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Konophora marmorea Hutton, 1879 Hutton, 1879. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 11 (1878): 332. Type material. Holotype, by monotypy (Hutton 1879: 332), in Otago Museum, Dunedin, according to Suter (1913: 796), but not found by Burton (1963: 53) or during a search of the molluscan collection in 2017 (Emma Burns and Kane Fleury pers. comm.), and apparently lost. Type locality. ‘Dunedin, in the bush’ (Hutton 1879: 332). Remarks. The original description was based on a single individual (Hutton 1879: 332). There are no published illustrations of the holotype of Konophora marmorea, which was collected in Dunedin by the Articulator to the University of Otago Museum, Mr. F.J. Bourne (Hutton 1884c: 206, incorrectly cited as Browne by Hutton, 1879: 332). Hutton (1882i: 158, pl. 5, figs. 1–9) subsequently described and illustrated the external morphology and anatomy of another individual of K. marmorea that he had obtained from Professor T.J. Parker of the University of Otago. This is probably the same specimen that Hutton (1898 – 1900: 10) referred to as a ‘cotype’ of Athoracophorus (Konophora) marmorea in his List of types in the Canterbury Museum. This specimen, which is here considered to be a topotype, rather than primary type material, was not found during a search of the CMNZ collection in 2017 and is apparently lost. However, the molluscan collection at CMNZ has a radula mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Janella marmorea, Dunedin, XIV p. 159’ in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.120), which appears to be the same one that was illustrated by Hutton (1882i: pl. 5, fig. 8). The molluscan collection at NHMUK contains a preserved specimen from Dunedin, confusingly labelled ‘ Konophora marmorata Hutton’, which was sent from Otago Museum to London as an exhibit in the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886, and subsequently purchased by the British Museum (i.e., NHMUK 1886.11.18.22). This is possibly the specimen that Cockerell (1891b: 217) listed as ‘ Athoracophorus marmoreus forma nov. ’; he noted that this specimen “differs very much in colour from Hutton’s description of the type”, but this is not taxonomically significant, because athoracophorids typically loose pigmentation rapidly in alcohol (G.M. Barker pers. comm. 2020). Barker (2018: 216, 229) treated NHMUK 1886.11.18.22 as the holotype of K. marmorea Hutton, 1879, but this is not consistent with Suter’s (1913: 796) statement that the type was in Otago Museum. Furthermore, neither the NHMUK molluscan accessions register nor the specimen label of NHMUK 1886.11.18.22 list the collector, refer to this as a type specimen, or state that the identification was by F.W. Hutton. Suter (1913: 796) recorded Athoracophorus (Conophora) marmorea from several widely scattered localities throughout New Zealand. Burton (1963: 52, 53), in a review of New Zealand Athoracophoridae, noted that Konophora marmorea “is almost unrecognizable from Hutton’s description, and until the type specimen is found …. must remain incertae sedis ”. Burton (1963: 53, 54) considered that all of Suter’s (1913: 796) locality records of marmorea except for Dunedin, the type locality, referred to another species. He proposed the new name Athoracophorus suteri Burton, 1963 for A. marmorea sensu Suter, 1913 [non K. marmorea Hutton], listed the ‘type’ as being in the Otago Museum, Dunedin, but did not provide information as to where or by whom the type material had been collected, and he did not select a type locality. No record of type material of A. suteri was found during a search of the Otago Museum collection in 2017 (Emma Burns and Kane Fleury, pers. comm.). Barker (2018: 237) treated A. suteri Burton as an objective synonym of K. marmorea Hutton, 1879, incorrectly stating that it had the same type locality, and was inadvertently based on the same type material, as the latter species. However, this taxonomic decision does not stand scrutiny. The original description of A. suteri Burton, 1963 explicitly stated that this species is not conspecific with K. marmorea Hutton, 1879 and, contrary to Barker’s assertion, Burton (1963: 54) did not record A. suteri from Dunedin. Burton’s statement that the type material of suteri was in the Otago Museum probably was an error, but that in itself does not constitute inadvertent typification “by reference to the type of K. marmorea Hutton, 1879 ”, as suggested by Barker (2018: 237). Taxonomy: taxon inquirendum—this study Distribution. New Zealand; at present the only definite records of Konophora marmorea Hutton are from Dunedin (Hutton 1879, 1882i; Burton 1963)., Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on pages 19-20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Suter, H. (1913) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 1120 pp.","Burton, D. W. (1963) A revision of the New Zealand and subantarctic Athoracophoridae. