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This study aims to investigate the effect of cow’s rumen and rice straw ratio on hydrolysis as well as sulfuric acid concentration, temperature, and time were also examined. The fermentation was also carried out, with the main focus on the effect of the yeast concentration. The more straw in the material, the higher the glucose. In the rumen and straw ratio of 40:60 and 80:20%, 0.3 M sulfuric acid, 90 oC, and 60 minutes, the glucose was 10.60 and 5.87 g/L. Hydrolysis at 90 was better than 80 oC. In the rumen and straw mixture of 40:60%, 0.6 M sulfuric acid, and 75 minutes, the glucose was 18.47 and 15.11 g/L. The catalyst concentration of 0.6 was also better than 0.3 M, in which the glucose could reach 17.32 and 8.46 g/L at a rumen and straw ratio of 0:100, 90 oC, and 45 minutes. Glucose in the hydrolysate could be fermented well. The higher the yeast concentration, the higher the ethanol content, respectively 1.22, 1.35, and 1.52% in 72 hours at yeast concentrations of 9, 15, and 20 g/L. Ethanol rose sharply within 24 hours and after 72 hours it continued to rise even though it started to slow down at 60 hours.

Research has been conducted on the partnership pattern of beef cattle fattening businesses in Semarang District, Central Java Province from August 2021 to July 2022. It aimed to look at production costs, profits, profit sharing, satisfaction, convenience, and benefits for farmers. There were three rearing patterns. Pattern 1 (partnership pattern 1): Investors cover the production costs of cattle breeds and concentrates. Farmers provide grass, cowshed, and labor. Pattern 2 (partnership pattern 2): Investors cover the cost of producing cattle breeds. Farmers provide concentrates, grass, cowshed, and labor. Pattern 3: independent farmers. The research method was a survey through interviews with investors, farmers, and observations of fattened cattle. Twenty-seven Simental cattle breeds were used in this research that involved 18 farmers. The collected data included feeding, weight gain, production costs, profits, profit sharing, and participants’ responses to partnership patterns. The obtained data were analysed descriptively. The research results showed the average weight gain/head/day for Patterns 1, 2, and 3 were 1.02, 1.01, and 0.97 kg, and benifit each IDR 1,119,390/month, IDR 1,120,000/month, and IDR 1,212,020/month was earned. Compared to the partnership pattern, the response of independent farmers was the highest since it was the most satisfying, the easiest, and provides the most benefits.

There are three types of livestock feed as palm oil by-product, namely feed for fattening, feed for breeding and concentrates. This study aims to analyze the finansial feasibility of producing feed from palm oil waste and to analyze the added value of product from bio-industrial agricultural based on palm oil-cattle. This study was conducted in farmer group of bio-industrial agriculture in Sumber Makmur, Parenggean, Kotawaringin, Central Kalimantan, in December 2019. Data collection was carried out through Focus Group Discussion. To analyze the finansial feasibility, used investment criteria: net benefit-cost ratio, break even point, and payback period, while to determine the added value of the product, used the Hayami method. The result showed that from net B/C ratio, BEP (rupiah and unit), and payback period, the business of animal feed for fattening, breeding, and concentrates are profitable. Among the three business of feed, business feed for fattening is more profitable than others. The ratio of the added value of each livestock feed business between 0,89-0.94. The result of the study showed that the three of feed business were feasible to develop. It can be considered by other farmer groups and investors to develop livestock feed business from oil palm cultivation waste.