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Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum causing blast a devastating disease of wheat. An attempt was taken to study the morphological, pathological and cultural characteristics of M. oryzae Triticum and its in-vitro fungicidal control. Four isolates were isolated from infected wheat inflorescence. Conidia of the isolates were solitary, pyriform to obclavate, pale brown, smooth, granular to guttulate, 2-septate; hilum truncate, protruding and not darkened. Isolates were positive in pathogenicity test on wheat and caused characteristic eye shape lesions on leaves. The wheat blast isolates did not produce any blast symptom in rice. M. oryzae Triticum showed consistently better mycelial growth at pH 5.5, 29°C and in Oat Meal Agar medium. Efficacy of six fungicides such as Autostin 50WGD, Nativo 75WG, Diathane M 45, Khowin 50WP, Ridomil Gold MZ 68WG and Provax 200WP at concentrations of 50 ppm, 100 ppm and 150 ppm was evaluated against M. oryzae Triticumin in-vitro. Autostin 50WGD, Nativo 75WG and Knowin 50WP inhibited the growth of M. oryzae Triticum completely at all three concentrations. Therefore, these three fungicides may be suggested to control blast disease of wheat.

Introduction With the number of people with sight loss predicted to double to four million people in the UK by the year 2050, preventable visual loss is a significant public health issue. Sight loss is associated with an increased risk of falls, accidents and depression and evidence suggests that 50% of sight loss can be avoided. Timely diagnosis is central to the prevention of sight loss. Access to care can be a limiting factor in preventable cases. By improving referrals and access to hospital eye services it is possible to treat and minimise the number of patients with preventable sight loss and the impact this has on wider society. Clinical pilot study In 2005, NHS Fife took part in a flagship pilot funded by the Scottish government e-health department to evaluate the feasibility, safety, clinical effectiveness, and cost of electronic referral with images of patients directly from community optometrists to Hospital Eye Service (HES). The pilot study showed that electronic referral was feasible, fast, safe, and obviated the need for outpatient appointments in 128 (37%) patients with a high patient satisfaction. Centralised ophthalmic electronic referral unit The results of the pilot study were presented and in May 2007, the electronic referral system was rolled out regionally in southeast Scotland. Referrals were accepted at a single site with vetting by a trained team and appointments were allocated within 48 hours. Following the implementation of electronic referral, waiting times were reduced from a median of 14 to 4 weeks. Significantly fewer new patients were seen (7462 vs 8714 [ p vs 2671 [ p vs 635 [ p Eye care integration project (Scotland) In 2010 the Scottish Government Health Department committed £6.6 million to community and hospital ophthalmic services forming the Eyecare Integration Project in 2011. The main aim of this project was to create electronic communication between community optometry practices and hospital eye departments. Five electronic forms were specifically designed for cataract, glaucoma, macula, paediatric and general ophthalmic disease. A Virtual Private Network was created which enabled optometrists to connect to the Scottish clinical information gateway system and send referrals to hospital and receive referral status feedback. Numerous hurdles have been encountered and overcome in order to deliver this project. Discussion An efficient unique system has been described within the NHS whereby the provision of eye care has been modernised by creating a user-friendly electronic interface between the community and HES. This system ensures patients are vetted into the correct specialist clinic and thus will be less likely to go blind from treatable conditions. Urgent conditions will continue to be prioritised and savings made with efficiencies gained can be re-invested towards better overall patient care.

