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A produção de milho (Zea mays L.) tem crescido consideravelmente nos últimos anos, devido a sua ampla utilização para a alimentação humana e animal, como também no desenvolvimento de novos produtos e tecnologias. Este fato motivou estudos que investiguem as práticas agrícolas e a respectiva produção de substâncias de interesse biológico, como os metabólitos secundários. No presente estudo, investigou-se a concentração destes compostos para a mesma variedade de milho cultivado com sete diferentes adubações. Desta forma, utilizaram-se os adubos: mineral, organomineral, esterco bovino, cama de frango, lodo de esgoto e compost barn, além de um cultivo sem adubação. Após as extrações realizaram-se as análises dos teores de fenóis totais, flavonoides e a atividade antioxidante por espectrofotometria UV/Vis. Os maiores teores de fenóis e flavonoides foram observados nos tratamentos, sem adubação, lodo de esgoto e compost barn. Frente a análise da atividade antioxidante, o tratamento sem adubação resultou com o maior percentual de inibição de radicais livres. Por fim, os adubos cama de frango, esterco de bovino e compost barn exibiram teores medianos frente à análise de fenóis e flavonoides, indicando um melhor desenvolvimento vegetativo da planta.

Rupture of the orbicularis muscle of the lips in wind musicians is known as Satchmo’s syndrome because it is assumed that Louis Armstrong (nicknamed Satchmo) suffered this condition. But whether Louis Armstrong really had this problem or not has never been documented. AIMS: This study is a biographical review and an analysis of the existing photographs of Armstrong’s lip with the aim of better understanding the origin and progression of his disorder. METHODS: A review was made of the most important biographies, newspapers, and magazines referring to Louis Armstrong and med¬ical reports about Satchmo’s syndrome. Major archives related to Louis Armstrong were searched for documents, photographs, articles, videos, letters, and other items, using the terms “lip,” “embouchure,” “mouth,” and “problem.” Information was sought on Armstrong’s playing technique, playing schedule, lip changes, lip problems, and other related health issues. RESULTS: It was found that Louis Armstrong suffered dermatological lip problems due to his intense playing schedule and the way he played from the very beginning of his career. This first created swelling and superficial erosions that later became cracks and fissures. These lesions finally produced ulcers which evolved into scar tissue after healing. This made the mucosa thicker and stiffer, making it more difficult for the lip to vibrate and forcing him to increase the tension and pressure in the area in order to play the trumpet. This created a vicious cycle with the scar tissue leading to further problems. These injuries even bled several times while he was playing and, on some occasions, left his mouth and clothes bloodied in the middle of concerts. His biography does not make any reference to difficulties or symptoms that could indicate that he had orbicularis oris muscle rupture, except for the fact that he had trouble playing, a symptom common to any injury to the lips in a wind instrument player. CONCLUSION: Analysis of the existing data indicates that Louis Armstrong’s lip problems were most likely due to mucosa fibromatous hyperplasia resulting from chronic microtrauma rather than a rupture of the orbicularis oris muscle. Therefore, we propose that this disorder should no longer be referred to as Satchmo’s syndrome.

Recampesinização de jovens indígenas como estratégia de defesa territorial em Chiapas Este documento apresenta os resultados de um projeto de pesquisa realizado com o objetivo de descobrir a perspectiva de jovens indígenas graduados de duas instituições universitárias com uma abordagem intercultural em Chiapas, México. Especificamente, foi perguntado a esses jovens se depois de estudar e completar um diploma universitário eles retornaram às suas comunidades ou migraram, se eles se consideram camponeses ou não, se eles continuam dedicando tempo à produção agrícola ou pecuária, e se eles se consideram defensores de seus territórios. Com a participação de 46 jovens de 40 comunidades e 9 grupos indígenas, verificou-se que 83% se consideram pelo menos um pouco camponeses, pois continuam a acompanhar suas famílias na produção de suas terras ou eles mesmos têm projetos agrícolas, além de se dedicarem a várias outras atividades. O termo "recampesinização" é usado para caracterizar a decisão dos jovens indígenas de manter uma relação com sua terra e sua comunidade, apesar da tendência de migração para as cidades. Palavras-chave: juventude indígena, juventude camponesa, recampesinização, defesa do território. Recampesinización de jóvenes indígenas como estrategia de defensa del territorio en Chiapas RESUMEN. Este documento presenta los resultados de una investigación que se realizó con el objetivo de conocer la perspectiva de jóvenes indígenas egresados de dos instituciones universitarias con enfoque intercultural en Chiapas, México. Específicamente, se les preguntó si luego de estudiar y finalizar una carrera universitaria regresaron a sus comunidades o migraron; si se consideran o no campesinos; si continúan dedicando tiempo a la producción agrícola o pecuaria y si consideran que son defensores de sus territorios. Con la participación de 46 jóvenes, de 40 comunidades y de 9 grupos indígenas, se pudo conocer que 83% se considera al menos un poco campesino ya que continúa acompañando a sus familiares en la producción de sus tierras o tiene proyectos agrícolas, además de dedicarse a otras diversas actividades. Se utiliza el término recampesinización para caracterizar la decisión de jóvenes indígenas de mantener una relación con sus tierras y su comunidad a pesar de que la tendencia sea migrar a las ciudades. Se entiende la recampesinización como la lucha por la autonomía en un ambiente hostil y un contexto de dependencia. Palabras clave: juventud indígena, juventud campesina, recampesinización, defensa del territorio. Re-peasantization of indigenous youth as a strategy for territorial defense in Chiapas ABSTRACT. This document presents the results of a research study carried out with the objective of learning the perspective of young indigenous graduates of two university institutions with an intercultural approach in Chiapas, Mexico. Specifically, these young people were asked if after studying and finishing a university degree they returned to their communities or migrated, if they consider themselves peasants or not, if they continue dedicating time to agricultural or livestock production, and if they consider themselves defenders of their territories. With the participation of 46 young people from 40 communities and 9 indigenous groups, it was found that 83% consider themselves to be at least a little bit peasants since they continue to accompany their families in production on their lands or they themselves have agricultural projects, in addition to dedicating themselves to other diverse activities. The term re-peasantization is used to characterize the decision of young indigenous people to maintain a relationship with their land and their community despite the tendency to migrate to the cities, re-peasantization is understood as the struggle for autonomy in a hostile environment and a context of dependency. Keywords: indigenous youth, peasant youth, re-peasantization, defense of territory.

OBJECTIVE For same-day discharge lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD) endovascular procedures, femoral manual compression could be an alternative to arterial closure devices. The aim of this study was to assess the security and efficacy of same-day discharge after manual compression in patients treated for LEAD endovascular revascularization with 5F sheath. METHODS FREEDOM OP was a national multicenter, prospective, single arm study. Patients with symptomatic LEAD (Rutherford 2 to 5) and eligible for same-day discharge were included. The primary endpoint was the total in-hospital admission rate, which includes overnight surveillance and rehospitalization rate at 1 month. RESULTS Between September 2017 and August 2019, 114 patients were included. The mean age of the patients was 66 ± 10 years and most of them were claudicant (103; 94%). Mainly femoropopliteal lesions were treated (178; 70%) and the technical success was 97%. One hundred forty two 5F stents and fifty one 5F drug coated balloon were delivered. The mean manual compression duration was 13 ± 4 min. Major access-related complications rate was 4.5%. Total in-hospital admission rate was 11%. Seven patients had overnight surveillance and 5 were rehospitalized (2 for the target lesion). No rehospitalisation was carried out within 24 hours after discharge. No major cardiovascular event, including death, was observed. The patients were significantly improved in term of clinical status (p

Artykuł jest prezentacją i oceną książki Beaty Długajczyk i Leszka Machnika na temat muzeum Lubomirskich we Lwowie (Muzeum Lubomirskich 1823–1940. Zbiór malarstwa, Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Ossolineum, 2019).

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a utilização dos serviços públicos de saúde especializados por idosos de acordo com o sexo e grupo etário no município de Porto Alegre. Métodos Estudo transversal com dados secundários dos sistemas de consulta ambulatorial e de internação do município. Utilizaram-se todos os registros de 2019, sendo aplicado o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson. Resultados No total, 64.888 idosos buscaram serviços especializados, gerando 113.694 atendimentos (82,8% atendimentos ambulatoriais e 17,2% internações). Verificou-se que 74,7% dos idosos foram referenciados pela atenção primária para atendimento especializado, com maiores percentuais de idosos jovens e mulheres (p

