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Sugar and sweet consumption have been very popular worldwide. Along with modern sedentary lifestyle, this increasing trend of per capita sugar consumption assumes significance in the view of high tendency to develop insulin resistance, abdominal adiposity, and hepatic steatosis, and the increasing “epidemic” of type 2 diabetes (T 2 DM) and cardiovascular diseases. This article is to show the effects of different type of sugar and its effect on our physiology. We must work on various prevention strategies, encompassing multiple stakeholders (government, industry, and consumers), should target on decreasing sugar consumption. In this context, dietary guidelines show that sugar consumption should be less than 10% of total daily energy intake, but it is suggested that this limit be decreased.

Widespread overuse of antibiotics has led to the emergence of numerous antibiotic-resistant bacteria; among these are antibiotic-subsisting strains capable of surviving in environments with antibiotics as the sole carbon source. This unparalleled expansion of antibiotic resistance reveals the potent and diversified resistance abilities of certain bacterial strains. Moreover, these strains often possess hypermutator phenotypes and virulence transmissibility competent for genomic and proteomic propagation and pathogenicity. Pragmatic and prospicient approaches will be necessary to develop efficient therapeutic methods against such bacteria and to understand the extent of their genomic adaptability. This review aims to reveal the niches of these antibiotic-catabolizing microbes and assesses the underlying factors linking natural microbial antibiotic production, multidrug resistance, and antibiotic-subsistence.