento validado que se organizó en tres grandes categorías: a) características metodológicas y de investigación, b) antecedentes del sujeto de estudio y c) antecedentes de las evaluaciones e intervenciones, y se registró un total de 38 ítems. Resultados: Se reportó que las tesis mayoritariamente las realizan dos estudiantes tesistas, en conjunto con un guía con grado licenciado, presentan un alcance descriptivo, diseño no experimental, temporalidad transversal, con muestras pequeñas, no probabilísticas, por conveniencia, utilizando cuestionarios y/o encuestas para medir parámetros de actividad y condición físicas principalmente en las áreas respiratoria y traumatológica. Las tesis cumplen con la estructura de un reporte científico, aun cuando un gran porcentaje de ellas tiene referencias poco actualizadas y no incluyen datos de aprobación del comité de ética. Los sujetos de estudio principalmente eran jóvenes y adultos pertenecientes a centros educativos de enseñanza básica, media, universitaria o a una red de atención de salud pública que presentaban algún diagnóstico médico de enfermedad cardiometabólica. Conclusión: Este estudio reveló información valiosa respecto a cómo se ha llevado a cabo la formación investigativa de esta carrera de la salud, identificó áreas de conocimiento, poblaciones y condiciones de salud poco exploradas y los tratamientos usados frecuentemente.

BACKGROUND Adiposity and education are two independent risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, there is limited evidence whether both education and adiposity are associated with T2D in an additive manner in the Chilean population. AIM To investigate the joint association between adiposity and education with T2D in the Chilean adult population. MATERIAL AND METHODS Analysis of data of the Chilean National Health Survey 2016-2017, which included 5,033 participants with a mean age of 43 years, (51% women). Poisson regression analyses with robust standard error were used to investigate the joint association of the education level and general and central adiposity with T2D. The results were reported as Prevalence Ratio and their 95% confidence intervals (PR, 95% CI). RESULTS Obesity was associated with a higher probability of having T2D in men than in women, however central adiposity was associated with a higher probability of having T2D in women than in men. Compared with men who had higher education (> 12 years) and had normal body weight, those with the same educational level and who were obese had 2.3-times higher probability of having T2D (PR: 2.35 [95% CI: 1.02; 5.39]). For women, having a low education and being obese was associated with 4.4-times higher probability of having T2D compared to those with higher education and normal body mass index (BMI) (PR: 4.47 [95% IC: 2.12; 9.24]). Similar results were observed when waist circumference was used as a marker of obesity rather than BMI. CONCLUSIONS Women and men with higher BMI and low education had a higher risk of T2D. However, this risk was higher in women than in men.

BACKGROUND: The quarantine and social distancing implemented during COVID 19 pandemic may hamper the quality of life of the population AIM: To determine the factors associated with a low quality of life during COVID 19 quarantine in Chilean adults MATERIAL AND METHODS: The SF-36 survey about quality of life was answered by 1,082 Chilean adults aged between 18 and 60 years, who were quarantined by the COVID-19 health alert Other variables studied were sociodemographic background, nutritional status, lifestyles, level of physical activity, sedentary behavior and sleep hours Risk factors associated with low quality of life were identified by logistic regression analysis for each of the 8 dimensions evaluated in the SF-36 questionnaire RESULTS: The factors that increased the probability of having a lower general health perception were being female (Odds ratio (OR) = 1 29;p = 0 05), being physically inactive (OR = 2 76 p < 0 01), unhealthy hours of sleep (OR = 1 58, p < 0 01), smoking (OR = 1 59, p < 0 01) and eating junk food (OR = 2 26;p < 0 01) For the other dimensions of quality of life, the most frequently repeated factors were being female, junk food consumption, and being physically inactive and sedentary CONCLUSIONS: There are factors associated with a low quality of life during the quarantine of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Chilean population Their identification could reinforce remedial actions at the government level to benefit the health of the population during this health emergency