Criação de abelhas nativas: uma pedagogía agro-ecológica com raízes Há um consenso geral sobre a necessidade de expansão agroecológica como alternativa à crise gerada pela insustentabilidade do modelo agrícola industrial, e ainda mais no contexto atual de uma pandemia sanitária. Entretanto, a transição da produção convencional para a agroecologia é um desafio teórico, metodológico e prático, pois implica em gerar mudanças duradouras nos pensamentos, sentimentos e ações dos seres humanos. Neste artigo, exploramos como a criação de abelhas nativas favorece o aprendizado da agroecologia na Nicarágua. A manutenção de abelhas nativas é uma prática ancestral na Nicarágua, entretanto, está em risco devido à degradação da paisagem e às mudanças culturais. Através de uma pesquisa-ação participativa no departamento de Carazo, documentamos como as exigências da meliponicultura se tornam elementos motivadores para o avanço dos princípios agroecológicos. Aprender a manter abelhas nativas sem ferrão é um processo lento, diário e ativo que muda os indivíduos e a paisagem. Este trabalho identifica a forma como um elemento específico do território se torna um dispositivo que favorece a mudança agroecológica, em correspondência com o conhecimento, a espiritualidade e a cultura locais. Palavras-chave: agroecología, meliponicultura, saberes, mediação pedagógica. Crianza de abejas nativas: una pedagogía agroecológica con raíces RESUMEN. Hay un consenso generalizado sobre la necesidad del escalonamiento agroecológico como alternativa a la crisis generada por la insostenibilidad del modelo de agricultura industrial y más aún en el contexto actual de pandemia sanitaria. Sin embargo, transicionar de la producción convencional a la agroecológica es un desafío teórico, metodológico y práctico, puesto que implica generar cambios duraderos en los pensares, sentires y el actuar de los seres humanos. En el presente trabajo exploramos cómo la crianza de abejas nativas favorece el aprendizaje de la agroecología en Nicaragua. La crianza de abejas nativas es una práctica ancestral en Nicaragua, sin embargo, se encuentra en riesgo por la degradación del paisaje y los cambios culturales. A través de una investigación-acción-participativa en el departamento de Carazo, se documenta cómo las exigencias de la meliponicultura se vuelven elementos motivadores para avanzar en los principios agroecológicos. El aprendizaje de la crianza de abejas nativas sin aguijón es un proceso lento, cotidiano, con un carácter activo, que cambia a los individuos y al paisaje. Este trabajo identifica la manera en que un elemento propio del territorio se convierte en un dispositivo que favorece el cambio agroecológico, en correspondencia con los saberes, la espiritualidad y cultura local. Palabras clave: agroecología, meliponicultura, saberes, mediación pedagógica. Raising native bees: an agroecological pedagogy with roots ABSTRACT. There is a general consensus on the need for agroecological scaling up as an alternative to the crisis generated by the unsustainability of the industrial agriculture model and even more so in the current context of a health pandemic. However, the transition from conventional to agroecological production is a theoretical, methodological and practical challenge, since it implies generating lasting changes in the thoughts, feelings and actions of human beings. In this paper we explore how the breeding of native bees favors the learning of agroecology in Nicaragua. The breeding of native bees is an ancestral practice in Nicaragua, however, it is at risk due to landscape degradation and cultural changes. Through participatory action-research in the department of Carazo, we document how the demands of meliponiculture become motivating elements for advancing agroecological principles. Learning to raise native stingless bees is a slow, daily, active process that changes individuals and the landscape. This work identifies the way in which an element of the territory itself becomes a device that favors agroecological change, in correspondence with local knowledge, spirituality and culture. Keywords: agroecology, meliponiculture, knowledges, educational mediation.

Un climat pro-diversite serait primordial pour beneficier des effets positifs de la diversite croissante des equipes de travail (Cox, 1993). Parmi ses effets positifs escomptes, figure le renforcement des etats affectifs des salaries, et notamment leur identification a l’organisation. Nous proposons dans cet article d’apprecier l’influence de la perception de climat diversite de l’unite de travail sur l’identification organisationnelle, relation encore peu exploree et aux resultats mitiges, a fortiori dans le contexte francais, dans lequel le climat diversite n’a fait l’objet d’aucune recherche empirique. Nous conceptualisons le climat diversite en 3 dimensions que sont l’intentionnalite, la programmation et la praxis (Cachat-Rosset et al., 2019), repondant ainsi aux incoherences theoriques, conceptuelles et operationnelles recemment soulevees a propos de ce concept (Cachat-Rosset et al., 2019 ; McKay & Avery, 2015). S’appuyant sur une etude administree aupres de salaries francais dans 40 unites de travail, nos resultats montrent que la perception d’un climat diversite au sein de l’unite de travail influence positivement et significativement la perception d’« insider » et l’identification organisationnelle, et qu’il y a mediation de la perception d’« insider » dans la relation climat diversite - identification organisationnelle.

Increasing the diversity of plant species in agricultural production areas favors the maintenance or improvement of soil quality, particularly for soils with a sandy texture. This beneficial effect is related to the formation of aggregates of different origins. This study aimed to i) verify whether soil use and management affect the proportion of biogenic (Bio) and physicogenic (Phy) aggregates, and ii) verify whether biogenic aggregation is more likely to lead to soil improvement than physicogenic aggregation. Three management systems were evaluated (permanent pasture, PP; no-tillage system, NT; and no-tillage + Brachiaria system, NT + B) as well as a reference area (Atlantic Forest biome vegetation, NF). According to their origin or formation pathway, the aggregates were separated, identified, and classified as Bio (formed by biological processes) and Phy (resulting from chemical and physical actions). Only the PP area promoted greater aggregate formation through Bio. The PP area also increased the total organic carbon (TOC) content of the aggregates and affected the isotopic signal of δ13C. The NT + B system provided an increase in the TOC content of its aggregates in comparison with aggregates in the NT and NF areas. Among the formation pathways, the Bio aggregates had the highest TOC and SOM fractions contents and the most negative δ13C values. The higher amounts of plant residues in the soil was more important than the diversity of species in favoring the formation of Bio aggregates. The beneficial effect of Brachiaria can also be observed when adopted in consortium with corn in grain production systems.

A central goal in designing clinical trials is to find the test that maximizes power (or equivalently minimizes required sample size) for finding a false null hypothesis subject to the constraint of type I error. When there is more than one test, such as in clinical trials with multiple endpoints, the issues of optimal design and optimal procedures become more complex. In this paper, we address the question of how such optimal tests should be defined and how they can be found. We review different notions of power and how they relate to study goals, and also consider the requirements of type I error control and the nature of the procedures. This leads us to an explicit optimization problem with objective and constraints that describe its specific desiderata. We present a complete solution for deriving optimal procedures for two hypotheses, which have desired monotonicity properties, and are computationally simple. For some of the optimization formulations this yields optimal procedures that are identical to existing procedures, such as Hommel's procedure or the procedure of Bittman et al. (2009), while for other cases it yields completely novel and more powerful procedures than existing ones. We demonstrate the nature of our novel procedures and their improved power extensively in a simulation and on the APEX study (Cohen et al., 2016).

The purpose of this study is to identify predictive factors associated with missed diagnosis of B. pertussis-B. holmesii co-infection by assessing the analytical performance of a commercially available multiplexed PCR assay and by building a prediction model based on clinical signs and symptoms for detecting co-infections. This is a retrospective study on the electronic health records of all clinical samples that tested positive to either B. pertussis or B. holmesii from January 2015 to January 2018 at Geneva University Hospitals. Multivariate logistic regression was used to build a model for co-infection prediction based on the electronic health record chart review. Limit of detection was determined for all targets of the commercial multiplexed PCR assay used on respiratory samples. A regression model, developed from clinical symptoms and signs, predicted B. pertussis and B. holmesii co-infection with an accuracy of 82.9% (95% CI 67.9-92.8%, p value = .012), for respiratory samples positive with any of the two tested Bordetella species. We found that the LOD of the PCR reaction targeting ptxS1 is higher than that reported by the manufacturer by a factor 10. The current testing strategy misses B. pertussis and B. holmesii co-infections by reporting only B. holmesii infections. Thus, we advocate to perform serological testing for detecting a response against pertussis toxin whenever a sample is found positive for B. holmesii. These findings are important, both from a clinical and epidemiological point of view, as the former impacts the choice of antimicrobial drugs and the latter biases surveillance data, by underestimating B. pertussis infections during co-infections.

Background Encephalitis is a worldwide public health issue, with a substantially high burden among children in southeast Asia. We aimed to determine the causes of encephalitis in children admitted to hospitals across the Greater Mekong region by implementing a comprehensive state-of-the-art diagnostic procedure harmonised across all centres, and identifying clinical characteristics related to patients’ conditions. Methods In this multicentre, observational, prospective study of childhood encephalitis, four referral hospitals in Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, and Myanmar recruited children (aged 28 days to 16 years) who presented with altered mental status lasting more than 24 h and two of the following minor criteria: fever (within the 72 h before or after presentation), one or more generalised or partial seizures (excluding febrile seizures), a new-onset focal neurological deficit, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) white blood cell count of 5 per mL or higher, or brain imaging (CT or MRI) suggestive of lesions of encephalitis. Comprehensive diagnostic procedures were harmonised across all centres, with first-line testing was done on samples taken at inclusion and results delivered within 24 h of inclusion for main treatable causes of disease and second-line testing was done thereafter for mostly non-treatable causes. An independent expert medical panel reviewed the charts and attribution of causes of all the included children. Using multivariate analyses, we assessed risk factors associated with unfavourable outcomes (ie, severe neurological sequelae and death) at discharge using data from baseline and day 2 after inclusion. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04089436, and is now complete. Findings Between July 28, 2014, and Dec 31, 2017, 664 children with encephalitis were enrolled. Median age was 4·3 years (1·8–8·8), 295 (44%) children were female, and 369 (56%) were male. A confirmed or probable cause of encephalitis was identified in 425 (64%) patients: 216 (33%) of 664 cases were due to Japanese encephalitis virus, 27 (4%) were due to dengue virus, 26 (4%) were due to influenza virus, 24 (4%) were due to herpes simplex virus 1, 18 (3%) were due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 17 (3%) were due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, 17 (3%) were due to enterovirus A71, 74 (9%) were due to other pathogens, and six (1%) were due to autoimmune encephalitis. Diagnosis was made within 24 h of admission to hospital for 83 (13%) of 664 children. 119 (18%) children had treatable conditions and 276 (42%) had conditions that could have been preventable by vaccination. At time of discharge, 153 (23%) of 664 children had severe neurological sequelae and 83 (13%) had died. In multivariate analyses, risk factors for unfavourable outcome were diagnosis of M tuberculosis infection upon admission (odds ratio 3·23 [95% CI 1·04–10·03]), coma on day 2 (2·90 [1·78–4·72]), supplementary oxygen requirement (1·89 [1·25–2·86]), and more than 1 week duration between symptom onset and admission to hospital (3·03 [1·68–5·48]). At 1 year after inclusion, of 432 children who were discharged alive from hospital with follow-up data, 24 (5%) had died, 129 (30%) had neurological sequelae, and 279 (65%) had completely recovered. Interpretation In southeast Asia, most causes of childhood encephalitis are either preventable or treatable, with Japanese encephalitis virus being the most common cause. We provide crucial information that could guide public health policy to improve diagnostic, vaccination, and early therapeutic guidelines on childhood encephalitis in the Greater Mekong region. Funding Institut Pasteur, Institut Pasteur International Network, Fondation Merieux, Aviesan Sud, INSERM, Wellcome Trust, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), and Fondation Total. Translations For the Khmer, Lao, Vietnamese and Burmese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