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Zoology, 3, 47 - 75.","Hutton, F. W. (1884 c) Revision of the land Mollusca of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 186 - 212. [May]","Hutton, F. W. (1882 i) Notes on some anatomy of the bitentaculate slugs of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 14, 158 - 161. [May]","Hutton, F. W. (1898 - 1900) List of types in the Canterbury Museum. Unpublished handwritten list, original at Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, photocopy held with the dry type collection at Museum of New Zealand, Te Papa Tongarewa, 10 pp.","Hutton, F. W. (1900) Note on Paryphanta lignaria. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 32, 22. [June]","Cockerell, T. D. A. (1891 b) On the geographical distribution of slugs. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 59 (2), 214 - 226. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1891. tb 01744. x","Barker, G. M. (2018) Nomenclatural and type catalogue of Athoracophoridae (Mollusca: Eupulmonata: Succineoidea): a synopsis of the first 185 years of biodiscovery in the South West Pacific region. Zootaxa, 4434 (2), 201 - 249. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4434.2.1"]}

Charopa miranda Hutton, 1883 Pl. 3, fig. F Hutton, 1883. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 476. Type material. Lectotype (designated by Marshall & Barker 2008: 145), CMNZ M12780 [ex M239], and paralectotypes, CMNZ M239 (1), CMNZ M12785 [ex M239] (4) (dry shells). Paralectotypes in CMNZ M12785 are Granallodiscus mayhillae Marshall & Barker, 2008, according to Marshall & Barker (2008: 145). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has radula fragments mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Psyra miranda, Greymouth, XVI p. 180’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.70), which is probably primary type material (see descriptions of radula and jaw by Hutton 1884b: 181). Label details. CMNZ M239—‘59. Psyra miranda Hutton, Greymouth’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting. Type locality. ‘Greymouth (R. Helms)’ (Hutton 1883g: 476, 1884b: 181). Previous illustrations of type material. Jaw and radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1884b: pl. 9, fig. W, pl. 11, fig. S) probably from type material; Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: 68, 303, pl. 22, figs. 40–42—‘drawn from Prof. Hutton’s type’, ‘H. Suter, del.’); Suter (1915: pl. 9, figs. 3, a, b—possibly type material). Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 180), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 476). There has been confusion over the identity and distribution of Charopa miranda Hutton, 1883, as indicated in synonymies by Marshall & Barker (2008). In order to stabilize the nomenclature the last-mentioned authors designated a lectotype of miranda (CMNZ M12780), illustrated here in pl. 3 fig. F, which they also designated as a neotype of Helix granum Pfeiffer, 1857, thus making Charopa miranda Hutton, 1883 a junior synonym of the latter taxon. According to Marshall & Barker (2008: 146, fig. 33B), this species has a wide distribution in the southeastern North Island and northern South Island. Current taxonomy. An objective junior synonym of Granallodiscus granum (Pfeiffer, 1857) — Marshall & Barker (2008: 145)., Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on pages 30-32, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Marshall, B. A. & Barker, G. M. (2008) A revision of the New Zealand landsnails referred to Allodiscus Pilsbry, 1892 and Pseudallodiscus Climo, 1971, with the introduction of three new genera (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Charopidae). Tuhinga: Records of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 19, 57 - 167.","Hutton, F. W. (1884 b) Notes on New Zealand land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 161 - 186. [May]","Hutton, F. W. (1883 g) Meetings of Societies. Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Christchurch, 7 th June, 1883. Notes on New Zealand land shells, with descriptions of new species. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1 (10), 475 - 477. [July]","Suter, H. (1915) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca, Atlas of Plates. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 72 pls.","Hutton, F. W. (1883 a) Notes on the structure of Struthiolaria papulosa. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 15, 117 - 118. [May]"]}

Rhytida citrina Hutton, 1882 Pl. 6, fig. D Hutton, 1882. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 282. Type material. Three syntypes formerly in Canterbury Museum, Christchurch (Hutton 1898 – 1900, Suter 1913: 772), but reported as missing by Powell (1946: 129), and not found during a search of the CMNZ molluscan collection in 2017. However, the collection at CMNZ does contain a radula mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Rhytida citrina, Greymouth, XVI p. 167’, Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.9), which is possibly primary type material (see radula descriptions by Hutton 1883d: 139, 1884b: 167, pl. 10, fig. R). Type locality. Listed as ‘Greymouth (R. Helms)’ by Hutton (1882p: 282, 1883d: 139); designated here as Mt Davy, Rewanui (see neotype designation below). Previous illustrations of type material. Radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1884b: pl. 10, fig. R) possibly from type material; Suter (1915: pl. 30, fig. 14). Remarks. Hutton submitted descriptions of two new species of Rhytida from Greymouth, R. citrina and R. patula, to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1882, but publication was delayed until May 1883 (Hutton 1883d: 139), and was pre-empted by brief descriptions of both taxa in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1882p: 282). A description by Hutton (1884b: 167, pl. 10, fig. R) of a radula of citrina was possibly based on CMNZ 2017.17.9 mentioned above. Suter (1913: 772) stated that the type material of R. citrina in the Canterbury Museum consisted of three shells, the largest of which had a maximum diameter of 7.75 mm. This type material was apparently subsequently lost. Powell (1946: 129) stated that he had “not seen the types which Dr. Falla has been unable to locate in the Canterbury collections”, but mentioned the existence of “two of Hutton’s Greymouth specimens [of citrina] in the Canterbury Museum”, which he reported as having major diameters of 8.5 mm and 5.5 mm, respectively. These two specimens, both juvenile shells, correspond to lots CMNZ M1416 and M5456 [ex M1416], respectively. Freeman et al. (1997: 30) listed these two lots, and CMNZ M123 [ex ZS 818], as syntypes of R. citrina, but this does not stand scrutiny. The last-mentioned lot is from Buller River, which is not the type locality of citrina. The collector is not stated in the CMNZ molluscan catalogue but was probably Julius von Haast (see Hutton (1884c: 208). The catalogue indicates that lots M1416 and M5456 from Greymouth, along with M1417 from Balclutha, were all identified as citrina and were included in ‘old No. 122’ in Hutton’s collection. Hutton’s original labels for this material have been lost or destroyed. The register does not state who the material from Greymouth was collected by, and there is no indication that these two specimens are primary type material of citrina. The specimens from Balclutha (M1417) were evidently collected by Hutton himself, and were identified as R. patula by Hutton (1884b: 167, 1884c: 208), and R. otagoensis by Powell (1930). Hutton (1882p: 282, 1883d: 139, 1884b: 167, 1884c: 208) described citrina and patula as differing from one another in shell and animal colouration, and radula features, but there has been confusion over the identity and distributions of these two taxa. Hutton (1884c: 208) recorded citrina from Greymouth and Buller River, and patula from Greymouth and Balclutha, respectively. Suter (1913: 772) treated them as separate species, but noted that the type material of R. citrina consisted of juvenile shells only, and observed that “it is not easy to separate this species from R. patula by shell characters alone”. Powell (1946: 129) considered that they were separate species with partly overlapping distributions, noting that “from Greymouth to the Buller River two forms occur, a reddish-brown one with a greatly accelerated last whorl, which is definitely patula, and a yellowish-olive one with closely coiled whorls, which is almost certainly the adult of citrina ”. His interpretation of citrina was based mainly on the specimen from Buller River in CMNZ M123, mentioned above. Powell (1946: 129, text fig. C1) described this specimen, which has since been badly damaged, as “an adult or nearly so, of 18.5 mm diameter, with “closely coiled whorls and the yellowish-olive coloration of citrina ”. He recorded R. citrina from Maruia Springs, Rewanui, and Lake Kaniere, in addition to Hutton’s records from Greymouth and Buller River. Parkinson (1979: 10), Powell (1979: 345), Spencer & Willan (1996) and Spencer et al. (2009) all listed R. citrina and R. patula as separate species, though the firstmentioned author noted that citrina was rather poorly known. Conversely, Efford (1998: 11) cast doubt on the putative differences in shell coloration and coiling between R. citrina and R. patula, noting that he was unable to detect these “once allowance is made for age-related changes in shell shape”. He suggested that most previous records of citrina were referable to R. patula, but that some may have been based on R. perampla Powell, 1946. Recent field surveys and preliminary results of a phylogenetic study (F. Brook & M. Kennedy unpub. data) indicate that there are two species of Rhytida in the vicinity of Greymouth that correspond to Hutton’s citrina and patula, respectively. Given that the whereabouts of the type material of the former is not known, and in order to prevent further confusion over the identity of this species and stabilise the nomenclature, we designate a specimen from Mt Davy, Rewanui, illustrated in pl. 6, fig. D (NMNZ M.329343), as the neotype of Rhytida citrina Hutton, 1882. As interpreted here R. citrina is considerably more widely distributed in the northwestern South Island than was previously recognised (below). Assigned to genus Rhytida Albers, 1860 by Hutton (1882) and subsequent authors, but this placement requires