Background Handgrip strength is an indicator of frailty in older people. Aim To determine the prevalence of low handgrip strength in older Chilean adults. Material and methods A cross-sectional analysis of 244 individuals aged 60 years or more, participating in the 2016-2017 Chilean National Health Survey, was carried out. Handgrip strength was evaluated by a hand dynamometer and low grip strength was determined as a grip strength ≤ 15 kg and ≤ 27 kg for women and men, respectively. Results Twenty nine percent of participants had low grip strength. The average grip strength among 60-year-old men and women was 34.7 and 22.1 kg, respectively. These figures decreased to 28.8 kg and 17.2 kg among 90-year-old men and women, respectively. The prevalence of low grip strength in men and women aged 60 years was 18%. In 90-year-old men and women, these figures increased to 79% and 56.3%, respectively. Conclusions The prevalence of low grip strength increased substantially with age.

Background The assessment of frailty among older people could help to reduce its social and health burden. Aim To determine and characterize the prevalence of frailty in Chilean older adults. Material and methods We studied 233 participants, aged > 60 years, participating in the Chilean National Health Survey 2016-2017. Frailty was assessed using modified Fried criteria. Thus, people classified as frail should meet at least 3 out of the 5 criteria (low strength, low physical activity, low body mass index, slow walking pace and tiredness). Results The prevalence of frailty was 10.9% (7.7% for men and 14.1% for women). The prevalence of pre-frailty was 59.0% whereas 30.1% of participants were classified as robust. At the age of 80 years 58 and 62% of men and women were frail, respectively. These figures increased to 90 and 87% at the age of 90 years. The prevalence of pre-frailty increased from 43 to 92.1% among men and from 76% and 78% among women from the ages of 60 to 90 years, respectively. Conclusions The prevalence of frailty increased markedly with age. It is important to implement prevention strategies to allow an early identification of high-risk individuals.

BACKGROUND Depression has been previously associated with cognitive impairment in high income country populations. However, its association in the Chilean population has not been investigated. AIM To investigate the association between depression and cognitive impairment. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data from 1384 Chilean adults aged > 60 years, participating in the National Health Survey 2009-2010 was analyzed. Cognitive impairment was assessed using the Mini Mental Examination score. The medical diagnosis of depression was self-reported. The association between depression and cognitive impairment was assessed using a logistic regression. RESULTS Depression was positively associated with cognitive impairment. However, the magnitude of the association was higher in men (Odds ratio (OR) = 4.02 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.44; 6.61], p < 0.01]) than in women (OR = 2.23 [95%CI: 1.03; 3.43], p = 0.04). Older adults who were diagnosed for the first time with depression after 65 years of age, showed a stronger association with cognitive impairment (OR = 6.65 [95% CI: 2.39; 10.9], p < 0.01) than those diagnosed before 55 years. CONCLUSIONS Our study confirms the association between depression and cognitive impairment. Further research is needed to elucidate the nature and potential mechanisms that link depression with cognitive impairment.

Ageing will be one of the most significant social transformations of the 21st century worldwide. In the last 40 years, Chile has tripled its older adult population. As a result, by 2050 the country will have the highest proportion of older adults in Latin America. This remarkable growth reinforces the need to identify their current situation and to revise what is the society doing to maintain older people as active members. In this context, this narrative revision aimed to describe the sociodemographic, epidemiologic and sociocultural profile of the older Chilean adults. Besides, programs and public policies focused on the improvement of their quality of life were identified.