In this study, we identified the presence and quantity of flavonoids produced in wheat roots inoculated with rhizobacteria. Our goal is to confirm the efficiency of standard isolates and show new strains with biotechnological potential to promote plant growth. The experiment was carried out with different isolates under inoculation in the following situations: T1-Azospirillum brasiliense; T2-Herbaspirillum seropedicae; T3-Azospirillum brasiliense and Herbaspirillum seropedicae co-inoculation; T4-native Enterobacter sp. nº 203; T5- native Enterobacter sp. nº 208; T6-native Enterobacter sp. nº 493; T7-Control only under nitrogen fertilization (N+); T8-Control without nitrogen (N-) and bacterial inoculation. Agronomic characteristics were assessed after 42 days of inoculation. Identification and quantification of flavonoids were carried out through HPLC, using an analytical curve with four standards based on Coumarin, Quercetin, Isoflavone and Rutin. Regarding the production of total flavonoids, two (203 and 493) out of the three native strains we tested were statistically significant, exceeding the values obtained from the inoculation of standard strains, which presented association with grasses (Azopirilum e Herbaspirillum). Standard bacteria, when inoculated in isolation, presented, along with those that received N+ treatment, the highest values for length and root and aerial part dry mass. New studies need to be carried out in order to confirm the technological use of these native strains as inoculant, as these bacteria may contribute to Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) in wheat culture, either by competition or synergism.

The objective of this study was to investigate28 strains of nativerhizobacteriafrom the west region of Paraná, evaluating the acetoin and chitinase production capacity, because of their roleinbiocontrol. Thebacteriaisolates were submitted to the modified Voges-Proskauer (VP) assayin Clark & Lubs liquid medium forglucose fermentation. Metaboliteproductionwasevaluated in a spectrophotometer,and it showed a wide variation in concentrations (0,476to1,865) for differentisolates.Strains 241, 320, 326, and 273showedhighervaluesthan the others tested. According to positive results in the qualitative test of VP, 11 isolates were chosen for the tests in minimal medium containing chitin as the only source of carbon. Isolates that presented the degradation halo formation were considered as chitinolytic bacteria, evidencing chitinaseactivity. Among these strains, two belonged tothe genus Bacillusspp. (56 and 121) and two tothe genus Enterobacterspp. (292 and 151). Therefore, the present work was able to identify native strains with potential for biocontrol studies allowing tocontinue investigations of other metabolitesproducedby thosebacteria in this collection regarding plant protection.

International audience; This paper proves that Anselm's and Descartes's argument for the existence of God are respectively valid in classical first-order logic and in intuitionistic first-order logic.; Ce texte est une version profondément remaniée d'une conférence donnée sur ce sujet en février 2018 lors de la journée d'études à Nancy, dans le cadre des Archives Vuillemin, et en mai 2018, à l'Université de Brasilia. Contrairement à ce que j'ai affirmée dans ces conférences ainsi que dans une publication précédente (Vidal-Rosset, 2013), la formalisation de l'argument de Descartes (que je développe ici en déduction naturelle) montre que la logique minimale ne suffit pas à traduire l'argument de Descartes; la logique intuitionniste est requise pour que cet argument soit valide. Si la traduction de l'argument d'Anselme que je donne pour commencer contredit l'analyse et les conclusions de Vuillemin sur ce sujet, en revanche, l'interprétation que Vuillemin fait du système de Descartes comme philosophie intuitionniste est confirmée par la formalisa-tion qui suit. Enfin, le pluralisme philosophique propre à l'esprit de la classification de Vuillemin est aussi éclairé par la conclusion de cet article.; Este texto é uma versão profundamente revisada de uma conferência sobre o mesmo assunto realizada em fevereiro de 2018, durante o dia de estudos em Nancy, no quadro dos Arquivos Vuillemin, e em maio de 2018, na Universidade de Brasília. Ao contrário do que afirmei nestas conferências e também em publicação anterior (Vidal-Rosset, 2013), a formalização do argumento de Descartes (que desenvolvo aqui em uma dedução natural) mostra que a lógica mínima não é suficiente para traduzir o argumento de Descartes; a lógica intuicionista é necessária para que este argumento seja válido. Se a tradução do argumento de Anselmo, que apresento de início, contradiz a análise e as conclusões de Vuillemin sobre este assunto, por outro lado, a interpretação de Vuillemin do sistema de Descartes como uma filosofia intuicionista é confirmada pela formalização que segue. Finalmente, o pluralismo filosófico específico ao espírito da classificação de Vuillemin também é esclarecido pela conclusão deste artigo.

A planta medicinal Ruta graveolens L. (RG), popularmente conhecida como arruda, já foi sugerida na literatura com potencial para o desenvolvimento de medicamentos para o tratamento de demência e da doença de Alzheimer. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar os efeitos da administração aguda do óleo essencial de RG (100 mg/kg) sobre a memória de curta e longa duração e verificar a reversão da amnésia causada pela escopolamina em camundongos machos. Foram utilizados os testes de campo aberto, esquiva inibitória, labirinto aquático de Morris e avaliada a inibição da enzima acetilcolinesterase cerebral. Os resultados mostraram que uma única administração do óleo essencial de RG não alterou a atividade locomotora no teste de campo aberto, facilitou a aquisição de uma memória de longa duração na tarefa de esquiva inibitória, porém não preveniu a amnésia causada pela escopolamina. O óleo essencial de RG não apresentou efeitos sobre a memória de curta duração nem na inibição da acetilcolinesterase no córtex pré-frontal, hipocampo e estriado. No labirinto aquático de Morris não foram observadas alterações em nenhum dos tratamentos. Com base nos resultados obtidos, podemos concluir que o óleo essencial de RG facilitou a aquisição de uma memória aversiva de longa duração.

A pesquisa na área de ensino, em particular no ensino de Ciência, Tecnologia, Engenharia e Matemática (CTEM), repercute positivamente para compreender o modus operandi de profissionais da educação, dos níveis Fundamental e Médio, no ensino de Física, Química, Matemática e Computação. O desenvolvimento das CTEMs a partir de aspectos da educação não formal ou via uso de espaços não formais de ensino de ciências são extremamente importantes para complementar o currículo tradicional, auxiliando o professor e profissionais da educação para a motivação dos alunos em relação às CTEMs. De uma forma mais geral, outrossim, observa-se que o tema da educação não formal afeta diretamente o modo de se realizar divulgação científica e, em especial, popularizar a ciência em meios socialmente fragilizados. A educação não formal e os espaços não formais de ciências despontam, dessa forma, como laboratórios férteis para o desenvolvimento do próprio ensino formal, complementando-o. Nesse sentido, espaços não formais como museus científicos e eventos como as feiras de ciência são definidos, caracterizados e exemplificados.

Background Common femoral artery (CFA) stenting appears as a promising alternative treatment to the open surgery for de novo CFA stenosis. The stenting of lesions just located at the CFA is simple, whereas stenting of CFA bifurcation lesions is more complex, and outcomes are still matter of debate. The aim of this study was to describe and to compare clinical outcomes of techniques used to treat simple over complex lesions for the stenting of CFA lesions. Materials/Methods From the French randomized controlled trial, TECCO, a total of 54 patients underwent stenting intervention and were enrolled in this study. Patients were excluded if they had CFA thrombosis, restenosis, and nonatheromatous lesions. Patients were classified by simple and complex lesions based on the type of lesion. The primary end point was the primary sustained clinical improvement. Results Eighteen patients were included in the simple lesion group, and 36 patients, in the complex lesion group. Baseline characteristics of patients were comparable between the 2 groups. The technical success was 100% in the simple lesion group and 91.7% in the complex lesion group. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups, regarding the primary sustained clinical improvement. The primary patency rates at 24 months for simple and complex lesion groups were 86.3% and 79%, respectively (P = 0.66). Freedom from target lesion revascularization was of 93.3% and 82% in the simple and complex lesion group, respectively (P = 0.34). Conclusions The stenting technique for CFA bifurcation lesions is a safe and effective technique. More trials with a large number of patients are needed to define the optimal stenting technique.

