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This study aimed to compare the torque generated by 4 different files in root canals with 4 different curvature angles.Four brands of nickel-titanium (NiTi) endodontic files were selected: WaveOne Primary (Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland), WaveOne Gold Primary (Dentsply Sirona), ProTaper Universal F2 (Dentsply Sirona), and ProTaper Next X2 (Dentsply Sirona). A tempered steel block containing artificial canals with 4 different canal curvatures (15°, 25°, 35°, and 45°) was constructed. Each file was used according to the manufacturer's instructions in the dynamic model, with an added 15 axial up-and-down movements of 4 mm at the end of the canal. The generated torque was recorded, and the total and maximum torque values were measured. Two-way analysis of variance and the Duncan post hoc comparison test were performed at a significance level of 95%.A significant correlation between the curvature angle and the type of file system was observed (P .05). As the degree of canal curvature increased, the generated total and maximum torque increased. At 15° and 25°, the NiTi files with reciprocating motion generated a higher total and maximum torque than files with continuous rotation. ProTaper Universal of conventional NiTi alloy showed the steepest increase in the generated total and maximum torque with the increasing curvature angle. The ProTaper Next file had the lowest torque values at the higher canal angles of 35° and 45° (P .05).Despite the study limitations, it can be concluded that root canal curvature, design, and heat treatment of NiTi files and file kinematics affect the generated torque during instrumentation.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of glide-path preparation and coronal pre-flaring on torque generation of rotary nickel-titanium files. Sixty mesiobuccal root canals of 3D printed resin teeth (Dentalike) were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 15) according to the preparation method; Group 1: OneCurve only; Group 2: OneG and OneCurve; Group 3: OneFlare and OneCurve; Group 4: OneFlare, OneG, and OneCurve. During the final canal preparation procedure, the torque generated was recorded. The sum of generated torque and maximum torque were calculated. Statistical analysis was performed with one-way ANOVA and Duncan's post hoc comparison. The summed torque was reduced by glide-path preparation and coronal pre-flaring (P 0.05), whereas the maximum torque was not reduced by the glide-path preparation (P 0.05). It will be advantageous to create a glide-path with coronal pre-flaring to reduce the stress and reactive forces to the NiTi file and root dentin.

This study evaluated the effect of periodic changes in rotation speed on torsional stress and screw-in force using the dedicated alternative rotation technique (ART) motion of the EQ-M (Metabiomed, Cheongju, Korea) endodontic motor.Two ART modes of the EQ-M motor in 2 alternative techniques (ART30 and ART50) and continuous rotation were compared using ProTaper Next X2 (Dentsply Sirona, Charlotte, NC) files and simulated resin blocks (n = 12 per group). ART30 and ART50 were operated by continuous rotation of 350 rpm for 360° and then rotated at 30% increased speed from the base speed for 180° and at 50% increased speed for 180°, respectively. Before the test, the simulated resin blocks were pre-enlarged using ProTaper Gold S1 and S2 (Dentsply Sirona) and fixed on a metal stage connected to the force- and torque-measuring unit. During shaping the simulated canal in an automatic up-and-down manner, the parameters of maximum torque, sum of torque, maximum screw-in force, and maximum apical force were measured. The data were statistically analyzed using 1-way analysis of variance and the Tukey post hoc comparison test at the 95% significance level.The ART30 and ART50 groups showed a lower maximum torque, sum of torques, screw-in force, and apical drive force than the continuous rotation group. There was no significant difference between the ART30 and ART50 groups (P .05). When the screw-in force increased suddenly, the torque correspondently increased.Under the limitations of this study, the ART mode could reduce the torsional stress and apical forces of the screw-in during instrumentation in comparison with continuous rotation.