re-evaluation (M. Kennedy & T. King unpub. data). Current taxonomy. Rhytida citrina Hutton, 1882 — Hutton (1884b: 167, 1884c: 208), Hedley & Suter (1893: 631), Suter (1894b: 286, 1913: 772), Powell (1946: 129, 1979: 345), Parkinson (1979: 10), Spencer et al. (2009: 218). Distribution. New Zealand, South Island from Cape Farewell south to Greymouth and Poplars Range, Lewis Pass (AIM and NMNZ collection records)., Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on pages 47-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Hutton, F. W. (1898 - 1900) List of types in the Canterbury Museum. Unpublished handwritten list, original at Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, photocopy held with the dry type collection at Museum of New Zealand, Te Papa Tongarewa, 10 pp.","Hutton, F. W. (1900) Note on Paryphanta lignaria. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 32, 22. [June]","Suter, H. (1913) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 1120 pp.","Powell, A. W. B. (1946) The Paryphantidae of New Zealand. No. V. Further new species of Paryphanta, Wainuia and Rhytida. Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum, 3, 99 - 136.","Hutton, F. W. (1883 d) Descriptions of new land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 15, 134 - 141. [May]","Hutton, F. W. (1884 b) Notes on New Zealand land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 161 - 186. [May]","Hutton, F. W. (1882 p) Meetings of Societies, Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Christchurch, 7 th September, 1882. Descriptions of new land shells. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1 (6), 281 - 282. [November]","Suter, H. (1915) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca, Atlas of Plates. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 72 pls.","Freeman, A. N. D., Marshall, B. A., Maxwell, P. A., Walker, M. W. & Nicholls, D. C. (1997) Recent name-bearing molluscan types in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand. Records of the Canterbury Museum, 11, 17 - 41.","Hutton, F. W. (1884 c) Revision of the land Mollusca of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 186 - 212. [May]","Powell, A. W. B. (1930) The Paryphantidae of New Zealand: their hypothetical ancestry, with descriptions of new species and a new genus. Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum, 1, 17 - 56.","Parkinson, P. G. (1979) A Consideration of the Systematics of the New Zealand Rhytididae (Mollusca: Pulmonata) with a Repudiation of the Nonsensical ' Ring Species' Speculation lately indulged in by Dr Climo. Pettyfogging Press, Auckland, 22 pp.","Powell, A. W. B. (1979) New Zealand Mollusca: Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells. Collins, Auckland, xiv + 500 pp.","Spencer, H. G. & Willan, R. C. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Index to the Fauna, 3. Mollusca. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 105, 1 - 125.","Spencer, H. G., Marshall, B. A. & Willan, R. C. (2009) Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. In: Gordon, D. P. (Ed.), New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Vol. 1. Kingdom Animalia. Canterbury University Press. Christchurch, pp. 196 - 219.","Efford, M. (1998) Distribution and status of native carnivorous land snails in the genera Wainuia and Rhytida. Science for Conservation. 101. Department of Conservation, Wellington, 48 pp.","Albers, J. C. & Martens, E. C. von (1860) Die Heliceen nach naturlicher Verwandtschaft systematisch geordnet von Joh. Christ. Albers. Zweite Ausgabe. Engelmann, Leipzig, 359 pp.","Hedley, C. & Suter, H. (1893) Reference list of the land and freshwater Mollusca of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, Series 2, 7, 613 - 665. [May]","Suter, H. (1894 b) Liste synonymique et bibliographique des Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la Nouvelle-Zelande. Journal de Conchyliologie, 41, 220 - 293."]}

Limnaea (Amphipeplea) arguta Hutton, 1884 Pl. 1, fig. I Hutton, 1884. New Zealand Journal of Science, 2: 175. Type material. Syntypes, CMNZ M322 (1) and CMNZ M6050 (10) (dry shells). The molluscan collection at CMNZ also has a jaw and radulae mounted on glass slides with the label details ‘ Limnaea arguta, Christchurch, XVII p. 54’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.152 & 2017.17.154), which are probably primary type material (see description of radula by Hutton 1885c: 54). Label details. CMNZ M322—‘23. Limnaea arguta Hutton, R. Avon, Christchurch’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting. Type locality. ‘Christchurch’ (Hutton 1884h: 175); ‘River Avon, Christchurch’ (Hutton 1885c: 54). Previous illustrations of type material. Hutton (1885c: pl. 12, figs. 1, 10—shell, soft parts and radula), Dell (1956: figs. 22, 26, 32). Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1884, but publication was delayed until May 1885 (Hutton 1885c: 54), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1884h: 175). Treated as a junior synonym of the Australian species Limnaea lessoni Deshayes, 1831 by Hubendick (1951: 180), but according to Dell (1956: 76), Limnaea arguta Hutton is conspecific with Succinea tomentosa Pfeiffer, 1855. As noted in the preceding species entry, the latter taxon has a wide distribution in the North Island and South Island and is probably endemic to New Zealand. Current taxonomy. A junior synonym of Austropeplea tomentosa (Pfeiffer, 1855) — Dell (1956: 76 —in Simlimnea Iredale, 1943)., Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on page 16, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Hutton, F. W. (1885 c) The fresh water shells of New Zealand belonging to the family Limnaeidae. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 17, 54 - 58. [May]","Hutton, F. W. (1884 h) Meetings of Societies. Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Christchurch, 5 th June 1884. The fresh water shells of New Zealand belonging to the family Limnaeidae. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 2 (4), 175. [July]","Dell, R. K. (1956) The fresh-water Mollusca of New Zealand. Parts II and III. Part II-The species previously assigned to the genera Limnaea and Myxas. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 84, 71 - 81.","Hubendick, B. (1951) Recent Lymnaeidae; their variation, morphology, taxonomy, nomenclature and distribution. Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 3, 1 - 223.","Pfeiffer, L. (1855) Descriptions of a new genus and twenty-three new species of Pneumonopoma, from the collection of H. Cuming, Esq. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 23 (1), 101 - 106."]}

Limax molestus Hutton, 1879 Hutton, 1879. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 11 (1878): 331. Type material. Syntypes (11), OMNZ IV5714 (in alcohol), syntype (1), NHMUK 1886.11.18.26 (in alcohol). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has a radula mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Limax agrestis, Dunedin, XVI p. 167’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.86), which is probably primary type material of Limax molestus Hutton, 1879 (see radula description by Hutton 1882h: 154). Label details. OMNZ IV5714—‘ L. molestus Hutton, = Limax agrestis Hutton, Dunedin (in Hutton’s handwriting)’. NHMUK molluscan register details. 1886.11.18.26—‘ Limax molestus Hutton, Dunedin, Purchased of the Commission for the New Zealand, Indian and Colonial Exhibition 1886’. Type locality. ‘ Dunedin, Wellington, etc. Abundant everywhere’ (Hutton 1879: 331). Previous illustrations of type material. Hutton (1882h: 154, pl. 3, figs. H, P—as Limax agrestis; radula and jaw ‘from one of my type specimens from Dunedin’,). Remarks. The original label of the type material of Limax molestus at OMNZ has been lost or destroyed, but transcribed details indicate that this material was collected and identified by Hutton himself. A specimen of L. molestus that was mentioned by Cockerell & Collinge (1893: 201) as being “in the British Museum … from Dunedin (Otago Univ. Mus.)” is possibly a syntype (NHMUK 1886.11.18.26). It was evidently sent to London as an exhibit in the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886 and was subsequently purchased by the British Museum. There has been confusion over the identity L. molestus. Hutton (1879: 331) noted that it was “closely allied to L. agrestis of Europe’, but differed in some anatomical characters. Its distribution was initially listed as New Zealand only (Hutton 1879: 331, 1880: 25), but it was subsequently treated as a junior synonym of Limax agrestis Linnaeus, 1758 (Hutton 1882h: 154; Hutton 1884c: 212; Musson 1891: 891; Suter 1892b: 279; Cockerell & Collinge 1893: 175, 201; Hedley & Suter, 1893: 665; Suter 1913: 1071) and Limax laevis Müller, 1774 (Grimpe & Hoffmann 1925: 408). Barker (1979: 427) inferred that early records of L. agrestis from New Zealand were misidentifications of Deroceras reticulatum (Müller, 1774). He listed L. molestus as a junior synonym of the latter taxon, noting that ‘Hutton’s brief description appears to fall within the general description of this species’, albeit without examination of type material. Deroceras reticulatum is native to Europe, and has a wide adventive distribution including in central Asia, North and South America, South Africa, islands of the Atlantic and Indian oceans, Australia, New Zealand and some Pacific islands (Barker 1999: 39; Wiktor 2000: 509; Herbert 2010; Welter-Schultes, 2012: 469). In New Zealand this species is present mostly in modified habitats, throughout the North and South Islands, and on Rakiura/Stewart, Chatham, Auckland and Campbell islands (Barker 1999: 39, 40, map 3). Current taxonomy. A subjective junior synonym of Deroceras reticulatum (Müller, 1774) — Barker (1979: 427, 1982: 179, 1999: 38). Family ARIONIDAE Gray, 1840, Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on pages 53-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Hutton, F. W. (1882 h) Notes on some pulmonate Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 14, 150 - 158. [May]","Cockerell, T. D. A. & Collinge, W. E. (1893) A checklist of the slugs. The Conchologist, 2, 168 - 176 + 185 - 232. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10454","Hutton, F. W. (1884 c) Revision of the land Mollusca of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 186 - 212. [May]","Musson, C. T. (1891) On the naturalised forms of land and fresh-water Mollusca in Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, Series 2, 15, 883 - 896. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 18668","Suter, H. (1892 b) List of the introduced land and fresh-water Mollusca of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 24, 279 - 281.","Hedley, C. & Suter, H. (1893) Reference list of the land and freshwater Mollusca of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, Series 2, 7, 613 - 665. [May]","Suter, H. (1913) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 1120 pp.","Grimpe, G. & Hoffmann, H. (1925) Die Nacktschnecken von Neu-Caledonien, den Loyalty-Inseln und den Neuen Hebriden. In: Sarasin, F. & Roux, J. (Eds.), Nova Caledonia, Series A, Zoologie, 3 (10), pp. 339 - 476.","Barker, G. M. (1979) The introduced slugs of New Zealand (Gastropoda: Pulmonata). New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 6 (3), 411 - 437. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.1979.10428382","Barker, G. M. (1999) Naturalised terrestrial Stylommatophora (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Fauna of New Zealand 38. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, 254 pp.","Wiktor, A. (2000) Agriolimacidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) - a systematic monograph. Annales Zoologici, 49, 347 - 590.","Herbert, D. G. (2010) The introduced terrestrial Mollusca of South Africa. SANBI Biodiversity Series 15. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, 108 pp.","Welter-Schultes, F. W. (2012) European Non-Marine Molluscs, a Guide for Species Identification: Bestimmungsbuch fur europaische Land-und Susswassermollusken. Planet Poster Editions, Gottingen, 760 pp.","Barker, G. M. (1982) Notes on the introduced terrestrial Pulmonata (Gastropoda: Mollusca) of New Zealand. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 48, 174 - 181. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. mollus. a 065634"]}

Phrixgnathus celia Hutton, 1883 Pl. 5, fig. B Hutton, 1883. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 476. Type material. Lectotype (designated here), CMNZ M1375.1, and paralectotypes (6), CMNZ M1375.2 – 7 (dry shells). Label details. ‘Dunedin, F.W. Hutton Coll. pill box no. 112’. CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M1375—‘ Phrixgnathus celia Hutton, Dunedin (8 specimens) (old No. 112) ’. Type locality. ‘Dunedin (F.W.H.)’ (Hutton 1883g: 476, 1884b: 176). Previous illustrations of type material. Jaw and radula illustrated by Hutton (1882h: pl. 3, fig. N, pl. 4, fig. N), which was incorrectly identified as Helix fatua Pfeiffer (see Hutton 1884b: 176), possibly from type material of Phrixgnathus celia Hutton, 1883. Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of Phrixgnathus celia to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 176), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 476). This is a morphologically variable species, with shells differing in spire elevation, spire angle and umbilical width, both within and between local populations. This is evident in the type material, which was collected by Hutton himself. The lectotype, illustrated here for the first time in pl. 5, fig. B, has a relatively high spire compared to some paralectotypes. There has been considerable confusion over the taxonomy and distribution of P. celia. Initially, Hutton (1882h: 153 —see Hutton 1884b: 176) incorrectly identified material of this species as Helix fatua Pfeiffer, 1857, which is in fact a subjective junior synonym of Therasiella celinde (Gray, 1850) (Brook & Ablett 2019: 43). Hutton (1884c: 197) recorded P. celia from the South Island and southern North Island, and Hedley & Suter (1893: 648), Suter (1894b: 279, 1913: 749) and Powell (1979: 326) recorded it from Rakiura/Stewart Island, South Island, and North Island south of Auckland. Examination of museum collections indicates that previous records of P. celia from the North Island were in error, and preliminary genetic analyses indicate that putative South Island records comprise a complex of several species (M. Kennedy unpub. data). On present knowledge celia sensu stricto appears to have a distribution restricted to southern South Island, Whenua Hou/Codfish Island, Rakiura and nearby islands (below). Morphologically similar taxa in northern South Island differ substantially genetically from typical celia, and evidently represent separate species. Examination of type material indicates that Laoma (Phrixgnathus) liratula Suter, 1909, which was based on material from Stewart Island (i.e., NMNZ M.88227, M.88228), and Thalassohelix pygmaea Suter, 1913, based on material from Woodhaugh, Otago [= Dunedin] (i.e., NMNZ M.125165), are subjective junior synonyms of Phrixgnathus celia Hutton, 1883. Laoma (Phrixgnathus) celia alboviridis Suter, 1913, based on material from ‘Mt Alfred, Otago’ (i.e., NMNZ M.88225, M.88226), is very similar morphologically to typical celia, and may also be a