RESUMEN Introducción: La sarcopenia es la enfermedad muscular vinculada al proceso de envejecimiento y que se asocia a una disminución de la calidad de vida y la funcionalidad en las personas mayores. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre la sarcopenia y la calidad de vida de personas mayores autovalentes y dependientes leves de dos ciudades del sur de Chile. Metodología: El estudio tuvo un diseño no experimental, analítico y de temporalidad transversal. La muestra estuvo constituida por 80 personas mayores (30 hombres); se utilizó un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Para determinar la calidad de vida se aplicó la encuesta de calidad de vida SF-36, y para determinar sarcopenia se aplicó el flujo-grama del Grupo de Trabajo Europeo sobre Sarcopenia en Personas Mayores, que evalúa la fuerza muscular (dinamometría), masa muscular apendicular y rendimiento físico (velocidad de marcha). Resultados: La prevalencia de sarcopenia en las personas mayores alcanzó un 23,8 %. No se evidenció asociación entre la sarcopenia y calidad de vida. Al analizar los parámetros para evaluar la sarcopenia por separado, se evidenció una asociación entre la velocidad de marcha y las dimensiones de calidad de vida (función física; p=0,000, rol físico; p=0,005 y función social; p=0,010). Conclusión: Una menor velocidad de marcha se relacionó con una baja calidad de vida. Futuros programas de evaluación y control de la sarcopenia deberían considerar la calidad vida como una variable asociada al rendimiento físico de las personas mayores. ABSTRACT Introduction: Sarcopenia is the muscle disease linked to the aging process and associated with a decrease in the quality of life and functionality in the older people. Objective: To determine the association between sarcopenia and the quality of life of self-reliant and mildly dependent elderly people from two cities in southern Chile. Methodology: The study had a non-experimental design, analytic and of transversal temporality. The sample consisted of 80 elderly people (30 men), a non-probabilistic convenience sampling was used. To determine the quality of life, the SF-36 quality of life survey was applied and to determine sarcopenia, the flowchart of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People was applied, which assesses muscle strength (dynamometry), appendicular muscle mass and physical performance (walking speed). Results: The prevalence of sarcopenia in the elderly reached 23.8 %. There was no evidence of association between sarcopenia and quality of life. When analyzing the parameters to evaluate sarcopenia separately, an association was evidenced between gait speed and quality of life dimensions (physical function; p = 0.000, physical role; p = 0.005 and social function; p = 0.010). Conclusion: A lower walking speed was related to a low quality of life. Future sarcopenia evaluation and control programs should consider quality of life as a variable associated with the physical performance of older people.

Background One of the side effects of cancer treatment is a low level of physical activity (PA) due to fatigue and pain. Aim To quantify PA levels in Chilean people with cancer. Material and methods Analysis of the National Health Survey 2016-2017 including 6,233 participants, comparing those with and without a self-report of cancer was conducted. Levels of PA and sitting time were assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Results 3% of participants [confidence intervals (CI): 2.6; 3.9] reported having cancer and 34% [95% CI: 22.7; 46.7] of these reported being physically inactive, compared to 25% [95% CI: 22.5; 27,3] of those without cancer. Participants with cancer performed 56 and 77 minutes/day lower vigorous and total PA than participants without cancer. No differences between groups were observed for commuting PA, moderate PA and sedentary time. Lower level of PA was independent of the years elapsed since the diagnosis of cancer. Conclusions People with cancer are less physically active than their counterparts without the disease.

Background It is unknown if nutritional status could influence the accuracy of self-reported physical activity (PA) levels. Aim To compare PA measured using the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) and by accelerometry (ActiGraph) according to nutritional status in Chilean adults. Material and methods This is an observational cross-sectional study that used information from the GENADIO project carried out in Chile between 2009-2011. The sample consisted of 322 people. PA levels and sitting time were determined through the IPAQ self-report questionnaire and ActiGraph accelerometers (GTM1). The nutritional status was determined according to body mass index (BMI). Results Compared with the measurement made with accelerometry, the IPAQ self-report questionnaire underestimated the levels of light PA, total PA and sedentary time in -171.5, -54.8 and -40.6 min / day, respectively. However, IPAQ overestimated the levels of moderate PA and vigorous PA in 91.0 and 47.3 min/day respectively, compared with accelerometry. Compared with normal weight, obese subjects reported higher levels of moderate PA (105.5 and 48.9 min/day, respectively) and vigorous PA (54.1 and 38.3 min/day respectively). Total PA had a greater delta of underestimation between IPAQ and accelerometer measurements in normal weight than in obese subjects (-122.1 vs -16.5 min/day, respectively). Conclusions The measurement of PA by means of a self-report questionnaire was discrepant with its objective measurement with an accelerometer. The discrepancy is even higher in obese people.