The purpose of this study was to compare the physical properties and cytocompatibility of contemporary calcium silicate-based sealers. Four calcium silicate-based sealers (BrightEndo MTA sealer, CeraSeal, EndoSeal TCS and One-Fil) were compared to an epoxy resin-based sealer (AH Plus). Flow, setting time, radiopacity and dimensional change were evaluated according to ISO 6876 standards. Cytotoxicity on human periodontal ligament fibroblast (hPDLF) cells was compared for biological properties using MTT assay. The surface of the sealer was analysed using scanning electron microscopy to evaluate cell attachment. Flow and radiopacity of all sealers met ISO standards, while setting time and dimensional stability did not meet the ISO standards. Calcium silicate-based sealers showed favourable cytocompatibility, and hPDLF cells were well attached to the calcium silicate-based sealers. Calcium silicate-based sealers have clinically acceptable flow and radiopacity, and cytocompatibility. However, these sealers had longer setting time and higher dimensional change than those required by ISO 6876.

This study examined whether the use of T-Wire heat treatment enhanced the resistance to torsional force, cyclic fatigue, and bending stiffness of orifice preflaring nickel-titanium instruments.Ninety heat-treated OneFlare (OFT; Micro-Mega, Besançon, France) and conventional OneFlare (OFC, Micro-Mega) nickel-titanium files of size #25/.09 with identical geometries were selected (n = 15 per group for each test). Torsional resistance was evaluated through the measurement of ultimate torsional strength, distortion angle, and toughness during rotational loading. Cyclic fatigue resistance was evaluated through measurement of the number of cycles to failure for each instrument. Stiffness was evaluated by observation of the bending moment on attaining a 45° bend. Independent t tests were performed for statistical analysis. After torsional and cyclic fatigue tests, all fractured fragments were examined under a field emission scanning electron microscope to observe characteristics of the fractured surfaces.OFT showed better cyclic fatigue resistance and lower bending stiffness than OFC (P .05); however, OFT and OFC did not differ significantly in terms of torsional resistance. The fractured cross-sectional surfaces had characteristics typical of cyclic fatigue and torsional fractures.The OFT instruments made using T-Wire heat treatment had better cyclic fatigue resistance and lower bending stiffness with no decline in torsional strength.

Introduction The purpose of this study was to investigate if machined springs in nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments can improve their mechanical properties. The bending and torsion properties were assessed using finite element (FE) model analysis. Methods A basic 3-dimensional file model without a spring was created with apical size #25, 25-mm full length, and 16-mm cutting flutes. Three other models were created with a spring machined into their shaft portion with different numbers of spring coils: standard (STspr), 10% more (INspr), and 10% less (DEspr). To compare the mechanical responses among the 4 FE models, file bending and torsion were simulated using FE analysis. Results Spring machined NiTi rotary instruments showed higher torsional resistance and less bending stiffness than the same instrument without. The spring machined models required more torque to bend or rotate the DEspr model than was required for the STspr and INspr models; however, the STSpr and INSpr models were similar. Conclusions Within the limitations of this study, the FE analysis indicated that machining a spring into the shaft of NiTi rotary instruments improved torsional resistance and bending flexibility. Therefore, spring machining has the potential to increase the durability of the NiTi rotary instruments.

Background/purpose: This study evaluated the torsional resistances of nickel-titanium rotary instruments by two methods: i) dynamic resistance: repetitive torsional loading (RTL) and ii) static resistance: single torsional loading (STL) based on the International Organization for Standardization. Materials and methods: In RTL method, a pre-set rotational loading (0.5 N cm) was applied after fixing the 3-mm tip of the file, and this clockwise loading to the pre-set torque and counter-clockwise unloading to original position was repeated at 50 rpm until the file fractured. The number of repetition cycles until fracture was counted. In STL method, the torsional strength was determined by continuous clockwise rotation (2 rpm) until fracture. Results from both methods were compared after testing the torsional resistances of four instrument systems (n = 15): Hyflex CM, HyFlex EDM, V-Taper2, and V-Taper2H. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to examine the topographic features of the fractured surfaces and longitudinal aspects (n = 5) from both methods. Results: The RTL and STL methods had similar results: V-Taper2 had the highest resistance and the Hyflex CM had the lowest (P