The regeneration of diclofenac saturated activated carbon was studied and compared by thermal, solvent and ultrasound techniques in this work. Thermal regeneration was performed at 673 K in atmospheric air for one hour. Different proportions of solvents (ethanol, ethyl acetate and H

De Camponesa a Camponês: Educação Camponesa para a Resistência e Transformação Agroecológica Neste ensaio abordamos os processos "de camponesa a camponês" (PCaC) como um dispositivo educativo e epistêmico inclusivo onde se articula uma agroecologia dos saberes para a constituição do campesinato agroecológico e da agroecologia camponesa como um processo de resistência e transformação a partir da perspectiva das organizações e movimentos sociais rurais articulados na Via Campesina (LVC).Primeiro introduzimos uma ideia em desenvolvimento sobre a morfologia dos processos pedagógicos na PCaC, e depois examinamos três elementos que estão intimamente interligados na constituição do campesinato agroecológico: (1) a metodologia CaC stricto sensu, (2) as escolas camponesas e os processos de educação e formação em agroecologia, e (3) os encontros e processos organizacionais. Finalmente, apresentamos alguns elementos para pensar como essas estratégias pedagógicas outras contribuem para a emergência de um campesinato agroecológico diverso e plural, e uma agroecologia que transcende seu caráter produtivo para se tornar um projeto político-epistêmico-ontológico plural e inclusivo de transformação agroecológica. Palavras-chave: Processos de Camponês a Camponês (PCaC), Agroecologia dos Saberes, Campesinato Agroecológico, Educação Camponesa, Via Campesina. Campesina a Campesino: Educación campesina para la resistencia y la transformación agroecológica RESUMEN. En este ensayo abordamos los procesos “de campesina a campesino” (PCaC) como dispositivo educativo y epistémico incluyente donde se articula una agroecología de saberes para la constitución del campesinado agroecológico y la agroecología campesina como proceso de resistencia y transformación desde la perspectiva de las organizaciones y movimientos sociales rurales articulados en La Vía Campesina (LVC). Introducimos primero una idea en desarrollo acerca de la morfología de los procesos pedagógicos en los PCaC, para luego examinar elementos íntimamente imbricados en la constitución del campesinado agroecológico: (1) la metodología CaC stricto sensu, (2) las escuelas campesinas y procesos de educación y formación en agroecología, y (3) los encuentros y procesos organizativos. Finalmente, presentamos algunos elementos para pensar cómo estas estrategias pedagógicas otras contribuyen a la emergencia de un campesinado agroecológico diverso y plural, y una agroecología que trasciende su carácter productivo para convertirse e nun proyecto político-epistémico-ontológico plural e inclusivo de transformación agroecológica. Palabras clave: Procesos de Campesina a Campesino (PCaC), Agroecología de Saberes, Campesinado Agroecológico, Educación Campesina, La Vía Campesina. From Peasant to Peasant: Peasant Education for Agro-Ecological Resistance and Transformation ABSTRACT. In this essay we address "peasant to peasant" processes (PCaC) as an inclusive educational and epistemic dispositive where an agroecology of knowledges is articulated for the constitution of the agroecological peasantry and peasant agroecology as a process of resistance and transformation from the perspective of rural organizations and social movements articulated in La Via Campesina (LVC).We first introduce an in development about the morphology of the pedagogical processes in PCaC, and then examine three elements that are intimately intertwined in the constitution of the agroecological peasantry: (1) the CaC methodology stricto sensu, (2) peasant schools and processes of education and formation in agroecology, and (3) encounters and organizational processes. Finally, we present some elements to think about how these other pedagogical strategies contribute to the emergence of a diverse and pluralistic agroecological peasantry, and an agroecology that transcends its productive character to become a plural and inclusive political-epistemic-ontological project of agroecological transformation. Keywords: Peasant-to-Peasant Processes (PCaC), Agroecology of Knowledges, Agroecological Peasantry, Peasant Education, La Vía Campesina. De Camponesa a Camponês: Educação Camponesa para a Resistência e Transformação Agroecológica Neste ensaio abordamos os processos "de camponesa a camponês" (PCaC) como um dispositivo educativo e epistêmico inclusivo onde se articula uma agroecologia dos saberes para a constituição do campesinato agroecológico e da agroecologia camponesa como um processo de resistência e transformação a partir da perspectiva das organizações e movimentos sociais rurais articulados na Via Campesina (LVC).Primeiro introduzimos uma ideia em desenvolvimento sobre a morfologia dos processos pedagógicos na PCaC, e depois examinamos três elementos que estão intimamente interligados na constituição do campesinato agroecológico: (1) a metodologia CaC stricto sensu, (2) as escolas camponesas e os processos de educação e formação em agroecologia, e (3) os encontros e processos organizacionais. Finalmente, apresentamos alguns elementos para pensar como essas estratégias pedagógicas outras contribuem para a emergência de um campesinato agroecológico diverso e plural, e uma agroecologia que transcende seu caráter produtivo para se tornar um projeto político-epistêmico-ontológico plural e inclusivo de transformação agroecológica. Palavras-chave: Processos de Camponês a Camponês (PCaC), Agroecologia dos Saberes, Campesinato Agroecológico, Educação Camponesa, Via Campesina. Campesina a Campesino: Educación campesina para la resistencia y la transformación agroecológica RESUMEN. En este ensayo abordamos los procesos “de campesina a campesino” (PCaC) como dispositivo educativo y epistémico incluyente donde se articula una agroecología de saberes para la constitución del campesinado agroecológico y la agroecología campesina como proceso de resistencia y transformación desde la perspectiva de las organizaciones y movimientos sociales rurales articulados en La Vía Campesina (LVC). Introducimos primero una idea en desarrollo acerca de la morfología de los procesos pedagógicos en los PCaC, para luego examinar elementos íntimamente imbricados en la constitución del campesinado agroecológico: (1) la metodología CaC stricto sensu, (2) las escuelas campesinas y procesos de educación y formación en agroecología, y (3) los encuentros y procesos organizativos. Finalmente, presentamos algunos elementos para pensar cómo estas estrategias pedagógicas otras contribuyen a la emergencia de un campesinado agroecológico diverso y plural, y una agroecología que trasciende su carácter productivo para convertirse e nun proyecto político-epistémico-ontológico plural e inclusivo de transformación agroecológica. Palabras clave: Procesos de Campesina a Campesino (PCaC), Agroecología de Saberes, Campesinado Agroecológico, Educación Campesina, La Vía Campesina. From Peasant to Peasant: Peasant Education for Agro-Ecological Resistance and Transformation ABSTRACT. In this essay we address "peasant to peasant" processes (PCaC) as an inclusive educational and epistemic dispositive where an agroecology of knowledges is articulated for the constitution of the agroecological peasantry and peasant agroecology as a process of resistance and transformation from the perspective of rural organizations and social movements articulated in La Via Campesina (LVC).We first introduce an in development about the morphology of the pedagogical processes in PCaC, and then examine three elements that are intimately intertwined in the constitution of the agroecological peasantry: (1) the CaC methodology stricto sensu, (2) peasant schools and processes of education and formation in agroecology, and (3) encounters and organizational processes. Finally, we present some elements to think about how these other pedagogical strategies contribute to the emergence of a diverse and pluralistic agroecological peasantry, and an agroecology that transcends its productive character to become a plural and inclusive political-epistemic-ontological project of agroecological transformation. Keywords: Peasant-to-Peasant Processes (PCaC), Agroecology of Knowledges, Agroecological Peasantry, Peasant Education, La Vía Campesina. De Camponesa a Camponês: Educação Camponesa para a Resistência e Transformação Agroecológica Neste ensaio abordamos os processos "de camponesa a camponês" (PCaC) como um dispositivo educativo e epistêmico inclusivo onde se articula uma agroecologia dos saberes para a constituição do campesinato agroecológico e da agroecologia camponesa como um processo de resistência e transformação a partir da perspectiva das organizações e movimentos sociais rurais articulados na Via Campesina (LVC).Primeiro introduzimos uma ideia em desenvolvimento sobre a morfologia dos processos pedagógicos na PCaC, e depois examinamos três elementos que estão intimamente interligados na constituição do campesinato agroecológico: (1) a metodologia CaC stricto sensu, (2) as escolas camponesas e os processos de educação e formação em agroecologia, e (3) os encontros e processos organizacionais. Finalmente, apresentamos alguns elementos para pensar como essas estratégias pedagógicas outras contribuem para a emergência de um campesinato agroecológico diverso e plural, e uma agroecologia que transcende seu caráter produtivo para se tornar um projeto político-epistêmico-ontológico plural e inclusivo de transformação agroecológica. Palavras-chave: Processos de Camponês a Camponês (PCaC), Agroecologia dos Saberes, Campesinato Agroecológico, Educação Camponesa, Via Campesina. Campesina a Campesino: Educación campesina para la resistencia y la transformación agroecológica RESUMEN. En este ensayo abordamos los procesos “de campesina a campesino” (PCaC) como dispositivo educativo y epistémico incluyente donde se articula una agroecología de saberes para la constitución del campesinado agroecológico y la agroecología campesina como proceso de resistencia y transformación desde la perspectiva de las organizaciones y movimientos sociales rurales articulados en La Vía Campesina (LVC). Introducimos primero una idea en