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Thin films of cobalt–nickel alloys were galvanostatically deposited onto steel substrates from gluconate baths. Cathodic polarization curves were determined for the parent metals and Co–Ni alloy. The effects of bath composition, current density and temperature on cathodic current efficiency (CCE) and alloy composition were studied. The deposition of Co–Ni alloy is of anomalous type, in which the less noble metal (Co) is preferentially deposited. The CCE of codeposition is high and increases with increase in temperature and current density, but it decreases as the [Co2+]/[Ni2+] ratio in the bath increases. The percentage of Co in the deposit increases with increasing cathodic current density, temperature and increasing Co2+ ion concentration. The structure and surface morphology of the deposit were studied by XRD, ALSV and SEM. The results showed that the alloys consisted of a single solid solution phase with a hexagonal close packed structure.

The cathodic polarization, cathodic current efficiency of codeposition, composition and structure of Co–Cu alloy as a function of bath composition, current density and temperature were studied. Electrodeposition was carried out from solutions containing CuSO4 · 5H2O, CoSO4 · 7H2O, Na2SO4 and NH2CH2COOH. The cathodic current efficiency of codeposition (CCE) was high and it increased with increasing temperature and Cu2+ content in the bath, but it decreased with current density. The codeposition of Co–Cu alloys from these baths can be classified as regular. The Co content of the deposit increased with Co2+ content and current density and decreased with glycine concentration and temperature. The structure of the deposited alloys was characterized by anodic stripping and X-ray diffraction techniques. The data showed that the deposited alloys consisted of a single solid solution phase with a face-centred cubic (f.c.c.) structure.

An alkaline bath containing CoSO4 · 7H2O, ZnSO4 · 7H2O, Na2SO4 and NH2CH2COOH is proposed for the deposition of thin layers of Zn–Co alloys onto steel substrates. Electrodeposition was carried out at 0.216–1.080 A dm−2, pH 10 and 10–55 °C. The influence of bath composition, current density and temperature on galvanostatic cathodic polarization, cathodic current efficiency and alloy composition was studied. Different proportions of the two metals were obtained by using different deposition parameters, but at all Zn(II)/Co(II) ratios studied, preferential deposition of zinc occurred and anomalous codeposition took place. Increasing the bath temperature enhanced the cobalt content in the deposit. X-ray diffraction measurements indicated that the phase structure of the deposits was controlled by the applied current density. The Co5Zn21 phase was formed at low current density, while the CoZn13 phase was formed at high current density. The potentiodynamic dissolution of the coatings showed that they contained Zn–Co alloy of different content and structure.

A simple procedure for the formation and fixation of a reactive dye, having a high-affinity skeleton, within the interstices of cotton fibres is described. It involves dyeing cotton with Direct Blue 2, followed by treating the dyed fibre with cyanuric chloride and finally reacting the dichlorotriazinyl-dye, presumably formed in situ, with the neighbouring cellulosic chains. Factors affecting dye fixation and the mechanisms involved are studied.

Turbulent premixed combustion under certain conditions may lead tolarge flame speeds sufficient to cause significant damage to nearby structures. Experiments, both large and small scale, have confirmed that obstructions cause severe flame acceleration to occur. In these cases, flame speeds as high as 800 ms−1 may be achieved. In this work experimental investigation of some factors affecting flame acceleration in a semiconfined channel has ben carried out. The experimental facility and the developed ionization gap measuring technique are also described. It has been found that the presence of obstacles, degree of confinement, heiht of fuelair cloud (FAC), as well as fuel concentration gradient in the FAC have profound effects on the rate at which the flame accelerates. Finally, consideration of the flame acceleration as a possible mechanism for the transition to detonation will be discussed.

This study outlines the kinetic rate of adsorption of three commercial anionic direct dyestuffs by two types of Egyptian kaolinite, i.e. Sinai and Kalabsha. The structure of the dyestuffs, as well as the structure of kaolinites. plays a great role in dye adsorption. The Sinai kaolinite shows a higher apparent ion-exchange capacity than the Kalabsha one. Some factors affecting dye adsorption are investigated, e.g. kaolinite and dye concentration, shaking time, temperature and addition of electrolytes.

Addition of the reactive compound 2,4-dichloro-6-(4-sulphoanilino)-s-triazine to dyebath solutions of several direct dyes under specified conditions generally leads to an increase in colour strength of dyed fabrics even after several washings. This increment depends, however, on the structure of dyestuff used. Direct Blue 2 (C.I. 22590) seems to be most suited for this procedure. Factors affecting the colour strength of the latter dye under different conditions were investigated.