The aim of this study was to compare the buckling resistance of nickel-titanium (NiTi) instruments for glide path preparation depending on the test mode (static vs dynamic).The conventional PathFile (PF; Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland) and heat-treated ProGlider (PG, Dentsply Sirona) and WaveOne Gold Glider (WG, Dentsply Sirona) were evaluated. The instrument tips were placed in a small dimple prepared in an aluminum cube in a customized device. The file was then pushed in the axial direction at a 1.0-mm/s crosshead speed with rotation (dynamic mode) or without rotation (static mode). The dynamic mode of WG used its dedicated reciprocating rotation, whereas the others were rotated continuously at 300 rpm. The axial load and lateral buckling displacement were simultaneously measured. Data were analyzed statistically using 2-way analysis of variance (P = .05).The buckling resistance in the dynamic mode was higher than in the static mode for PG and WG (P.05), whereas PF was not influenced by test modes (P.05). In the dynamic mode, the PG required the highest buckling load followed by PF and WG (P.05). In the static mode, the WG showed the lowest load (P.05). The dynamic mode showed significantly more upper level lateral buckling displacement than in the static mode (P.05).When the glide path preparation instruments moved in the dynamic mode as in clinical situations, the buckling resistance of the heat-treated NiTi glide path instruments was higher than in the static condition. The heat-treated instruments may have better buckling resistance than the conventional NiTi instrument in clinical situations.

This study compared the effects of pitch length on the torsional resistance and cyclic fatigue resistance of glide path preparation instruments.G-File (G1 and G2; Micro-Mega, Besançon, France) and new generation G-File (NG1 and NG2, Micro-Mega) instruments were compared to evaluate the effects of the shorter pitch of the latter (25% shorter than G-File). G1 and NG1 have a #12 tip size, whereas G2 and NG2 have a #17 tip size. All the files have the same taper of 3%. For comparing the torsional resistances (n = 15), the file was fixed at 4 mm from the tip, and the clockwise rotation at a constant rotational speed of 2 rpm was adjusted until the file fractured. The maximum torsional load and distortion angle at fracture were recorded. For comparing the cyclic fatigue resistances (n = 15), the files were freely rotated in a simulated canal (radius, 3 mm; curvature, 90°) at a speed of 300 rpm in a dynamic mode. When the file fractured, the time elapsed was recorded using a chronometer. The number of cycles to failure was calculated by multiplying the total time to failure by the rotation rate. Fractured fragments were examined under the scanning electron microscope.The NG2 instruments had significantly higher fatigue resistance and torsional strength than the G2 instruments (P .05) and showed approximately the same fatigue resistance as the G1. Scanning electron microscopic examinations revealed the typical appearances of 2 failure modes.A shorter pitch design increased cyclic fatigue resistance and torsional strength of the glide path instruments.

This study aimed to compare the vibration generated by several nickel-titanium (NiTi) file systems and transmitted to teeth under 2 different motions (continuous rotation motion and reciprocating motion).Sixty J-shaped resin blocks (Endo Training Bloc-J; Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) were trimmed to a root-shaped form and divided into 2 groups according to the types of electric motors: WaveOne motor (WOM, Dentsply Maillefer) and X-Smart Plus motor (XSM, Dentsply Maillefer). Each group was further subdivided into 3 subgroups (n = 10 each) according to the designated file systems: ProTaper Next (PTN, Dentsply Maillefer), ProTaper Universal (PTU, Dentsply Maillefer), and WaveOne (WOP, Dentsply Maillefer) systems. Vibration was measured during the pecking motion using an accelerometer attached to a predetermined consistent position. The average vibration values were subjected to 2-way analysis of variance as well as the t test and Duncan test for post hoc comparison at the 95% confidence interval.Both motor types and instrument types produced significantly different ranges of average vibrations. Regardless of the instrument types, the WOM group generated greater vibration than the XSM group (P .05). Although PTN and PTU did not show significant differences, the WOP group showed significantly greater vibration than the other groups regardless of motor types (P .05).Under the limitations of this study design, the reciprocating NiTi file system may generate greater vibration than the continuous rotation NiTi file systems. The motor type also has a significant effect to amplify the vibrations.