desarrollo acerca de la morfología de los procesos pedagógicos en los PCaC, para luego examinar elementos íntimamente imbricados en la constitución del campesinado agroecológico: (1) la metodología CaC stricto sensu, (2) las escuelas campesinas y procesos de educación y formación en agroecología, y (3) los encuentros y procesos organizativos. Finalmente, presentamos algunos elementos para pensar cómo estas estrategias pedagógicas otras contribuyen a la emergencia de un campesinado agroecológico diverso y plural, y una agroecología que trasciende su carácter productivo para convertirse e nun proyecto político-epistémico-ontológico plural e inclusivo de transformación agroecológica. Palabras clave: Procesos de Campesina a Campesino (PCaC), Agroecología de Saberes, Campesinado Agroecológico, Educación Campesina, La Vía Campesina. From Peasant to Peasant: Peasant Education for Agro-Ecological Resistance and Transformation ABSTRACT. In this essay we address "peasant to peasant" processes (PCaC) as an inclusive educational and epistemic dispositive where an agroecology of knowledges is articulated for the constitution of the agroecological peasantry and peasant agroecology as a process of resistance and transformation from the perspective of rural organizations and social movements articulated in La Via Campesina (LVC).We first introduce an in development about the morphology of the pedagogical processes in PCaC, and then examine three elements that are intimately intertwined in the constitution of the agroecological peasantry: (1) the CaC methodology stricto sensu, (2) peasant schools and processes of education and formation in agroecology, and (3) encounters and organizational processes. Finally, we present some elements to think about how these other pedagogical strategies contribute to the emergence of a diverse and pluralistic agroecological peasantry, and an agroecology that transcends its productive character to become a plural and inclusive political-epistemic-ontological project of agroecological transformation. Keywords: Peasant-to-Peasant Processes (PCaC), Agroecology of Knowledges, Agroecological Peasantry, Peasant Education, La Vía Campesina. De Camponesa a Camponês: Educação Camponesa para a Resistência e Transformação Agroecológica Neste ensaio abordamos os processos "de camponesa a camponês" (PCaC) como um dispositivo educativo e epistêmico inclusivo onde se articula uma agroecologia dos saberes para a constituição do campesinato agroecológico e da agroecologia camponesa como um processo de resistência e transformação a partir da perspectiva das organizações e movimentos sociais rurais articulados na Via Campesina (LVC).Primeiro introduzimos uma ideia em desenvolvimento sobre a morfologia dos processos pedagógicos na PCaC, e depois examinamos três elementos que estão intimamente interligados na constituição do campesinato agroecológico: (1) a metodologia CaC stricto sensu, (2) as escolas camponesas e os processos de educação e formação em agroecologia, e (3) os encontros e processos organizacionais. Finalmente, apresentamos alguns elementos para pensar como essas estratégias pedagógicas outras contribuem para a emergência de um campesinato agroecológico diverso e plural, e uma agroecologia que transcende seu caráter produtivo para se tornar um projeto político-epistêmico-ontológico plural e inclusivo de transformação agroecológica. Palavras-chave: Processos de Camponês a Camponês (PCaC), Agroecologia dos Saberes, Campesinato Agroecológico, Educação Camponesa, Via Campesina. Campesina a Campesino: Educación campesina para la resistencia y la transformación agroecológica RESUMEN. En este ensayo abordamos los procesos “de campesina a campesino” (PCaC) como dispositivo educativo y epistémico incluyente donde se articula una agroecología de saberes para la constitución del campesinado agroecológico y la agroecología campesina como proceso de resistencia y transformación desde la perspectiva de las organizaciones y movimientos sociales rurales articulados en La Vía Campesina (LVC). Introducimos primero una idea en desarrollo acerca de la morfología de los procesos pedagógicos en los PCaC, para luego examinar elementos íntimamente imbricados en la constitución del campesinado agroecológico: (1) la metodología CaC stricto sensu, (2) las escuelas campesinas y procesos de educación y formación en agroecología, y (3) los encuentros y procesos organizativos. Finalmente, presentamos algunos elementos para pensar cómo estas estrategias pedagógicas otras contribuyen a la emergencia de un campesinado agroecológico diverso y plural, y una agroecología que trasciende su carácter productivo para convertirse e nun proyecto político-epistémico-ontológico plural e inclusivo de transformación agroecológica. Palabras clave: Procesos de Campesina a Campesino (PCaC), Agroecología de Saberes, Campesinado Agroecológico, Educación Campesina, La Vía Campesina. From Peasant to Peasant: Peasant Education for Agro-Ecological Resistance and Transformation ABSTRACT. In this essay we address "peasant to peasant" processes (PCaC) as an inclusive educational and epistemic dispositive where an agroecology of knowledges is articulated for the constitution of the agroecological peasantry and peasant agroecology as a process of resistance and transformation from the perspective of rural organizations and social movements articulated in La Via Campesina (LVC).We first introduce an in development about the morphology of the pedagogical processes in PCaC, and then examine three elements that are intimately intertwined in the constitution of the agroecological peasantry: (1) the CaC methodology stricto sensu, (2) peasant schools and processes of education and formation in agroecology, and (3) encounters and organizational processes. Finally, we present some elements to think about how these other pedagogical strategies contribute to the emergence of a diverse and pluralistic agroecological peasantry, and an agroecology that transcends its productive character to become a plural and inclusive political-epistemic-ontological project of agroecological transformation. Keywords: Peasant-to-Peasant Processes (PCaC), Agroecology of Knowledges, Agroecological Peasantry, Peasant Education, La Vía Campesina. De Camponesa a Camponês: Educação Camponesa para a Resistência e Transformação Agroecológica Neste ensaio abordamos os processos "de camponesa a camponês" (PCaC) como um dispositivo educativo e epistêmico inclusivo onde se articula uma agroecologia dos saberes para a constituição do campesinato agroecológico e da agroecologia camponesa como um processo de resistência e transformação a partir da perspectiva das organizações e movimentos sociais rurais articulados na Via Campesina (LVC).Primeiro introduzimos uma ideia em desenvolvimento sobre a morfologia dos processos pedagógicos na PCaC, e depois examinamos três elementos que estão intimamente interligados na constituição do campesinato agroecológico: (1) a metodologia CaC stricto sensu, (2) as escolas camponesas e os processos de educação e formação em agroecologia, e (3) os encontros e processos organizacionais. Finalmente, apresentamos alguns elementos para pensar como essas estratégias pedagógicas outras contribuem para a emergência de um campesinato agroecológico diverso e plural, e uma agroecologia que transcende seu caráter produtivo para se tornar um projeto político-epistêmico-ontológico plural e inclusivo de transformação agroecológica. Palavras-chave: Processos de Camponês a Camponês (PCaC), Agroecologia dos Saberes, Campesinato Agroecológico, Educação Camponesa, Via Campesina. Campesina a Campesino: Educación campesina para la resistencia y la transformación agroecológica RESUMEN. En este ensayo abordamos los procesos “de campesina a campesino” (PCaC) como dispositivo educativo y epistémico incluyente donde se articula una agroecología de saberes para la constitución del campesinado agroecológico y la agroecología campesina como proceso de resistencia y transformación desde la perspectiva de las organizaciones y movimientos sociales rurales articulados en La Vía Campesina (LVC). Introducimos primero una idea en desarrollo acerca de la morfología de los procesos pedagógicos en los PCaC, para luego examinar elementos íntimamente imbricados en la constitución del campesinado agroecológico: (1) la metodología CaC stricto sensu, (2) las escuelas campesinas y procesos de educación y formación en agroecología, y (3) los encuentros y procesos organizativos. Finalmente, presentamos algunos elementos para pensar cómo estas estrategias pedagógicas otras contribuyen a la emergencia de un campesinado agroecológico diverso y plural, y una agroecología que trasciende su carácter productivo para convertirse e nun proyecto político-epistémico-ontológico plural e inclusivo de transformación agroecológica. Palabras clave: Procesos de Campesina a Campesino (PCaC), Agroecología de Saberes, Campesinado Agroecológico, Educación Campesina, La Vía Campesina. From Peasant to Peasant: Peasant Education for Agro-Ecological Resistance and Transformation ABSTRACT. In this essay we address "peasant to peasant" processes (PCaC) as an inclusive educational and epistemic dispositive where an agroecology of knowledges is articulated for the constitution of the agroecological peasantry and peasant agroecology as a process of resistance and transformation from the perspective of rural organizations and social movements articulated in La Via Campesina (LVC).We first introduce an in development about the morphology of the pedagogical processes in PCaC, and then examine three elements that are intimately intertwined in the constitution of the agroecological peasantry: (1) the CaC methodology stricto sensu, (2) peasant schools and processes of education and formation in agroecology, and (3) encounters and organizational processes. Finally, we present some elements to think about how these other pedagogical strategies contribute to the emergence of a diverse and pluralistic agroecological peasantry, and an agroecology that transcends its productive character to become a plural and inclusive political-epistemic-ontological project of agroecological transformation. Keywords: Peasant-to-Peasant Processes (PCaC), Agroecology of Knowledges, Agroecological Peasantry, Peasant Education, La Vía Campesina.