A decrease in functional capacity due to ageing is one of the main risk factors for falls in older people. Aim: To investigate factors associated with falls in Chilean older adults. Material and Methods: We analyzed the self-reports of falls of 1,334 people aged ≥ 60 years who answered the National Health Survey 2009-2010. Falls during the last 12 months were recorded. Lifestyle, socio-demographic and health status were analyzed. A Poisson regression with robust variance estimates was performed to identify factors associated with falls. Results: Falls during the preceding year were reported by 37% of respondents (95% confidence intervals (CI): 32-42]. Fall frequency was higher in women (Prevalence ratio (PR):1.30 [95% CI:1.11; 1.53], p 75 years and having disability, hearing or vision impairment are risk factors for falls

Background Cardiorespiratory fitness is a strong predictor of mortality and chronic diseases. However, its estimation is costly and time consuming which may limit it broad use in population-based studies. Aim To estimate the cardiorespiratory fitness of the Chilean population by using equations and to characterize fitness levels of the Chilean population by sociodemographic factors. Material and methods This cross-sectional study included 5,958 adults from the Chilean Health Survey conducted between 2016 and 2017. Cardiorespiratory fitness was estimated from sex-specific equations for men and women and expressed as METs (Energy Metabolic Equivalent). Fitness levels were characterized by sociodemographics factors (age, sex, education, income and area of residency). Results Fitness levels were higher in men (9.01 METs) than in women (6.76 METs) and in average decrease by 0.59 and 0.34 METs per each year increment in age for men and women, respectively. Fitness levels were 12.7 METs and 7.8 METs for 20-year-old men and women, respectively. However, fitness levels decreased to 7.8 METs and 4.3 METs in 90-year-old men and women, respectively. Fitness levels were also higher in individuals living in urban setting, those with higher education or income levels and lean individuals. Conclusions This study reports fitness levels in a nationally representative sample of Chile. Fitness levels were higher in men than women however, its decline with age was more pronounce in men than women.

Background: Exercise may be a therapeutic tool for improving the functional capacity in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) who are on hemodialysis (HD). Aim: To determine the effects on muscle strength (MS), functional capacity (FC) and quality of life related to health (QOLRH) of a resistance training program in patients with CKD on HD. Patients and methods: Thirteen CKD patients aged 38.8 ± 3 years, (7 men) on HD for more than one year participated in an exercise program twice a week during 8 weeks. At the beginning and at the end of the program, MS using a knee extension isometric strength test, FC using the six minutes walking test (6MWT) and QOLRH using the KDQOL CV-36 questionnaire were evaluated. Heart and respiratory rates, blood pressure, oxygen saturation and modified Borg scale were measured as control variables Results: After training, there were significant improvements in MS in both legs; in the distance travelled during 6MWT and in the physical component summary score of the KDQOL-36. Furthermore, a significant decline in diastolic blood pressure was observed. All other control variables did not change significantly. Conclusions: Exercise training during eight weeks in CKD patients in HD resulted in significant improvements in muscle strength, walking capacity and in the physical component of a quality of life score for patients with CKD.

Background: Sedentariness is one of the main cardiovascular risk factors. Aerobic exercise can reduce the risk; however, resistance training seems to be more effective in reducing cardiovascular risk. Aim: To determine the metabolic effects of a 12 weeks resistance training program of high intensity and low volume in two groups of sedentary adult women. Material and methods: Forty women between 30 and 60 years were randomly assigned to an experimental group and a control group. Four kinds of strength exercises, using their own body weight were chosen. Plasma lipid profile and body composition were measured at baseline and at the end of the intervention. Results: A reduction in total cholesterol and triacylglycerol and an increase in HDL cholesterol was observed in the experimental group after the training program. Conclusions: The high intensity and low volume training improved plasma lipid profile in this group of women.