Cyanoacrylate glue was originally discovered by Coover and colleagues at the Kodak Research Laboratories [Tennessee] in 1942 [1] with methyl-2-cyanoacrylate becoming commercially available as ‘Eastman #910’0, later ‘Super Glue’ in 1958 [2]. Today cyanoacrylate glues such as methyl 2-cyanoacrylate, ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate (commonly sold under trade names like Super Glue and Krazy Glue – Figs. 2–4) are widely available and commonly used by the general public in domestic and industrial environments. The surgical applications of cyanoacrylate glues were suggested soon after their commercial release, in 1959 [3] and their use first reported in the literature in 1969 [4]. In 1998, 2-octyl-cyanoacrylate received United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval as a tissue adhesive in skin closure. Today it is employed in most surgical specialities and being applied in novel circumstances in an ever increasing number of procedures [5–7]. Cyanoacrylate glues bond rapidly via an exothermic reaction which inevitably has the potential to cause burns. Surprisingly, given the widespread availability of cyanoacrylate glues such injuries are very rarely reported. We here present a case of an accidental burn following spillage of cyanoacrylate glue onto cotton fabric trousers.

Correlations were developed to predict total and dynamic liquid holdup in terms of drift flux model, hold up ratio, and gas and liquid Reynolds numbers for the experimental data of the present study covering air-water and air-MEA systems for three different packing and a wide range of literature data. These corelations predict the present data and most of the literature data with an RMS deviation less than 0.1. The present static liquid holdup data was found to agree with the correlation due to Saez and Carbonell (1985).

Reticulocyte responses to low-dose erythropoietin (EPO) were monitored using automated flow cyto-metric analysis. Sixteen adult dialysis patients were treated with 1,000 U of recombinant human EPO (rHuEPO), subcutaneously, thrice weekly (mean dose 15.7, SD 3.7 U/kg). The reticulocyte count (baseline 31.1, SD 19.1 times 109/L) increased in 14 patients in the first week, with a peak response occurring at Week 2 (mean 57.3, SD 26.5 times 109/L, p < 0.01). There was a wide spectrum of response, the maximal absolute increment ranging from 6.8–69.7 times 109/L (maximal percentage increase 19–863%), Overall there was no relationship between the early increment in reticulocyte count and hemoglobin (Hb) response over the ensuing 4 months. Nine patients became transfusion independent (mean Hb increasing from 6.9, SD 0.8–9.2, SD 1.2 g/dl). Two patients had poor reticulocyte increments and no significant change in Hb. The remaining 5 patients responded partially with a brisk reticulocyte response and a marked reduction in transfusion dependency, but without a sustained increase in Hb. On investigation, all had gastrointestinal bleeding (melena in 1, commencing after initiation of treatment, positive fecal occult bloods in 4), whereas none of the other patients showed evidence of blood loss. It is notable that the erythron was sensitive to this modest dose of rHuEPO in the majority of patients as evidenced by the reticulocyte response. The results provide useful information in the management of patients on rHuEPO. A small or inappar-ent reticulocyte response suggests a confounding factor; a poor Hb response in the presence of active reticulocyte synthesis points to occult blood loss or hemolysis.

1. The inheritance of various plumage colour variants and their underlying interactions were investigated in a large flock of Japanese quail maintained at CARI (India) by conducting reciprocal crosses between four breeding stocks inheriting Pharaoh, White Breasted, White and Brown plumages, followed by test crosses. 2. Based on the proportion of plumage-colour types in the progeny, putative genotypes were determined for parents and offspring for each of the crosses. 3. The White and Brown phenotypes were attributed to the Panda (S) and Roux (Br) loci respectively in agreement with contemporary quail stocks. 4. The White Breasted plumage type present in our stock was caused by a novel mutation with dominant gene action at an autosomal locus that was not allelic to either Panda or the White feather locus. 5. A recessive epistatic action of the Panda locus (S) on White Breasted (Wb) resulted in a White colour phenotype. 6. A novel phenotype, White Breasted-Brown was co-expressed with the Br and Wb loci. 7. It was concluded that breeding for customized feather colour phenotypes in Japanese quail using colour mutations was feasible and would be advantageous in order to overcome the limitations of legislation to protect wildlife in India.