Introduction The purpose of this study was to evaluate differences in torsional resistance using up-regulated speed of rotational spindle. Methods Three NiTi rotary instrument systems were selected in this study: K3XF (SybronEndo, Glendora, CA), BLX (B&L Biotech, Ansan, Korea), and OneShape (MicroMega, Besancon, France). The tip size and taper for all files were #25 and 0.06. Experimental groups ( n = 10/group) were assigned to 2-, 60-, 350-, and 600-rpm groups by the rotational speed of spindle. Forty new files were used for each test. The file tip of 5-mm length was secured between brass plates. While keeping the file straight, it was rotated clockwise at a constant rotational speed until fracture occurred. The parameters of torsional resistance, torsional load (Ncm), and distortion angle (°) were measured using an AEndoS- k (DMJ System, Busan, Korea), and the toughness until fracture was computed from these data. The 1-way analysis of variance test was used to analyze the torsional resistance at a significance level of 95%. All fractured fragments were observed under a scanning electron microscope to evaluate the topographic features of the fractured surfaces. Results No significant difference in torsional resistance was found among groups when they were compared for ultimate strength at the maximum torque, fracture angle, and toughness. Scanning electron microscopic examination of the fractured cross-sectional surfaces revealed typical features of torsional fractures, concentric abrasion marks, and fibrous dimples from the torsional center. Conclusions Under the conditions of the study, the torsional resistances of the rotary instruments were not affected by the rotational speed.

This study evaluated the effect of torsional preloading on the torsional resistance of nickel-titanium (NiTi) endodontic instruments.WaveOne Primary (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) and ProTaper Universal F2 (Dentsply Maillefer) files were used. The ultimate torsional strength until fracture was determined for each instrument. In the phase 1 experiment, the ProTaper and WaveOne files were loaded to have a maximum load from 2.0 up to 2.7 or 2.8 Ncm, respectively. In the phase 2 experiment, the number of repetitions of preloading for each file was increased from 50 to 200, whereas the preloading torque was fixed at 2.4 Ncm. Using torsionally preloaded specimens from phase 1 and 2, the torsional resistances were calculated to determine the ultimate strength, distortion angle, and toughness. The results were analyzed using 1-way analysis of variance and Duncan post hoc comparison. The fracture surfaces and longitudinal aspect of 5 specimens per group were examined under a scanning electron microscope.All preloaded groups showed significantly higher ultimate strength than the unpreloaded groups (P .05). There was no significant difference among all groups for distortion angle and toughness. Although WaveOne had no significant difference between the repetition groups for ultimate strength, fracture angle, and toughness, ProTaper had a higher distortion angle and toughness in the 50-repetition group compared with the other repetition groups (P .05). Scanning electron microscopic examinations of the fractured surface showed typical features of torsional fracture.Torsional preloading within the ultimate values could enhance the torsional strength of NiTi instruments. The total energy until fracture was maintained constantly, regardless of the alloy type.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of file length on the torsional resistance of nickel-titanium rotary files.Forty-five new files with a #25 tip size and variable taper for ProTaper Next (PTN; Dentsply Sirona, York PA), ProTaper Gold (PTG, Dentsply Sirona), and HyFlex CM (HCM; Coltene-Whaledent, Allstetten, Switzerland) were divided into 3 subgroups (n = 15) according to the file length (21, 25, and 31 mm). Torsional tests were performed using a custom-made device (AEndoS; DMJ System, Busan, Korea). The maximum torsional load and distortion angle were measured until file fracture occurred. The toughness was calculated using these data. All data were statistically analyzed using 2-way analysis of variance at a confidence level of 95%. One-way analysis of variance and Duncan post hoc comparison were also conducted to assess the difference among the independent variables, shaft length, and file system.A statistically significant interaction was observed between the file system and instrument length with respect to the maximum torsional load (P.05). The 31-mm shaft length of HCM showed higher maximum torsional load than that of the 25- and 21-mm shaft length in the HCM groups (P.05). Among the instrument systems, PTG showed the significantly highest maximum torsional load followed by PTN and HCM (P.05). The 31-mm shaft length of PTG showed significantly higher toughness than that of the 21- and 25-mm shaft lengths (P.05), whereas PTN and HCM did not show any difference in relation to the shaft length.Within the limitations of this study, the instrument with a longer shaft may have higher maximum torsional load or toughness than that with a shorter shaft.

