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Los sistemas de bicicletas compartidas en la literatura se conocen como BSS por sus siglas en ingles ( Bike Shared System ), en este articulo se analiza el BSS de la ciudad de Medellin - Colombia llamado “EnCicla”. El objetivo es conocer el comportamiento global del sistema para poder identificar las horas de mayor uso, las estaciones mas usadas y los tipos de comportamiento que se presentan. Se han recolectado datos del funcionamiento del sistema, con los cuales se ha realizado el procesamiento y analisis categorizado por ubicacion y franjas horarias. Con los datos recolectados y el analisis estadistico realizado se identificaron las estaciones criticas dentro del sistema, los patrones de comportamiento de las cada una de ellas, los picos horarios, los maximos, minimos y variabilidad de ocupacion en promedio; con lo cual se genera el desafio de modelar, simular y mejorar el funcionamiento del sistema, asi como evaluar politicas de operacion y su implementacion. Palabras clave: Sistemas de Bicicletas Compartidas, Analisis de Informacion, Sistemas de Transporte, Sistemas Dinamicos. doi: https://doi.org/10.36825/RITI.09.18.004

El trabajo plantea que los derechos humanos han evolucionado desde una obligacion estatal centrada en el resguardo de la esfera publica, a una preocupacion por cautelar el espacio privado. La empresa se convierte asi en un importante actor no estatal. El trabajo desarrolla la discusion sobre la relevancia de una regulacion internacional para la certificacion de determinados procesos empresariales y de como estos podrian favorecer la estabilidad y seguridad internacional. Se destaca que muchas empresas efectuan inversiones relevantes en zonas de gobernabilidad fragil o de conflicto armado y que su intervencion puede alentarlos o mitigarlos. Los escenarios de guerra son los que plantean problemas mas complicados tanto por la complejidad general que presenta el respeto del Derecho Internacional Humanitario (DIH), como por la dificultad de reparacion de danos ocasionados por las corporaciones privadas. Finalmente, el articulo resume la discusion juridica en torno al “mercenarismo” y el dilema que plantea la reglamentacion o prohibicion de las empresas militares y de seguridad privada. Palabras clave: Actores no estatales, conflicto armado, derechos humanos, derecho internacional humanitario, empresas militares y de seguridad privada, gobernabilidad fragil, mercenarios, seguridad internacional, zonas inestables, zona de conflicto.

Este artículo delimita los contornos de la delincuencia asociativa empleando como principal caso de estudio la película “Pulp Fiction” de Tarantino (1994). Mediante el análisis y la interpretación cinematográfica se describen y ejemplifican las principales características que configuran la “criminalidad organizada”: la existencia de una organización estable, la finalidad lucrativa ilícita y el empleo de la violencia como método criminal.

Langerhan’s cell histiocytosis (LCH) results from the proliferation of immunophenotypically and functionally immature, morphologically rounded Langerhan’s cells along with eosinophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and, commonly, multinucleated giant cells. Here we report a case in a 6-year-old boy of differential diagnoses including dermatopathic lymphadenitis (DL), parasitic infection, Kimura’s disease, hypersensitivity reactions, cat-scratch disease, sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (SHML), hyperplasic lymph nodes, and lymphoma.

This paper describes petrographically and genetically, a number of peperites, as examples of spatialand temporal coexistence of magmatism and sedimentation in Costa Rica. The cases are presented in basic igne-ous complexes (ophiolites), mixtures varying from incomplete (megablocks of radiolarite with diabase in the NicoyaComplex) to complete mixes in various stages of Maastrichtian-Paleocene (Golfito Formation) or Paleocene pelagiclimestones with basalts (Quepos Subcomplex or Tulin Formation) to form brechoid and pillowed peperites. Within theOligo-Miocene arc, there are examples extended along the Talamanca range and its foothills, as well as Sarapiqui’splains represented for brechoid and bulbous (fluidal) peperites in latiandesitic lavas (Pacacua Formation) or brechoidpeperitic pipes in ignimbrites (Mata de Limon Member) or possible brechoid peperites in lavas in the Crucitas min-ing prospect (Curena Formation), or simple brechoid peperites in andesitic flow (Pacacua Formation, in Talamanca)or as hydroclastic breccias with fragments of dacitic composition in lava flow deposits of Carbonal Guanacaste, justbetween the beaches Cabuyal and Naranjo. All these rocks represented proximal equivalents of the explosive, effusiveand subvolcanic volcanism (endogenous domes and criptodomes) and his concomitance with the fluvial sedimentation.In Quaternary period, we have a sample in the base of Tiribi Formation in contact with Palmares Lacustrine. Also thispaper included possible and potential cases. It hopes that the description and interpretation of this type of rocks helpsto its identification in other regions of Costa Rica and Central America in general, as well as a potential source for theexploration of valuable metals.