Purified mango cationic and anionic isoperoxidases catalyse the oxidation of guaiacol, o-dianisidine and 2,2′-azino-di-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline sulphonate (ABTS) at different rates. For an anionic isoperoxidase (A1) o-dianisidine is the most susceptible substrate, whereas for a cationic isoperoxidase (C1) ABTS is oxidised more rapidly. For indoleacetic acid (IAA), mixtures of anionic isoperoxidases catalysed the oxidation at higher rates than cationic isoperoxidases relative to their peroxidase activity towards o-dianisidine. For four purified isoenzymes the greatest rate of oxidation of IAA was found for A1. For dihydroxyfumarate (DHFA), mixtures of cationic isoperoxidases catalysed the oxidation at approximately twice that observed for anionic isoperoxidases per unit of peroxidase activity. Likewise, purified mango cationic isoperoxidases (C1 and C2) oxidised DHFA at a rate three times greater than that for the anionic isoperoxidases of identical peroxidase activity towards o-dianisidine. The mango anionic peroxidases have a greater molecular mass than the cationic isoenzymes. Molecular weights determined by gel filtration of 40 000, 44 000, 22 000 and 27 000 were found for mango isoperoxidases A1, A2, C1 and C2.

Small amounts of purified mango (var. Chaunsa ) anionic and cationic isoperoxidases have been obtained by ion-exchange chromatography. It has been shown that peroxidase activity present in crude extracts of mango pulp is less stable to heat than the enzymic activity of highly purified individual mango isoperoxidases. For the purified isoperoxidases heat-inactivation is still nonlinear. It is suggested that this may be due to microheterogeneity in covalently bound oligosaccharide residues at the molecular level. Isoperoxidase activity did not regenerate after heat treatment of crude mango extracts or purified isoenzymes.

A mango anionic peroxidase isoenzyme (A1) has been purified to homogeneity by salt fractionation, gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The purified isolated enzyme was free from contaminating proteins and other isoperoxidases. The molecular weight of A1 was calculated to be approximately 40 000. The major amino acid residues were glycine, serine and glutamic acid, representing approximately 48% of the protein moiety.

A normophosphatemic patient suffering from lithium intoxication was hemodialyzed with a phosphorus-enriched, bicarbonate-based dialysis solution. A post-dialysis fall in plasma phosphorus level was prevented.

Pilot trials were conducted on nine field sites by agricultural extension officers. Each site had a treated plot of about 10 ha in which a rodenticide was applied and a similar-sized untreated plot. The rodenticides tested were 0.0375% coumatetralyl (three sites), 2.5% zinc phosphide (three sites) and, on one site each 0.03% sodium fluoroacetate, sodium cyanide gassing powder and aluminium phosphide gassing tablets. Results were evaluated by snap-trapping, tiller counting and yield recording. On average 38% fewer rodents were trapped, 50% less tiller damage was found and 20% higher yields were obtained on the treated plots than on the untreated plots. Rodent species trapped were, in decreasing order of frequency, Bandicota bengalensis, Millardia meltada, Mus spp., Nesokia indica, Rattus rattus and Tatera indica. The relation between tiller damage and per hectare yield was loose, but significant by rank correlation. A 50-fold return on the cost of materials was obtained in four trials. The results are regarded as indicative and further experimental study of several aspects is required.

The results discussed in this paper, are a continuation of research on diversity as presented by Gini (1912) . Our continuing effort is to provide a parametric extension of the Gini diversity index which is advantageous at least in the sense that it may provide different coefficients of diversity for two quite different looking populations. Various natural characteristics and some relations with other diversity indices also are undertaken.

Microsomal mixed-function oxidase of the crayfish gut and hepatopancreas is very sensitive to the pH change around the optimum of 7.3. The mixed-function oxidase in the green gland, however, seems to have a broader pH optimum around pH 7.8. The green gland oxidase can attack both aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. It can catalyze the epoxidation of cyclodienes, hydroxylation of photoisodrin and benzopyrene and O-demethylation of methoxychlor. This enzyme behaves like the typical vertebrate liver mixed-function oxidase as it requires both NADPH and oxygen and is completely blocked by carbon monoxide.