Background/purpose: Glide-path preparation is an important step during initial endodontic procedure to reduce shaping-instrument fracture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of apically extruded debris produced by glide-path preparation instruments with different geometric designs. Materials and methods: Forty teeth extracted for periodontal reasons were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10). The working length was standardized at 17 mm from the apical foramen by a flattening reference point. The glide-path was created using repetitive up-and-down movement three times with one of following four selected instruments: One G, ProGlider, a size 15 ScoutRace, and a size 15 stainless-steel K-file. To collect the apically extruded debris, the customized apparatus was used, and the collected debris was stored in an incubator. The weight of the debris was measured using an analytical balance with an accuracy of 0.00001 g. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple comparison test at a significance level of 95%. Results: The ProGlider group produced significantly less debris extrusion relative to the other groups (P < 0.05). The One G and ScoutRace groups showed no significant difference, but debris production was lower than that observed for the stainless-steel group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Creating the glide-path using nickel-titanium rotary files produced lower amounts of debris extrusion than using manual stainless-steel files. The progressive taper design of ProGlider, the center-off cross-section of One G, and the alternative-pitch design of ScoutRace may have increased the efficiencies of debris removal with minimal extrusion during glide-path preparation. Glide-path preparation using NiTi rotary files have better clinical efficiency than the manual stainless-steel file. Copyright (C) 2016, Association for Dental Sciences of the Republic of China. Published by Elsevier Taiwan LLC. This is an open access article under

Introduction The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the torque generated by continuous and adaptive movements of 2 nickel-titanium rotary file systems. Methods Forty-five simulated resin blocks with an S-shaped canal were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 15) according to the file system and kinematics: the K3XF rotary system (Kerr Endodontics, Orange, CA) with continuous rotary movement, the K3XF with adaptive movement, and the Twisted File (Kerr Endodontics) adaptive file with adaptive movement. After creating a glide path, the canal was instrumented to the same size (.04/#20 for K3XF or SM1 for the Twisted File with adaptive movement) before torque measurement. During the final instrumentation procedure with the .06/25 sized file (K3XF or SM2), the generated torque and the preparation time were recorded. The total torque experienced and the maximum torque value were calculated. The data were statistically analyzed using 1-way analysis of variance and the Tukey post hoc comparison test at a significance level of 95%. Results The K3XF file system used with adaptive motion group showed significantly lower total and maximum torque values compared with the K3XF with continuous rotary movement group. The Twisted File adaptive file with adaptive motion showed significantly lower torque generation and shorter preparation time than the K3XF groups with adaptive or continuous rotation (P Conclusions Under the conditions of this study, adaptive movement for nickel-titanium files may reduce torque generation without increasing preparation time. Nickel-titanium files with a smaller cross-sectional area using adaptive movement may be helpful to reduce the potential risk of root dentin damage.

This study aimed to compare the efficiency of root canal filling procedures and the retrievability of the filling material with various sealers. Forty-three patients assigned to endodontic treatment with (i) continuous wave of condensation technique (CTW) with AH-plus (ii) single-cone technique (SCT) with EndoSeal MTA. The spent time, voids entrapping and postoperative symptoms were evaluated. To evaluate the retrievability, mandibular premolar (n = 60) were divided into four groups: AH-plus/CTW, EndoSeal MTA/SCT, MTA Fillapex/SCT and EndoSequence BC Sealer/SCT. The time required removing the filled materials and remnant score were examined. EndoSeal MTA/SCT showed significantly shorter time of filling procedure. The number of void did not show significant differences between two techniques. No patients showed clinical signs during the follow-up periods. There were no significant differences between group AH-plus and EndoSeal MTA for remnant score. A certain calcium silicate-based sealer with SCT may give similar clinical efficiencies as much as continuous-wave technique using AH-plus sealer.

