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The present investigation was carried out to explore the bioactive compounds from the n-hexane fraction of methanolic extract of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) roots. For this purpose, C. quinoa roots were collected, shade dried, and crushed into a fine powder. The powdered material was extracted in methanol, filtered, and the filtrate was partitioned with n-hexane, followed by GC-MS analysis of the n-hexane fraction. The quantitative determination of this fraction revealed the presence of 15 phytochemical constituents of diverse nature. Among these, octadec-9-enoic acid (44.18%); n-hexadecanoic acid (18.87%); methyl (Z)-octadec-9-enoate (12.87%); methyl hexadecanoate (4.30%); 2,3-dihydroxypropyl elaidate (3.63%); phthalic acid (3.08%); methyl octadecanoate (2.27%) and 1,12-tridecadiene (2.00%) were prevailing as the most abundant to moderately occurring compounds. A thorough literature survey was carried out to collect information regarding the pharmaceutical properties of the identified compounds. It showed some of the identified compounds namely dodecanoic acid; tetradecanoic acid; 2-benzoyl-d-galactosan; n-hexadecanoic acid; methyl octadecanoate; octadec-9-enoic acid; and 2,3- dihydroxypropyl elaidate possess antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and/or anticancer properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) is an important tree species that is known to posses anthelmintic, contraceptive, antimicrobial, antidiabetic and sedative properties. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify various compounds present in the leaf extract of neem and to enlist various biological activities of these compounds through literature survey. Methodology: Extract of neem was obtained by soaking 100 g dry powdered leaves in 1000 mL methanol followed by filtration. This was successively fractioned using n-hexane and chloroform. Results: GCMS analysis of the chloroform fraction was performed and 7 compounds namely 2-pentanol, acetate (9.72%); decane (8.96%); 11-oxa-dispiro[4.0.4.1]undecan-1-ol (6.56%); nonanoic acid, 9-(3-hexenylidenecyclopropylidene)-, 2- hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)- (7.13%); quinoline-4-carboxamide, 2-phenyl-N-n-octyl- (9.79%); nonacosane (44.27%) and tetratriacontane (13.43%) were identified. Conclusion: Literature survey showed that the identified compounds possessed antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiviral properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to analyze the phytochemical profile of Euphorbia prostrata Aiton through GC-MS and identification of possible antifungal, antibacterial and other pesticidal compounds through literature survey. Whole plant material of the weed was collected from Lahore, Pakistan and shade dried followed by two-week extraction in ethyl acetate. The filtrates were analyzed by GC-MS that showed the presence of 19 compounds. The major compound in the extract was 9,19-cyclolanost-24-en-3-ol, (3β)- (24.62%) followed by 9,19-cyclolanostan-3-ol, 24-methylene-, (3β)- (19.51%) and γ-sitosterol (12.51%). Other compounds were phytol (8.11%), n-hexadecanoic acid (6.15%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, (Z,Z,Z)- (4.90%), neophytadiene (4.88%), cyclohexane, 1,3,5-triphenyl- (3.71%), hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (3.04%), phenol, 2,2'-methylenebis[6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl- (2.42%), octadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (2.24%), octacosane (2.11%), 1-heptacosanol (1.71%), stigmasta-5,24(28)-dien-3-ol, (3β,24Z)- (1.71%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, ethyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)- (1.29%), oxirane, hexadecyl- (1.21), 9,12- octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (1.05%), Z-8-methyl-9-tetradecenoic acid (1.01%), and 9-octadecyne (0.76%). Literature survey revealed that eight compounds possess antibacterial, antifungal, nematicidal and/or insecticidal properties. Most of the pesticidal compounds were antibacterial in nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton is a medicinal weed of family Asclepiadaceae. This study was carried out to explore the biochemical profile of C. procera flowers collected from Southern Punjab region of Pakistan. Methanolic flower extract of C. procera was subjected to GC-MS analysis. There were 30 compounds identified in this extract. The predominant compound was ?-sitosterol with 15.39% peak area. Other abundantly occurring compounds included stigmasterol (9.22%), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester (9.01%), campesterol (8.63%), a-amyrin acetate (8.25%), ß-amyrin (8.09%), hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (7.91%), 11-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (6.15%), and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (5.66%). Moderately abundant compounds included nonacos-1-ene (2.83%), methyl stearate (1.57%), pentacosane (1.44%), phytol (1.33%), heptacos-1-ene (1.20%), heneicosane (1.19%), and 1-hexacosene (1.09%). The remaining less abundant compounds were present with peak areas less than 1%. Literature survey showed that the major compounds identified in the flower extract of C. procera possess various bioactivities including ant-diabetic, anticancer, antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., commonly known as creeping thistle, is a weed of Asteraceae. This study was undertaken to explore various phytoconstituents present in flower of this weed. To achieve this goal, the dried flowers of this weed were soaked in methanol for one week and filtered. This methanolic extract was subjected to GC-MS analysis and 7 compounds were identified. These included olean-12-en-3-ol, acetate, (3β)- (63.87%), lanosta-8,24-dien-3-ol, acetate, (3β)- (12.12%), β-amyrin (6.19%), γ-sitosterol (6.09%), α-amyrin (5.24%), stigmasterol (3.29%) and carbonic acid, 2-ethylhexyl heptadecyl ester (3.16%). Literature survey showed that these compounds possess antiinflamatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidant and/or anticancer activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to identify antimicrobial phytoconstituents present in n-butanol soluble part of methanolic flower extract of Cassia fistula L. The flowers were dipped in methanol for two weeks, filtered and the solvent was evaporated on a rotary evaporator. The n-butanol fraction was separated in a separating funnel and analyzed by GCMS. There were 18 phytoconstituents in this fraction. The most abundant compound was 1H-indene, octahydro-, ciswith 35.13% peak area followed by cyclohexene, 1-butyl- (21.88%) and cyclohexane, butyl- (12.87%). Other compounds included 9-heptadecanol (3.70%), behenic alcohol (1.63%), decane, 3-methyl- (2.90%), cyclohexane, 1- methyl-3-(1-methylethenyl)-, cis- (1.25%), 3-hexanol, 5-methyl- (1.67%), acetaldehyde isopentyl propyl acetal (1.69%), undecane (2.12%), 1,3-dioxane, 2-ethyl-5-methyl- (1.13%), acetaldehyde butyl pentyl acetal (3.04%), acetaldehyde dipentyl acetal (3.24%), cycloheptasiloxane, tetradecamethyl- (1.11%), Cyclooctasiloxane, hexadecamethyl- (1.77%), cyclononasiloxane, octadecamethyl- (1.48%), n-hexadecanoic acid (2.01%), and tetracosamethyl-cyclododecasiloxane (1.46%). A thorough literature survey showed that n-hexadecanoic acid; cyclohexane, butyl-; cyclooctasiloxane, hexadecamethyl-; cyclononasiloxane, octadecamethyl- and behenic alcohol in n-butanol fraction possess antifungal, antibacterial and/or antiviral properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nettle leaf goosefoot (Chenopodium murale L.) is a common winter weed of Chenopodiaceae. Studies have shown that extracts of this weed possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, larvicidal and nematicidal activities. In the present study, n-hexane soluble fraction of methanolic stem extract of this weed was subjected to GC-MS analysis to identify various biologically active constituents. There were 28 compounds in this fraction. Major compounds included oleic acid (16.55%), palmitic acid (11.22%), ß-sitosterol (9.63%), hexadecanoic acid (7.71%) and methyl oleate (5.90%). Other prominent compounds were piperine (4.75%), nonacosane (4.69%), monoplalmitin (4.21%), λ-sitosterol (3.91%), methyl linoleate (3.88%), neocurdione (3.86%) and ethanonone (3.25%). The compounds such as stigmasterol (2.92%), 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid (2.78%), tetracosanoic acid (1.19%), stearic acid (1.36%), tridecanoic acid (1.35%), tridecanal (1.30%), phytol (1.29%), docosanoic acid, methyl ester (1.23%), octadecanoic acid (1.20%), 4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid (1.05%), 2-hydroxy-2-phenylbutanamide (0.91%), hexacosanoic acid (0.76%), cholestrol (0.61%), methyl octacosanoate (0.55%) and tetracosanoic acid (0.30%) were present in low concentrations. A thorough literature survey showed that most of the identified compounds possessed antifungal and/or antibacterial properties while very few of them also possessed antioxidant potential. This study concludes that n-hexane soluble fraction of methanolic stem extract of C. murale is a big storehouse of antimicrobial compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out to find out mycochemical profile of culture filtrates of Alternaria japonica through GC-MS analysis. The fungus was incubated for 21 days using malt extract broth as growth medium. Culture filtrate was filtered and concentrated by evaporating water at 45 °C. Filtrates were partitioned using n-hexane followed by chloroform. Both the organic solvent fractions were analyzed through GC-MS. In n-hexane and chloroform fractions, 14 and 10 compounds were identified, respectively. Major compounds in n-hexane fraction were o-xylene (36.9%); ethyl benzene (19.3%), hexane, 2-4-dimethyl- (16.8%), 1-2 dimethylbenzene (7.56%), cyclohexane, 1-ethyl-1-methyl (3.36%), heptane, 2,5-dimethyl- (3.36%) and octane, 4-methyl- (2.52%). Likewise, predominant compounds in chloroform fraction were octane-4 methyl (24.62%), carbonic dihydrazine (16.41%), octane, 2,4,6-trimethyl (12.56%), hydrazine, (1,1-dimethylethyl) (8.75%), 16-hexadecanoyl hydrazide (7.66%) and stearic acid hydrazide (7.08%). Literature surveyed showed that many compounds identified in both the fractions possess antimicrobial, pharmacological, antioxidant, antidepressant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial activity of methanolic flower extract of Plumeria alba and identification of the possible antimicrobial compounds through GC–MS analysis. Antimicrobial efficacy of the methanolic extract of 5 ppm to 1000 ppm concentrations was assessed against five fungal (Trichoderma viride, T. reesei, T. harzianum, T. hamatum and T. koningii) and five bacterial species (Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp. and Staphylococcus sp.). In general, all the concentrations of the extract significantly reduced growth of all the fungal and bacterial species. However, there was a significant variation in susceptibility of different fungal and bacterial species to the applied concentrations of the extract. The extract was the most effective against T. reesii followed by T. viride, T. harzianum, T. hamatum and T. koningii causing 11–97%, 36–90%, 24–86%, 7–77% and 9–76% reduction in their growth. Similarly, there was 23–93%, 12–92%, 36–90%, 19–90% and 8–84% reduction in growth of Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus sp., E. coli , Pseudomonas sp., and Salmonella sp., respectively, due to different concentrations of methanolic extract. GC–MS analysis of the extract showed the presence of 21 constituents. The most abundant compound was benzofuran, 2,3-dihydro- (27.95%). Other important compounds included cyclononanone (14.59%), 9-octadecyne (14.29%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)- (10.28%), benzyl alcohol (5.57%), 1-decanol, 2-hexyl- (5.44%), 2,6-octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, acetate, (Z)- (3.76%), 4H-pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl- (2.48%) and heptadecane (2.43%). It is concluded that methanolic extract of P. alba flowers has the potential to control both fungal as well as bacterial growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]