Objetivo: evaluar nuestros Resultados alejados en términos de recidiva local, rescate y sobrevida libre de enfermedad. Método: veintiún pacientes con un cáncer de recto bajo fueron sometidos a una resección transanal completa en un periodo de 18 años (1985-2003). La estadificación preoperatoria incluyó hallazgos clínicos y endoscópicos, estudios por imágenes e histopatológicos. Los especímenes resecados correspondieron a 4 tumores T1, 13 T2 y 4 T3. Los 4 pacientes T1 sólo fueron tratados con cirugía; 6 de los 13 T2 y todos los T3 recibieron quimiorradioterapia postoperatoria. Ninguno de ellos recibió una cirugía radical secuencial. Resultados: el seguimiento (media 75 meses) registró 5 casos (23,8%) de recidiva total y 4 (19%) con falla local (3 T2 de los cuales sólo uno había recibido terapia coadyuvante y un T3 también tratado con quimiorradioterapia). Los cuatro pacientes con recidiva local accedieron a cirugía de rescate, una amputación abdominoperineal en dos casos y a una re-resección local en los otros. Dos de ellos volvieron a recidivar. La sobrevida a 5 años fue de 95,2%, y la sobrevida libre de enfermedad en el mismo periodo alcanzó a un 90,4%. En el periodo de observación hasta agosto de 2006 hay dos pacientes que fallecieron diseminados, y sólo un paciente vivo está recidivado. Conclusiones: esta experiencia confirma que la resección local transanal para cáncer de recto bajo es una buena alternativa en pacientes adecuadamente seleccionados. En tumores T2, la quimiorradioterapia adyuvante será necesaria; en tumores T3, la cirugía radical de rescate debería ser realizada oportunamente.

Background: There are no clear guidelines for the indication of elective surgery in sigmoid diverticular disease. Aim: To analyze the indications and long term results of elective surgery in sigmoid diverticular disease. Material and Methods: Retrospective review of 100 patients (age range 25-86 years, 51 male) with sigmoid diverticular disease, operated in a lapse of 22 years. Sixty seven patients answered a survey about their disease at the end of follow up. Results: Among patients aged more than 70 years, there was a higher proportion of women. The main indication for surgery was recurrent diverticulitis in 54 patients, followed by diverticular fistula in 19. A sigmoidectomy was performed in 91 patients. Stapled anastomosis was performed in half of these patients. No patient died or required reoperation in the immediate postoperative period. During a follow up ranging from 8 to 280 months, 28 patients died for causes not associated with diverticular disease and five were lost. Those patients that answered the survey were free of symptoms related to diverticular disease and did not require new operations. Conclusions: In patients with sigmoid diverticular disease and recurrent diverticulitis or with fistulae, the long term results of surgery are satisfactory (Rev Méd Chile 2005; 133: 1037-42)

Background: CEA is widely used in the follow up of patients with colorectal carcinoma. Aim: To study the value of preoperative CEA as an independent prognostic factor in colorectal carcinoma. Patients and methods: Analysis of 373 operated patients (204 females, age range 21-92 years) with colorectal carcinoma and a mean follow up of 53 months. The cutoff value for CEA was 5 ng/ml. Ninety four percent of patients had an excisable tumor, 79% had involvement of perirectal/pericolonic adipose tissue and 46% had lymph node involvement. Staging was done using Dukes-Turnbull and TNM classifications. Results: CEA was normal in 61% of cases, over 5 ng/ml in 39% and over 15 ng/ml in 22%. There was a strong correlation between mean preoperative CEA and tumor stage, depth and lymph node involvement. During the follow up, 140 patients died, 57 with normal and 83 with elevated CEA. Cancer mortality in patients subjected to a curative excision of the tumor (Dukes A-C2/TNM IIII) was 9% for colonic tumors and 36% for rectal tumors (p

Background: Ten to 22% of lower gastrointestinal bleedings require emergency surgery. The overall mortality of the procedure is 22%. Aim: To report our experience in the management of patients with massive lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Patients and methods: Retrospective analysis of 20 patients (10 male) aged 19 to 79 years old, with lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Results: Nine patients were operated on after the bleeding stopped and 11 were operated while still bleeding. In ten, the cause of bleeding was diverticular disease or angiodysplasia. In four, the bleeding originated in the small bowel and in 7 it was of vascular origin. Two patients with a torrential bleeding, were operated on without prior study. Colonoscopy, done in 18 patients, identified the bleeding site in 66% of cases. Scintigraphy was performed in 7 patients and it was positive in five without operative mortality. Selective angiography was done in four patients and was positive in three. A partial intestinal resection was performed in 15 patients and a total colectomy in five without operative mortality. Six patients had major postoperative complications and mean hospital stay was 18 days. Patients have been followed for 9 to 144 months and six have died. Eleven patients were reassessed and all have complete fecal continence. Conclusions: In this series, the main causes of massive lower gastrointestinal bleeding were diverticulosis and angiodysplasia. In a high percentage of patients, the bleeding originated in the small bowel (Rev Méd Chile 2002; 130: 869-78)

We report a 15 years old girl presenting with severe hematochezia with secondary anemia and hemodynamic decompensation, rectal prolapse and spontaneous anal elimination of polyps. She had no family history of polyposis and a search for the disease in her close relatives was negative. A complete diagnostic work up did not find polyps in other segments of the digestive tract. Colonoscopy showed more than 200 polyps between the cecum and the rectum. Pathological analysis confirmed the presence of retention polyps with adenomatous areas and mild atypia. The patient was subjected to a proctocolectomy with ileal pouch and sphincteric preservation, using a mechanical suture. Postoperative evolution was uneventful and after 24 months of follow up, the patient is asymptomatic, with two stool movements per day and without incontinence.

El artículo describe que el derecho sancionador castrense deriva de la regulación constitucional del monopolio de la fuerza. Esta impone un particular deber de obediencia a los militares, que es resguardado, al mismo tiempo, por el derecho disciplinario militar y el derecho penal militar. Da cuenta que si bien la justicia penal militar no está prohibida por el derecho internacional de los derechos humanos, se considera una norma de aplicación restrictiva. Detalla los requisitos de validez que plantea el derecho internacional para la justicia militar, y cómo la jurisprudencia del sistema interamericano ha influido en la reforma de la jurisdicción penal militar en el continente.