The aim of this study was to compare the cyclic fatigue, torsional resistance, and bending stiffness of single-file glide path preparation nickel-titanium instruments.ProGlider (#16/progressive taper; Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland), One G (#14/.03; Micro-Mega, Besancon, France), and EdgeGlidePath (#16/progressive taper; Edge Endo, Albuquerque, NM) were tested. For the bending stiffness test, the instrument was bent to a 45° angle along the main axis while 3 mm of the tip was secured. Cyclic fatigue resistance was measured during pecking movement, whereas the file was rotated within a reproducible simulated canal with a 3-mm radius and a 90° angle of curvature. The ultimate torsional strength and toughness were evaluated using a custom device. While tightly holding the end of the file at 3 mm, a rotational load of 2 rpm speed was applied until fracture. The results were analyzed using 1-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc comparison. A microscopic inspection was performed on the surface of a separate instrument using a scanning electron microscope.EdgeGlidePath showed superior cyclic fatigue resistance compared with the other systems. One G showed higher maximum torsional strength than the others. One G showed the largest distortion angle and the highest toughness followed by EdgeGlidePath and ProGlider (P .05). One G also showed larger bending stiffness than the others, whereas EdgeGlidePath showed a larger residual angle than the others (P .05).Conventional wire showed higher toughness and torsional resistance than M-Wire and heat-treated nickel-titanium instruments. However, heat-treated wire showed higher cyclic resistance than conventional wire and M-Wire.

Introduction This study was done to develop a glide path preparation nickel-titanium rotary instrument by size optimization procedures and evaluate the properties of the prototype. Methods G-1 and G-2 files were tested for cyclic fatigue, torsional resistance, and screw-in force. The cyclic fatigue resistance was compared by measuring the number of cycles to failure by using a 90° curved metal canal (n = 10). The torsional resistance was evaluated at 3 levels (2, 4, and 6 mm from the file tip) by measuring the ultimate torsional load (n = 10 each level). The screw-in forces (n = 5) were measured during sequential pecking in a simulated resin block to the end of foramen by using the customized shaping device (AEndoS). Meanwhile, finite element models of G-1 and G-2 files were made by reverse engineering, and their bending stiffness and torsional properties were calculated. By analyzing the results from mechanical tests and finite element analysis, a universal G (uG) file was designed to have intermediary mechanical properties, and then the prototype was fabricated by the manufacturer. Cyclic fatigue and torsional resistance tests and screw-in force with the uG were compared with G-1 and G-2 files. Results The prototype of uG file showed higher cyclic fatigue resistance than the G-2 file and intermediary torsional strength and screw-in forces between the G-1 and G-2 files. Conclusions The prototype production from a size optimization procedure produced appropriate mechanical properties for the purpose of development.

AIM To determine the distortional angle and torsional load at the pseudoelastic limit of Reciproc Blue instruments and to verify the safety of using pre-set dedicated motors designed for use with the original Reciproc instruments. METHODOLOGY Two torsional conditions of Reciproc R25 and Reciproc Blue R25 were tested using a custom device. The first condition fixed the file tips at 3 mm and repetitively rotated them, with gradually increasing angles, from 10° to 270°, and the resulting torque was recorded (n = 15). The second test involved a single continuous rotation until fracture (n = 15). The pseudoelastic limits of the instruments were determined from their torque-rotation curves. For statistical analysis, two-way analysis of variance and t-tests were used, at a 95% significance level. Tested specimens were examined using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). RESULTS The angle at the pseudoelastic limit was significantly greater for Reciproc Blue than Reciproc, regardless of test mode (P