Partie B; International audience; Incidental zinc sulfide nanoparticles (nano-ZnS) are spread on soils through organic waste (OW) recycling. Here we performed soil incubations with synthetic nano-ZnS (3 nm crystallite size), representative of the form found in OW. We used an original set of techniques to reveal the fate of nano-ZnS in two soils with different properties. 68 Zn tracing and nano-DGT were combined during soil incubation to discriminate the available natural Zn from the soil, and the available Zn from the dissolved nano-68 ZnS. This combination was crucial to highlight the dissolution of nano-68 ZnS as of the third day of incubation. Based on the extended X-ray absorption fine structure, we revealed faster dissolution of nano-ZnS in clayey soil (82% within 1 month) than in sandy soil (2% within 1 month). However, the nano-DGT results showed limited availability of Zn released by nano-ZnS dissolution after 1 month in the clayey soil compared with the sandy soil. These results highlighted: (i) the key role of soil properties for nano-ZnS fate, and (ii) fast dissolution of nano-ZnS in clayey soil. Finally, the higher availability of Zn in the sandy soil despite the lower nano-ZnS dissolution rate is counterintuitive. This study demonstrated that, in addition to nanoparticle dissolution, it is also essential to take the availability of released ions into account when studying the fate of nanoparticles in soil.

Objective To analyze the use of specialized public health services by older adults, by sex and age group, in the city of Porto Alegre. Methods A cross-sectional study with secondary data from the city's outpatient and inpatient consultation systems. All records from 2019 were used, and Pearson's chi-square test was applied. Results In total, 64,888 older people sought specialized services, generating 113.694 visits (82,8% outpatient visits and 17.2% hospitalizations). It was found that 74.7% of the older adults were referred by primary care for specialized care, with higher percentages of young older people and women (p

Background: Osteonecrosis (ON) of the femoral head represents a potentially severe disease of the hip where the lack of bone regeneration may lead to femoral head collapse and secondary osteoarthritis, with serious pain and disability. The aim of this European, multicentric clinical trial was to prove safety and early efficacy to heal early femoral head ON in patients through minimally invasive surgical implantation of autologous mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) expanded from bone marrow (BM) under good manufacturing practices (GMP). Methods: Twenty-two patients with femoral head ON (up to ARCO 2C) were recruited and surgically treated in France, Germany, Italy and Spain with BM-derived, expanded autologous MSC (total dose 140 million MSC in 7 mL). The investigational advanced therapy medicinal product (ATMP) was expanded from BM under the same protocol in all four countries and approved by each National Competent Authority. Patients were followed during two years for safety, based on adverse events, and for efficacy, based on clinical assessment (pain and hip score) and imaging (X-rays and MRIs). Patients were also reviewed after 5 to 6 years at latest follow-up for final outcome. Results: No severe adverse event was recalled as related to the ATMP. At 12 months, 16/20 per protocol and 16/22 under intention-to-treat (2 drop-out at 3 and 5 months) maintained head sphericity and showed bone regeneration. Of the 4 hips with ON progression, 3 required total hip replacement (THR). At 5 years, one patient (healed at 2 years visit) was not located, and 16/21 showed no progression or THR, 4/21 had received THR (all in the first year) and 1 had progressed one stage without THR. Conclusions: Expanded MSCs implantation was safe. Early efficacy was confirmed in 80% of cases under protocol at 2 years. At 5 years, the overall results were maintained and 19% converted to THR, all in the first year., publishedVersion

Understanding soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics is essential to employ management that contribute to the improvement of soil quality (SQ). The aim of this study was to characterize the SOM and evaluate the emission of mineralizable C (C-CO

Although home-dwelling older adults are frequently assisted with polypharmacy management by their informal caregivers, they can still face medication-related problems. Identifying older adults’ and their informal caregivers’ beliefs about medication is a gateway to understanding and improving medication adherence. This study aimed to analyse beliefs about polypharmacy among home-dwelling older adults with multiple chronic conditions and their informal caregivers, focusing on their daily medication practices. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 older adults, 17 informal caregivers, but also 13 healthcare professionals. Based on an inductive methodological approach, data were analysed using thematic content analysis. Interviews revealed the different attitudes adopted by older adults and their informal caregivers in relation to the treatment information provided by healthcare professionals. A variety of beliefs were identified and linked to medication adherence by examining daily medication practices. Polypharmacy was experienced as a habit but also an obligation, highlighting some of the strategies and negotiations underlying medication use at home. Collecting viewpoints from multiple stakeholders is an innovative way of accessing and analysing beliefs about polypharmacy. Daily medication practices provided information about medication beliefs and may contribute to developing targeted professional interventions that improve medication adherence.

The triple-to-double coincidence ratio (TDCR) method is a liquid scintillation primary method for the absolute activity measurement of pure β− and pure electron capture emitters. This method requires specific three-photomultiplier liquid scintillation counters. The aim of the present work is to assess the TDCR method performance for routine tritium analysis in urine using an HIDEX 300 SL, the only three-photomultiplier liquid scintillation counter designed for routine laboratories. The physical parameters and the semi-empirical Birks parameter (kB) of the prepared liquid scintillation source were firstly determined. TDCR model equations solving and detection efficiencies calculations for measured samples were performed by TDCR07c computing program. Accuracy, uncertainties and detection limit of TDCR method were assessed through the tritium analysis of six intercomparison urine samples. The results demonstrate that the analytical performance of the TDCR method implemented on the HIDEX 300 SL is conform to the recommendations for the monitoring of workers exposed to tritium.

Heart failure is a chronic pathology resulting in repeated hospitalisations and has a significant impact on the patient's quality of life. Therapeutic patient education (TPE) forms part of patients' global care to improve their health status. A study was carried out at Begin military teaching hospital of hospitalised patients with heart failure to identify their educational needs and create a TPE programme which best meets their expectations.

Objectives: We aimed to indicate simple determinants of abnormal body composition in children, such as socio-economic status (SES), duration of breastfeeding, parental age and birth parameters. Methods: The final data set consisted of 469 healthy prepubertal individuals (247 girls and 222 boys). We studied body mass, body height, and parameters of body composition such as muscle mass and fat mass. The birth parameters and gestational age were obtained from the children's medical record books held by the parents which were completed by medical personnel immediately following birth. Information about socio-economic status (SES), duration of breastfeeding and parental age was obtained by questionnaire. The statistical methods included forward multiple regression and generalized linear models (GLZ) or general linear model (GLM). Results: Higher fat mass (FM) (%) was connected with shorter duration of breastfeeding (< 2 months and lower SES (p < 0.05). Lower muscle mass (MM) (%) was linked with lower SES (p < 0.05) and lower birth weight (p < 0.05). Higher body mass index (BMI) was connected with higher birth weight (p < 0.05), shorter duration of breastfeeding (< 2 months) and lower SES (p < 0.05). Moreover interaction effects were observed in the case of the FM (%) (breastfeeding x SES; breastfeeding x parental age) and the BMI (breastfeeding x paternal age). Conclusions: Body composition can be linked with the duration of breastfeeding, SES, parental age, birth weight and birth length.

Background Although autogenous venous grafts are preferable for below-the-knee bypass surgery in patients with critical limb ischemia, some 20% of patients will have no suitable vein for grafting, compelling a resort to artificial graft materials. Retrospective subgroup analyses within published studies comparing heparin-bonded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) with crude PFTE graft in below-the-knee bypass suggest that heparin-bonded graft offers superior long-term patency rates, but this has not been prospectively verified in patients with critical limb ischemia. Methods A single-blind randomized controlled trial in 20 French centers has been designed. Patients assessed as having no suitable autologous vein for bypass grafting for critical lower limb ischemia will be randomized to receive either a heparin-bonded PTFE graft or a crude PTFE graft. A literature review suggested expected 1-year patency rates of 53% for the crude ePTFE arm and 74% for the heparin-bonded PTFE arm. On analyzing 1-year patency rate as a binary variable, for a significance level α = 0.05 and a randomization ratio of 1:1, a total of 176 patients (88 in each arm) will be required to obtain approximately 80% power to reject the null hypothesis. Assuming 10% dropout at 1 year and 20% mortality, 228 patients will be randomized (114 patients in each arm). Results The primary outcome variable will be patency at 1 year assessed by duplex ultrasound color-flow scan. Any intervention to open up or prevent a graft occlusion before 1 year will be classified as loss of patency. Technical success, deaths, complications, major adverse cardiovascular and limb events, length of hospitalization, and quality of life will also be recorded and analyzed as secondary outcome variables. Cost-utility and cost-effectiveness analyses based on standard tariffs in the French health insurance system will be performed. Conclusions The REPLACE trial is the first randomized controlled trial designed to determine if heparin-bonded PTFE graft is superior to crude PTFE graft in below-the-knee bypass surgery for critical limb ischemia.

Background The purpose of this study was to report our experience of treatment of aortic aneurysms using combination of renal and visceral arteries bypasses and fenestrated/branched stent graft in various complex anatomical situations. Methods Between November 2005 and March 2017, 10 patients underwent a hybrid strategy combining bypasses for renal and/or visceral arteries and custom-made fenestrated/branched stent grafts. Two patients had abdominal aortic aneurysm (1 juxtarenal and 1 suprarenal), and 8 patients had thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (1 type I, 2 type II including one dissection, 2 type III, 1 type IV, and 2 type V). In total, 37 renal and visceral arteries were targeted, of which 23 were treated using fenestrated or branched stent graft and 14 were treated by bypass (11 to renal artery and 3 to celiac trunk). Results Technical success was 100%, and no patient died during a mean follow-up of 24.3 ± 21 months. Six patients had 7 postoperative complications after bypass surgery, and 3 patients had 3 complications after fenestrated or branched endovascular aneurysm repair (FEVAR/BEVAR) procedure. Seven reinterventions were performed in 3 patients. No occlusion of target vessels occurred. Renal function was stable during follow-up in all patients except one who developed end-stage renal failure requiring permanent dialysis. On the last follow-up computed tomography scan, aneurysm diameter decreased for 6 patients, was stable for 3 patients, and increased for one patient, in which persistent type II endoleak was observed. Aneurysm exclusion was complete in the remaining 9 patients. Conclusions Combination of FEVAR/BEVAR procedures with renal and/or visceral artery bypass in patients with complex aortic aneurysms is feasible with acceptable results. Morbidity associated with bypass surgery has to be carefully balanced with the risk of catheterization difficulties in the setting of adverse anatomical features of the visceral/renal arteries or the aorta.