The activities of phosphopyruvate carboxylase (E.C. 4.1.1.31), malic enzyme (malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) E.C. 1.1.1.40), selected enzymes of TCA cycle and electron transport chain were determined in mitochondrial and supernatant fractions isolated from phylloclades of the cactus Nopalea dejecta , collected at noon and midnight. There were significant and consistent increases in the activities of mitochondrial and supernatant phosphopyruvate carboxylase, mitochondrial aconitate hydratase (E.C. 4.2.1.3) and soluble malate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.37) and decreases in mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase and fumarate hydratase (E.C. 4.2.1.2) and in both mitochondrial and soluble malic enzyme in the midnight samples. Of the respiratory chain enzyme complexes tested, cytochrome c oxidase (E.C. 1.9.3.1) and succinate cytochrome c reductase had higher activities at noon, while reduced NAD-cytochrome c reductase and reduced NAD dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.6.99.3) activities were higher at midnight. The rate of succinate oxidation and coupled phosphorylation also varied, with a maximum at noon. The diurnal pattern of alteration in enzymic activities has a bearing on crassulacean acid fluctuation.

Isoperoxidases were synthesized de novo in the embryonic axis of lentil. Nearly 50% decay of m RNA for peroxidase occurred in 3 hr. Detachment of the embryonic axis from the cotyledons caused a 2–3-fold increase in the production of peroxidase and a decrease in the lag period for enzyme synthesis. This increase in enzyme synthesis appeared to be due largely to a sharp rise in the intensity of 5–7 cathodic isoperoxidases as revealed by starch gel electophoresis. Two anodic isoperoxidases appeared with greater intensity in the attached axis.

Respiratory particles, presumably contaminated with chloroplast fragments, isolated from cactus phylloclades, gave tests for the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and respiratory chain complexes, without special treatment for membrane disruption. However, detergent treatment resulted in a marked stimulation of many of the activities. The (untreated) particles were capable not only of oxidizing the tricarboxylic acid cycle acids, but also of satisfactorily coupling their oxidation with phosphorylation. Results obtained with inhibitors lent support to the occurrence of enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the electron transfer chain. As the tissue aged, the respiratory particles showed a lowered ability to oxidize succinate and, more so, to effect esterification of phosphate; there was also a lowered activity of the enzyme complexes of the respiratory chain.

In the United Kingdom the more liberal attitude towards abortions engendered by the 1967 Act has increased the work of a gynaecological unit at Salford, Lancashire, by about 10%. In 1964-65 there were 15 therapeutic abortions, and in 1969-70 the number had increased to 447. The increased demand has been catered for by a reduction of stay in gynaecological patients: in fact, the " through-put " has increased and the waiting-list diminished. The increased work-load on the blood transfusion service has been slight, and on the credit side there has been a reduction in the numbers of septic abortions. The major problem has been in the outpatient department, since these cases are time-consuming and it is difficult to make a fair and impartial decision.

Objectives: We sought to analyze the predominant genotype responsible for the most severe and largest out break of DHF that hit Karachi in 2006. Study Design: Retrospective analysis of stored serum samples for dengue virus genotype by multiplex RT-PCR, anti dengue IgM, IgG and review of clinical charts of patients admitted to Aga Khan University Hospital. Results: Viral RNA detection of 250 patients, revealed positive results in 185 (74.0%) samples. DEN-2 was predominant genotype (n = 104, 56.2%) and accounted for 53.6% of primary cases (toal 81). Within secondary cases 63.2% were due to DEN-2(total 57), rest were positive for DEN-3. DHF (p = 0.064) and abdominal pain (p = 0.059) were frequently asssociated with DEN-2 as compared to DEN-3. None of the samples were positive for DEN-1 and DEN-4 Conclusion: Co-circulation of DEN-2 and DEN-3 was responsible for the 2006 out-break in Karachi. Primary and secondary cases were seen in both groups. Cases with DHF showed marginal association with DEN-2. Introduction of new serotype (DEN-3) and or genotypic shift of endemic serotype (DEN-2) are the probable factors for the recent outbreak of DHF in this region.