The purpose of this study was to compare in vitro torque generation during instrumentation with or without glide path establishment.Endo-training resin blocks with J-shaped canals were randomly divided into 2 groups according to glide path establishment (with or without) and subdivided into 2 subgroups with shaping instruments (WaveOne [Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland] or WaveOne Gold [Dentsply Maillefer]) (n = 15). For the glide path-established group, the glide path was prepared using ProGlider (Dentsply Maillefer). During the instrumentation with WaveOne or WaveOne Gold, in vitro torque was measured. The acquired data were analyzed with software. The maximum torque and total torque (the sum of the generated torque) were calculated. The data were statistically evaluated using 2-way analysis of variance and the Duncan post hoc comparison to examine any correlation of torque generation with glide path establishment and nickel-titanium instruments. The significance level was set at 95%.The generated total torque by WaveOne Gold was significantly reduced by glide path establishment (P .05), whereas glide path establishment did not induce significant changes in the maximum torque for both file systems. WaveOne Gold with a glide path showed the lowest total torque generation among all groups (P .05). WaveOne generated a higher maximum torque than WaveOne Gold regardless of the establishment of a glide path (P .05).Under the limitations of this study, glide path establishment and the mechanical property of instruments have a significant influence on torque generation. It is recommended to create the glide path and use a flexible file to reduce torque generation and, consequently, the risk of file fracture and root dentin damage.

The purpose of this study was to compare the bending stiffness, cyclic fatigue, and torsional fracture resistances of heat-treated and conventional nickel-titanium rotary instruments.V-Taper 2 (VT2; #25/.08), V-Taper 2H (V2H; #25/.06), Hyflex CM (HCM; #25/.06), HyFlex EDM (HDM; #25/variable taper), and ProTaper Next X2 (PTN; #25/variable taper) were tested. The bending stiffness was measured with the customized device (AEndoS), and the files (n = 15) were fixed at 3 mm from the tip and bent at 45° with respect to their long axis. Cyclic fatigue resistance was tested by pecking and rotating instruments (n = 15) in artificial canal with a 7.8-mm radius and 35° angle of curvature until fracture. The ultimate torsional strength and toughness were estimated by using AEndoS. The file tip of 5 mm was fixed between resin blocks and driven clockwise at 20 rpm until fracture. The results were analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance and Duncan post hoc comparison. The fracture surfaces and longitudinal aspect of each group were examined under the scanning electron microscope.CM-wire instruments had lower bending stiffness than others. HDM showed the highest cyclic fatigue resistance, followed by VTH and HCM (P .05). VT2 showed the highest ultimate strength, followed by HDM, VTH-PTN, and HCM. HDM and VT2 showed significantly higher toughness than VTH, HCM, and PTN (P .05). Scanning electron microscope analysis showed typical fractographic features of cyclic fatigue and torsional fractures.CM-wire instruments showed higher flexibility and cyclic fatigue resistance than M-wire and conventional nickel-titanium instruments. Large cross-sectional area and conventional nickel-titanium showed high torsional resistance.

Introduction The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different pecking depth on the stress generated by the screw-in forces of a rotating endodontic file in simulated canals. Methods Twenty simulated resin blocks with a J-shaped curvature were used. Twenty OneG files (MicroMega, Besancon, France) were assigned for a screw-in test depending on the pecking depth in 2 groups (n = 10). The files were operated at 300 rpm, and the up and down speed was controlled at 1 mm/s stroke velocity and a 10-millisecond dwell time using a customized device. The distances (pecking depth) for the pecking motion were 2 mm or 4 mm for each group; “6 mm forward and 4 mm backward” and “6 mm forward and 2 mm backward” movements were applied, respectively, for the 2 pecking groups. During the operation, the positive and negative apical loads were recorded at a rate of 50 Hz using customized software attached to the device. The maximum negative apical load (screw-in force [SF]) was recorded, and the total energy during pecking motion until the file reached the working length (cumulative screw-in forces [CSFs]) was computed. The data were analyzed using an independent t test at a significance level of 95%. Results No significant difference in SF was found between the 2 groups of pecking depths. However, the longer pecking depth (4-mm group) showed a significantly larger CSF compared with the shorter pecking depth group (P Conclusions The shorter pecking depth may generate lower overall stresses for the root dentin as well as the instrument.