El artículo presenta resultados de una investigación más amplia que analiza con las herramientas conceptuales y analíticas de la etnografía, y la historia oral, el encuentro aporte y divergencia entre diversas visiones y formas epistemológicas y materiales del mundo rural, representadas por la intervención de los proyectos de las agencias de desarrollo, gobierno y otros actores, y la concepción de buena vida del grupo étnico Mixteco, contextualizada a través del proceso del Centro de Desarrollo Integral Campesino de la Mixteca (CEDICAM), una organización campesina-indígena, que tiene como objetivo la restauración ambiental del territorio Mixteco y la promoción de la agricultura sostenible. Concluye que la capacidad y permanencia de la organización campesina local ha sido posible por la constante negociación con las visiones e intereses de sus financiadores, provistos de diversos estilos, modelos de intervención y visiones de desarrollo, promoviendo en su trabajo una mezcla entre la visión Mixteca de buena vida, y la de desarrollo occidental. Negociación que se da sobre un terreno civilizatorio occidental hegemónico asimétrico y poco equitativo para otras cosmovisiones, lo que determina e impone reglas muy diferentes para los actores involucrados.

El cambio climático afecta directamente al sistema alimentario, reduciendo la disponibilidad de alimentos e incrementando la desigualdad del acceso a sectores desfavorecidos de la población. La resiliencia es la habilidad del sistema para absorber perturbaciones o la rapidez para recobrarse de disturbios climáticos y en una aplicación del término se crea la resiliencia social como la habilidad de las comunidades para mantener la estructura social ante shocks externos. El objetivo es analizar diferentes enfoques de este concepto en doce publicaciones que revisan casos en relación con eventos extremos causados por el cambio climático y cuál es el papel de las organizaciones campesinas e indígenas en estas. Como resultado se encontró que la mitad de trabajos buscan en cuanto a las organizaciones, su análisis, el diálogo horizontal, que sean actores y que sean los autores, mientras los restantes pretenden instruir y siguen el discurso cientificista y vertical de posesión del conocimiento. En conclusión, menciona que se está en una etapa de visibilización de las posturas que provienen de organizaciones indígenas y campesinas como sujetos. La importancia de este momento histórico es la posibilidad de tomar acciones reales de mitigación del cambio climático por estos sujetos que se escuchan y en conjunto toman espacios antes negados.

Background and objectives Soft tissue sarcoma localization in distal extremities (DESTS) of the limbs (hand/fingers, and foot/toes) is unusual. The literature is scarce about their behavior and this study was designed to assess their epidemiological characteristics, outcomes, and prognosis compared to other limb localizations (OLSTS). Methods From 1980 to 2010, adult DESTS and OLSTS in 22 centers were included. Demographics, tumor type, treatment modalities, and latest follow-up status were collected. Primary endpoints were overall survival and local/metastatic recurrence incidences. Results Two hundred five DESTS and 3001 OLSTS were included. The patients were younger, with more female and smaller tumors in DESTS. There were more clear cell/epithelioid sarcomas, synovial sarcomas, and myxoid liposarcomas vs more dedifferentiated liposarcomas in OLSTS. DESTS tumors were less irradiated and more often amputated (24.3% vs 3.4%). The five-year survival rate was 78.2% compared to 68.6% in OLSTS and after multivariate analysis, STS localization did not impact survival or local/metastatic recurrence. Conclusion Though rare and smaller than other limb localizations, DESTS are to be considered as aggressive. Despite a higher amputation rate, the prognosis remains the same as in OLSTS. Limb sparing vs amputation should be carefully assessed in DESTS, especially if grade 3 or of a poor prognosis histological subtype.

The IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBS) is the world’s largest international society of biomedical engineers. Volunteering for IEEE EMBS can be an enriching experience for students. We recently interviewed two exceptional EMBS volunteers to gain insight on their volunteering experience with EMBS.

Intracellular lipid body (LB) biogenesis depends on the symbiosis between coral hosts and their Symbiodinaceae. Therefore, understanding the mechanism(s) behind LB biosynthesis in corals can portentially elucide the drivers of cellular regulation during endosymbiosis. This study assessed LB formation in the gastrodermal tissue layer of the hermatypic coral Euphyllia glabrescens. Diel rhythmicity in LB size and distribution was observed; solar irradiation onset at sunrise initiated an increase in LB formation, which continued throughout the day and peaked after sunset at 18:00. The LBs migrated from the area near the mesoglea to the gastrodermal cell border near the coelenteron. Micro-LB biogenesis occurred in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the host gastrodermal cells. A transcriptomic analysis of genes related to lipogenesis indicated that binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) plays a key role in metabolic signaling pathways. The diel rhythmicity of LB biogenesis was correlated with ER-localized BiP expression. BiP expression peaked during the period with the largest increase in LB formation, thereby indicating that the chaperoning reaction of abnormal protein folding inside the host ER is likely involved in LB biosynthesis. These findings suggest that the host ER, central to LB formation, potentially facilitates the regulation of endosymbiosis between coral hosts and Symbiodiniaceae.

International audience; BACKGROUND: The management of prosthetic joint infection usually consists of a combination of surgery and antimicrobial therapy. The appropriate duration of antimicrobial therapy for this indication remains unclear. METHODS: We performed an open-label, randomized, controlled, noninferiority trial to compare 6 weeks with 12 weeks of antibiotic therapy in patients with microbiologically confirmed prosthetic joint infection that had been managed with an appropriate surgical procedure. The primary outcome was persistent infection (defined as the persistence or recurrence of infection with the initial causative bacteria, with an antibiotic susceptibility pattern that was phenotypically indistinguishable from that at enrollment) within 2 years after the completion of antibiotic therapy. Noninferiority of 6 weeks of therapy to 12 weeks of therapy would be shown if the upper boundary of the 95% confidence interval for the absolute between-group difference (the value in the 6-week group minus the value in the 12-week group) in the percentage of patients with persistent infection within 2 years was not greater than 10 percentage points. RESULTS: A total of 410 patients from 28 French centers were randomly assigned to receive antibiotic therapy for 6 weeks (205 patients) or for 12 weeks (205 patients). Six patients who withdrew consent were not included in the analysis. In the main analysis, 20 patients who died during follow-up were excluded, and missing outcomes for 6 patients who were lost to follow-up were considered to be persistent infection. Persistent infection occurred in 35 of 193 patients (18.1%) in the 6-week group and in 18 of 191 patients (9.4%) in the 12-week group (risk difference, 8.7 percentage points; 95% confidence interval, 1.8 to 15.6); thus, noninferiority was not shown. Noninferiority was also not shown in the per-protocol and sensitivity analyses. We found no evidence of between-group differences in the percentage of patients with treatment failure due to a new infection, probable treatment failure, or serious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with microbiologically confirmed prosthetic joint infections that were managed with standard surgical procedures, antibiotic therapy for 6 weeks was not shown to be noninferior to antibiotic therapy for 12 weeks and resulted in a higher percentage of patients with unfavorable outcomes. (Funded by Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique, French Ministry of Health; DATIPO ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01816009.).

Objective Guidelines recommend initiating testing for Cushing's syndrome (CS) on the basis of a "strong clinical suspicion". Our experience suggests classical stigmata are absent in the majority of patients with CS diagnosed in recent years. We aimed to confirm this premise by revisiting the clinical features of this syndrome in a modern series of patients from one center. Methods Computerized records of subjects with CS diagnosed at Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center between 2000-2018 were reviewed. A Cushing's inventory score (CIS), including all clinical components of the syndrome, was computed for each subject. Data were compared between the subtypes, and evaluated in light of those in the literature. Results Of the 76 subjects with CS (60 women/16 men), 49 had Cushing's disease (64.5%), 16 had an adrenal adenoma (21.1%), 7 an adrenocortical carcinoma (9.2%), and 4 had ectopic ACTH secretion (5.3%). In only 20.3% a clinical suspicion of CS led to testing. Catabolic signs of CS were present in less than 30% of cases. The most common symptom was weight gain (77.6%), and the most common comorbidity was hypertension (61.8%). There were no differences in CIS between the subtypes. Signs, symptoms, and comorbidities were all significantly less common than in the classical syndrome. Conclusions - Modern CS presents with subtler features than in the past. Initiating a testing cascade solely on the basis of a strong clinical suspicion may lead to underdiagnosis of milder cases. A concerted effort to devise cost-efficient testing for CS in the current era is needed.

