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Telomerase is a reverse transcriptase that adds repetitive telomere sequences to the end of chromosomes, which is thought to be essential for cellular immortality and oncogenesis. The enzyme consists of three subunits: human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), human telomerase RNA (hTR), and telomerase protein 1 (TP1). The hTERT subunit determines the activity of telomerase as an enzyme and is detected in most human tumors and regenerative cells. But many studies have revealed that hTR and TP1 are expressed constitutively. This resuts suggest that the hTR and TP1 subunits may be potentially good markers of endogenous RNA control. Endometrial dating was determined from the pathomorphology of the endometrium and classified into normal proliferative endometrium, endometrial hyperplasia (simple, complex, and atypical), and endometrial adenocarcinoma. The analysis of the expression of the hTERT, TP1, and hTR telomerase subunits was performed by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction method, based on fluorescent TaqMan methodology (ABI Prism 7 700 Sequence Detection System) capable of measuring fluorescence in real time. The aim of the study was an analysis of the expression profiles of genes encoding hTR and TP1 telomerase subunits in normal endometrium, endometrial hyperplasia, and adenocarcinoma forthe estimation of the possibility of once application in endogenous RNA control of gene analysis in the endometrium. The nonparametric Mann–Whitney U test and analysis of variance Friedman test were used to evaluate the variation in telomerase subunit mRNA level between normal endometrium, and endometrial hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma. The results confirm the hTR subunit expression as a good marker of endogenous control in quantitative analysis of gene transcription in endometrial tissue. TP1 subunit transcriptions have not been detected constitutively in our study.

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1) is secreted by activated macrophages and endothelial cells, and is involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. There is need to develop drugs that inhibit excessive infiltration of monocytes and lymphocytes to the arterial wall and central nervous system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of apigenin on the synthesis and release of MCP-1 by J774.2 macrophages in vitro. Apigenin studied at higher doses (10 and 30 microM) diminished MCP-1 release in lipopolysaccharide activated J774.2 macrophages. Apigenin administered at lower doses (3.1 and 0.3 microM) did not change secretion of MCP-1 in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Apigenin treated at a dose of 30 microM strongly reduced the number of MCP-1 mRNA copies in J774.2 cells. These results suggest that apigenin possesses anti-inflammatory properties and that apigenin inhibited MCP-1 production at the transcriptional level.

Flavonoids have been reported to bring benefits in lowering inflammation, oxidative stress and exert positive effects in cancer and cardiovascular and chronic inflammatory diseases. Apigenin, kaempferol and resveratrol present in fruits, vegetables and grain were investigated for their effect on the synthesis of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) at transcriptional level in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated J774.2 macrophages. Apigenin (30 microM), kaempferol (30 microM) and resveratrol (50 microM) significantly decreased the number of TNF-alpha mRNA copies in LPS-activated J774.2 macrophages. Apigenin and kaempferol caused inhibition of IL-1beta gene expression in J774.2 macrophages, but resveratrol was ineffective. These results indicate that apigenin, kaempferol and resveratrol exert inhibitory effects on the TNF-alpha and except for of resveratrol on IL-1beta gene expression in J774.2 macrophages at the transcriptional level. In addition, the studied compounds may be the mediators responsible for protective role of a diet high in fruits and vegetables in the cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases.

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is produced by activated macrophages, and is involved in pathogenesis of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. There is a need to develop drugs that inhibit excessive infiltration of monocytes and lymphocytes to the arterial wall and central nervous system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of kaempferol on the (MCP-1) gene expression and MCP-1 protein release by J774.2 macrophage cultures in vitro. Kaempferol given both before and after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration reduced secretion of MCP-1. Kaempferol administered before LPS stimulation significantly decreased the number of copies of MCP-1 mRNA. The results suggest that kaempferol inhibits MCP-1 production at the transcriptional level, and that this is an additional anti-inflammatory mechanism of action of this flavonoid.