Introduction: The use of reciprocating movement was claimed to increase the resistance of nickel-titanium (NiTi) file to fatigue in comparison with continuous rotation. Recently 2 new brands of NiTi files have been marketed for use in a RM mode. The purpose of this study was to compare the cyclic fatigue resistance and torsional resistance of these 2 files, Reciproc and WaveOne. Methods: Cyclic fatigue test with a simultaneous pecking motion was performed with the instrument (n = 10 each) operating in the recommended reciprocation motion until fracture for the Reciproc R25 and WaveOne Primaryfiles. ProTaper F2 was tested in continuous rotation to serve as a control for comparison. The number of cycles to fracture (NCF) was determined by measuring the time to fracture. The length of the fragment was measured and the fracture surface was examined by using scanning electron microscopy. Torsional strength was measured by using a torsiometer after fixing the apical 5 mm of the instrument rigidly. Statistical analysis was performed by using one-way analysis of variance. Results: The results showed that Reciproc had a higher NCF and WaveOne had a higher torsional resistance than the others. Both reciprocating files demonstrated significantly higher cyclic fatigue and torsional resistances than ProTaper (P < .05). The fractographic analysis showed typical features of cyclic fatigue and torsional failure for all instruments. Conclusions: The 2 brands of NiTi file for use with a reciprocation motion seem to have superior mechanical properties. (J Endod 2012;-:1‐4)

Introduction This study aimed to compare the effects of pitch length and heat treatment on the mechanical properties of glide path establishing instruments. Methods Prototypes of glide path preparation files (#14/.03 taper) were made to evaluate the effects of different pitch lengths and heat treatments. The files were divided into 4 groups according to the pitch length (pG and OneG) and heat treatment (pGH and OneGH). For the torsional resistance test, ultimate strength and fracture angle were measured, and the file tip was fixed at 3 different levels of 2, 4, and 6 mm from the tip ( n = 10 for each level). The toughness was calculated by multiplying the ultimate strength and the fracture angle. The cyclic fatigue resistance was compared by measuring the number of cycles to fracture in a curved metal canal ( n = 10). The screw-in forces were measured during instrumentation motions with a sequential increase in the pecking distance of 1 mm until the file reached the end of the simulated resin canal ( n = 10). Results The heat-treated groups showed lower toughness and higher cyclic fatigue resistance than the non–heat-treated groups. The short pitch groups showed significantly higher torsional strengths than the long pitch groups. The heat-treated groups had significantly lower screw-in forces than the non–heat-treated groups. Conclusions Under the limitations of this study, the torsional strength of the experimental file was reduced by heat treatment and increased by the short pitch length. Thus, a non–heat-treated file with a shorter pitch length would be favorable as a rotary glide path instrument.

Aim To examine the effect of several standard geometric characteristics of rotary instruments on the ‘screw-in’ forces and stresses generated on root dentine using 3D finite element analysis (FEA). Methodology Four cross-sectional designs (triangular, slender-rectangular, rectangular and square) were evaluated. The area of the triangular cross-section and of the slender-rectangular model were the same. Another rectangular model had the same centre-core diameter as the triangular one. Each design was twisted into a file model with 5, 10 or 15 threads over its 16-mm-long working section. Three curved root canals were simulated as rigid surface models: θ = 15 degrees/R = 36 mm radius; θ = 30/R = 18; and θ = 45/R = 12. A commercial FEA package was used to simulate the file rotating in the canal to determine the ‘screw-in’ force and reaction torque on the instrument. Results Instruments of a square cross-section had the highest ‘screw-in’ force and reaction torsional stresses followed by the rectangle, the triangle design and the slender-rectangle design, respectively. The file with closer pitch generated lower stresses, compared with that with longer pitch. The greater the root canal curvature, the higher the ‘screw-in’ force and reaction torque generated. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the ‘screw-in’ tendency depends on both the instrument geometry and canal curvature. Clinicians should be aware that certain instrument designs are prone to develop high ‘screw-in’ forces, requiring the operator to maintain control of the handpiece or to use a brushing action to prevent instruments being pulled into the canal.