Background and PurposeThe Portuguese instrument for informal caregivers' skills providing care of aged people after a stroke (ECPICID-AVC) evaluates the capacities that informal caregivers must have for supporting aged stroke survivors. The purpose was to adapt and validate the ECPICID-AVC to be used in Brazil.MethodsA methodological study was conducted.ResultsThe terms with the lowest degree of comprehension were adapted. The factor analysis suggested the exclusion of three items and that the remaining be grouped into six domains. The factor loadings varied from 0.525 to 0.924. The internal intra-assessor consistency was satisfactory (ICC = 0.94, CI 95%). Total reliability was considered excellent (Cronbach's alpha = 0.914).ConclusionsThe ECPICID-AVC is considered appropriate for using in Brazil.

espanolLa Responsabilidad Social Empresaria (RSE) se ha convertido en un aspecto mas a analizar a la hora de tomar decisiones de inversion. En este sentido, las empresas deben informar sobre su desempeno general no solo en su dimension economica y financiera sino tambien en lo referente a los aspectos referidos al gobierno corporativo, social y medioambiental. Sin embargo, tanto la cantidad como la calidad de la informacion brindada en los reportes sobre RSE que brindan las empresas es variada, y los criterios para elaborarlos no siempre coinciden. Entonces, cabe preguntarnos ?Cuales son los aspectos de interes que tiene en cuenta un inversor argentino?En este trabajo se utilizaron los indicadores mas relevantes tanto para las empresas como para los grupos de interes para medir la importancia de la RSE en diferentes sectores de la economia. Para ello se trabajo con la tecnica de decision multicriterio, llamada proceso analitico jerarquico o analytic hierarchy process (AHP), tomando como base los principales indicadores estandares que pueden aplicarse en Argentina y usando la informacion obtenida a traves de encuestas a dos grupos de interes diferentes. Esto permitio estructurar el problema en niveles de diferente jerarquia. Al comparar los resultados obtenidos con la aplicacion de la metodologia AHP desarrollada, se visualiza que el orden de preferencia en las alternativas difiere del establecido de acuerdo con el volumen negociado en el mercado de capitales. El sector financiero, considerado como uno de los ejes del desarrollo de la economia del pais, ha demostrado un cierto grado de avance en cuanto a practicas de responsabilidad social. Esto se vio reflejado en los resultados obtenidos, donde un mayor compromiso formal de las empresas de este sector en practicas de RSE queda en evidencia. Sin embargo, es necesario continuar con esta politica de sustentabilidad, involucrandose en proyectos que contribuyan al bienestar de la poblacion. EnglishCorporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become a relevant aspect totake into account when making investment decisions. Accordingly, companiesmust report on their overall performance regarding not only economicand financial aspects, but also corporate governance, social and environmentalissues. However, both the quantity and quality of the informationprovided in the reports on CSR submitted by the companies are varied andthe criteria for the elaboration of those reports do not always match. Thus,we wonder: what are the aspects of interest that an Argentine investorhas in mind?In this paper, the indicators which are most relevant -not only for thecompanies but also for the stakeholders- were used to measure the importanceof CSR in different economic sectors. For this purpose, we workedwith the multi-criteria decision-making technique -a.k.a. the analytic hierarchyprocess (AHP)-, starting from the main standard indicators that canbe applied in Argentina and using the information obtained from surveysadministered to two different interest groups. This allowed us to divide theproblem in different levels of hierarchy.When comparing the results obtained with the application of the AHPmethodology, we can see that the order of preference in the alternativesdiffers from the established one which is based on the volume traded inthe capital market. The financial sector, regarded as crucial in the develciencias opment of the country’s economy, has demonstrated a certain degree ofprogress in terms of social responsibility practices. This was reflected inthe results obtained, where a greater formal commitment of the companiesof this sector to CSR practices is clearly seen. However, it is necessaryto continue implementing this sustainability policy, getting involved inprojects that contribute to the well-being of the population. portuguesA Responsabilidade Social Empresarial (RSE) tornou-se um aspecto mais a ser analisado na hora de tomar decisoes de investimento. Nesse sentido, as empresas devem informar sobre seu desempenho geral nao apenas na sua dimensao economica e financeira mas tambem em relacao aos aspectos referidos a governanca corporativa, social e ambiental. Porem, tanto a quantidade quanto a qualidade da informacao oferecida nos relatorios sobre RSE que fornecem as empresas e variada, e os criterios utilizados para a sua elaboracao nem sempre coincidem. Entao, devemos nos perguntar: Quais sao os aspectos de interesse que leva em conta um investidor argentino? Neste trabalho, utilizaram-se os indicadores mais relevantes tanto para as empresas como para os grupos de interesse para medir a importância da RSE em diferentes setores da economia. Para isso, trabalhou-se com a tecnica de decisao multi-criterio, denominada processo analitico hierarquico ou analytic hierarchy process (AHP), com base nos principais indicadores padrao que podem se aplicar na Argentina e usando a informacao obtida atraves de enquetes a dois grupos de interesse diferentes. Isto permitiu estruturar o problema em niveis de hierarquia diferente. Ao compararem os resultados obtidos com a aplicacao da metodologia AHP desenvolvida, visualiza-se que a ordem de preferencia nas alternativas e diferente da estabelecida de acordo com o volume negociado no mercado de capitais. O setor financeiro, considerado como um dos eixos do desenvolvimento da economia do pais, tem demonstrado um certo grau de avanco a respeito de praticas de responsabilidade social. Isto foi refletido nos resultados obtidos, onde fica em evidencia um maior compromisso formal das empresas deste setor em praticas de RSE. No entanto, e necessario continuar com esta politica de sustentabilidade, envolvendose em projetos que contribuam para o bem-estar da populacao.

espanolObjetivo: conocer la resiliencia campesina a choques externos y el papel que desempenan las milpas de las familias que pertenecen a cooperativas de cafe en dos regiones de Chiapas, Mexico. Metodologia: estudio cualitativo con enfoque de analisis de contenido mediante recorridos, visitas y entrevistas a las familias de los socios, divididas en tres categorias en cuanto a la practica de la milpa: 1) las que la abandonaron para dedicarse solo al cultivo del cafe; 2) las que nunca la abandonaron y 3) las que la abandonaron, pero luego la retomaron. Resultados: se interpreta la resiliencia en terminos de balances chayanovianos, autonomia relativa y otros elementos en 47 entrevistas. Valor: Dichos balances abonan informacion a la discusion sobre la resiliencia. Conclusiones: el sistema de resiliencia esta conformado por un mecanismo de balances interrelacionados dirigidos a ajustar los grados de campesinidad necesarios para mantener la reproduccion social de la unidad familiar bajo condiciones cambiantes. EnglishObjective: to learn about peasant resilience to external shocks and the role played by the milpas of member families of coffee cooperatives in two regions of Chiapas, Mexico. Methodology: Qualitative study with content analysis scope through visits and interviews with member families divided into three categories in terms of the practice of milpa: 1) those who abandoned it to dedicate themselves exclusively to coffee cultivation; 2) those who never abandoned it, and 3) those who abandoned it but then took it up again some time later. Results: 47 interviews in which resilience was interpreted in terms of Chayanovian balances, relative autonomy, and other elements. Value: Chayanovian balances contribute to the discussion of resilience. Conclusions: the peasant resilience system is shaped by a mechanism of interrelated balances aimed at adjusting the degrees of peasantness to maintain the social reproduction of the family unit under changing conditions.

Zusammenfassung. Das akute Koronarsyndrom bleibt weltweit eine führende Ursache für Morbidität und Mortalität. Deshalb sind die rasche Diagnosestellung und die Wahl des Therapieansatzes von entscheidender Bedeutung. Das optimale Timing für Intervention und Revaskularisation hängt von der initialen Risikostratifikation ab. Patienten mit hämodynamischer Instabilität oder kardiogenem Schock, lebensbedrohlichen Arrhythmien, refraktärer Angina pectoris oder schwerer Herzinsuffizienz sollten unabhängig von EKG-Veränderungen oder kardialen Biomarkern einer sofortigen Koronarangiografie zugeführt werden. Patienten mit NSTEMI oder instabiler Angina pectoris mit entsprechend hohem Risikoprofil profitieren von einer frühinvasiven Abklärung innerhalb von 24 h. Ein frühinvasiver Therapieansatz bei Patienten mit NSTEMI ist sicher und mit einer geringeren Anzahl refraktärer Ischämien und einem kürzeren Spitalaufenthalt assoziiert. Weniger klar ist die Situation bei asymptomatischen und stabilen Patienten mit NSTEMI, bei denen eine Latenz bis maximal 72 h vertretbar ist.

Background The required duration of antibiotic treatment for prosthetic joint infections (PJI) with debridement and retention of the implant (DAIR procedure) is unknown. Methods Multicenter retrospective study emphasizing the duration of antibiotic therapy in patients treated with by DAIR. Results We included 87 hip or knee PJI episodes in 87 patients from three university hospitals in France and Switzerland. All debridements were performed within 3 weeks of symptom onset. After a mean follow-up of 52.1 months, 60 patients with PJI (69%) remained in remission, with no significant difference between hip and knee cases (73.3% vs. 59.3%, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.20–1.38), or between patients receiving 6 compared with 12 weeks of antibiotic treatment (70.5% vs.67.4%, 95%CI 0.27–2.10, p =0.60). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 13.8% of infections and this was the only variable associated with a poorer outcome (remission in 41.7% vs. 73.3% for those with other pathogens, 95%CI 0.05–0.77, p =0.02). Conclusions In patients undergoing DAIR for hip or knee PJI, the likelihood of long-term remission was not significantly different for those receiving 6 versus 12 weeks of antibiotic therapy. Prospective randomized trials are required to confirm this observation.

Carbohydrate ingestion can improve endurance exercise performance. In the past two decades, research has repeatedly reported the performance benefits of formulations comprising both glucose and fructose (GLUFRU) over those based on glucose (GLU). This has been usually related to additive effects of these two monosaccharides on the gastrointestinal tract whereby intestinal carbohydrate absorption is enhanced and discomfort limited. This is only a partial explanation, since glucose and fructose are also metabolized through different pathways after being absorbed from the gut. In contrast to glucose that is readily used by every body cell type, fructose is specifically targeted to the liver where it is mainly converted into glucose and lactate. The ingestion of GLUFRU may thereby profoundly alter hepatic function ultimately raising both glucose and lactate fluxes. During exercise, this particular profile of circulating carbohydrate may induce a spectrum of effects on muscle metabolism possibly resulting in an improved performance. Compared to GLU alone, GLUFRU ingestion could also induce several non-metabolic effects which are so far largely unexplored. Through its metabolite lactate, fructose may act on central fatigue and/or alter metabolic regulation. Future research could further define the effects of GLUFRU over other exercise modalities and different athletic populations, using several of the hypotheses discussed in this review.