synonym. Laoma (Phrixgnathus) celia levis Suter, 1913, which is based on material from Pipiriki, Wanganui River (i.e., NMNZ M.88134), was listed as a junior synonym of P. celia Hutton, 1883 by Powell (1979: 326), but appears to us to be a separate species that has a distribution between Whanganui and Port Waikato, western North Island. Powell (1979: 330) suggested that Laoma (Phrixgnathus) trailli Suter, 1909, which was based on material from an unknown location (NMNZ M.83445), “looks like a large form of liratula ”, but examination of type material indicates that the two are clearly different species. Phrixgnathus celia was incorrectly listed as the type species of Phrixgnathus Hutton by some authors (e.g., Pilsbry, 1893 [in 1893–1895]: 9, Suter 1913: 738, Thiele 1931 [in 1929–1935]: 567, Solem 1959: 81, Zilch 1959 [in 1959–1960]: 205, Powell 1979: 325, Spencer & Willan 1996: 41, Schileyko 2002: 1048). Current taxonomy. Phrixgnathus celia Hutton, 1883 — Hutton (1884b: 176), Spencer et al. (2009: 217). Distribution. New Zealand; southern South Island, Fiordland to eastern Otago; Rakiura and nearshore islands; Whenua Hou (AIM and NMNZ collection records; M. Kennedy unpub. data)., Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on pages 40-41, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Hutton, F. W. (1883 g) Meetings of Societies. Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Christchurch, 7 th June, 1883. Notes on New Zealand land shells, with descriptions of new species. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1 (10), 475 - 477. [July]","Hutton, F. W. (1884 b) Notes on New Zealand land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 161 - 186. [May]","Hutton, F. W. (1882 h) Notes on some pulmonate Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 14, 150 - 158. [May]","Brook, F. J. & Ablett, J. D. (2019) Type material of land snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) described from New Zealand by taxonomists in Europe and North America between 1830 and 1934, and the history of research on the New Zealand land snail fauna from 1824 to 1917. Zootaxa, 4697 (1), 1 - 117. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4697.1.1","Hutton, F. W. (1884 c) Revision of the land Mollusca of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 186 - 212. [May]","Hedley, C. & Suter, H. (1893) Reference list of the land and freshwater Mollusca of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, Series 2, 7, 613 - 665. [May]","Suter, H. (1894 b) Liste synonymique et bibliographique des Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la Nouvelle-Zelande. Journal de Conchyliologie, 41, 220 - 293.","Suter, H. (1913) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 1120 pp.","Powell, A. W. B. (1979) New Zealand Mollusca: Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells. Collins, Auckland, xiv + 500 pp.","Suter, H. (1909) New Zealand Athoracophoridae, with descriptions of two new forms. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 8, 321 - 328. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. mollus. a 066274","Solem, A. (1959) Systematics and zoogeography of the land and fresh-water Mollusca of the New Hebrides. Fieldiana: Zoology, 43, 1 - 359. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2888","Spencer, H. G. & Willan, R. C. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Index to the Fauna, 3. Mollusca. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 105, 1 - 125.","Schileyko, A. A. (2002) Treatise on Recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs. Part 8. Punctidae, Helicodiscidae, Discidae, Cystopeltidae, Euconulidae, Trochomorphidae. Ruthenica, Supplement 2, 1035 - 1166.","Spencer, H. G., Marshall, B. A. & Willan, R. C. (2009) Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. In: Gordon, D. P. (Ed.), New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Vol. 1. Kingdom Animalia. Canterbury University Press. Christchurch, pp. 196 - 219."]}

Endodonta nerissa Hutton, 1883 Pl. 5, fig. F Hutton, 1883. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 476. Type material. Lectotype, CMNZ M1400 (dry shell). Lectotype fixed by inference of holotype (ICZN Art. 74.6) by Climo et al. (2020: 70). Label details. CMNZ M1400—‘103. Endodonta nerissa Hutton, Auckland’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting. Type locality. ‘ Auckland (T. F. Cheeseman)’ (Hutton 1883g: 476, 1884b: 176), ‘Remuera, near Auckland (Cheeseman)’ (Hutton 1884c: 196). Previous illustrations of type material. Climo et al. (2020: fig. 2B—lectotype). Remarks. Original description based on one or more specimens from Remuera, Auckland. Hutton submitted a description of Endodonta nerissa to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 176), and was pre-empted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 476). As noted in the preceding species entry, from Suter (1892d: 283–285) onwards, nerissa has generally been treated as a subjective junior synonym of Endodonta marina Hutton, 1883, which he described from the same type locality, but it was reinstated as a valid species by Climo et al. (2020). Current taxonomy. Laoma nerissa (Hutton, 1883) — Climo et al. (2020). Distribution. New Zealand; North Island, from Auckland south, northern South Island, in Nelson and Marlborough Sounds (Climo et al. 2020; AIM and NMNZ distribution records)., Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on page 43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Climo, F. M., Mahlfeld, K., Payton, I. & Roscoe, D. (2020) Description of Laoma ordishi new species (Eupulmonata: Punctidae) and reinstatement of Laoma nerissa (Hutton, 1883). Records of the Auckland Museum, 54, 63 - 80. https: // doi. org / 10.32912 / ram. 2019.54.4","Hutton, F. W. (1883 g) Meetings of Societies. Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Christchurch, 7 th June, 1883. Notes on New Zealand land shells, with descriptions of new species. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1 (10), 475 - 477. [July]","Hutton, F. W. (1884 b) Notes on New Zealand land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 161 - 186. [May]","Hutton, F. W. (1884 c) Revision of the land Mollusca of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 186 - 212. [May]","Suter, H. (1892 d) Miscellaneous communications on New Zealand land and fresh-water Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 24, 283 - 286."]}

Zonites helmsii Hutton, 1882 Pl. 2, fig. H Hutton, 1882. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 281. Type material. Lectotype (designated here), CMNZ M12783 [ex M254], and paralectotypes, CMNZ M254 (6), CMNZ M1068 [ex ZS 653] (3), NMNZ M.275691 [ex H. Suter colln.] (4) (dry shells). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has radulae and jaws mounted on glass slides with the label details ‘ Phacussa helmsi, Greymouth, XVI p. 172’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.117–119), which are probably primary type material (see descriptions of radula and jaw by Hutton 1883d: 138, 1884b: 172–173). Label details. CMNZ M254—‘42. Phacussa helmsi Hutton, Greymouth’, pillboxlabel—in Hutton’s handwriting; NMNZ M.275691—’18. Flammulina Phacussa helmsi, Hutt., Hel., Greymouth’, in H. Suter’s handwriting. CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M1068—‘ Phacussa helmsi Hutton, Greymouth (old number ZS 653)’. Type locality. ‘Greymouth (R. Helms)’ (Hutton 1882p: 281, 1883d: 138). Previous illustrations of type material. Jaw and radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1884b: pl. 10, fig. I, pl. 11, fig. W) probably from type material. Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1882, but publication was delayed until May 1883 (Hutton 1883d: 137), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1882p: 281). A shell from the type series (lectotype) is illustrated here for the first time in pl. 2, fig. H. The species name has been consistently listed as helmsi by New Zealand authors from Hutton (1884b: 172, 1884c: 205) onwards (e.g., Suter 1913: 624, Powell 1979: 315, Spencer et al. 2009: 215), and because this subsequent spelling has been in prevailing use since 1884 it is deemed to be correct under ICZN Articles 33.4 and 33.3.1. Descriptions by Hutton (1884b: 172–173, pl. 10, fig. I, pl. 11, fig. W) of the jaw and radula of helmsi were probably based on the putative type material in CMNZ 2017.17.117–2017.17.119 mentioned above. Zonites helmsi is the type species of Phacussa Hutton, 1883, by subsequent designation of Pilsbry (1893 [in 1893–1895]: 12). Phelussa Iredale, 1915 is an unnecessary replacement name for Phacussa Hutton, 1883. Phacussa helmsi has been interpreted as having a wide distribution in the southern South Island (e.g., Suter 1913: 625; Powell 1979: 315), but this refers to a species complex (M. Kennedy unpub. data), and the identity and distribution of Hutton’s species needs to be re-evaluated. At present it is known definitely from the West Coast only (below). Current taxonomy. Phacussa helmsi (Hutton, 1882) — Hutton (1884b: 172, 1884c: 205), Suter (1913: 624), Powell (1979: 315), Spencer et al. (2009: 215). Distribution. New Zealand; South Island, West Coast, between Greymouth and Westport (AIM and NMNZ collection records)., Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on pages 26-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Hutton, F. W. (1883 d) Descriptions of new land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 15, 134 - 141. [May]","Hutton, F. W. (1884 b) Notes on New Zealand land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 161 - 186. [May]","Hutton, F. W. (1882 p) Meetings of Societies, Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Christchurch, 7 th September, 1882. Descriptions of new land shells. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1 (6), 281 - 282. [November]","Hutton, F. W. (1884 c) Revision of the land Mollusca of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 186 - 212. [May]","Suter, H. (1913) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 1120 pp.","Powell, A. W. B. (1979) New Zealand Mollusca: Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells. Collins, Auckland, xiv + 500 pp.","Spencer, H. G., Marshall, B. A. & Willan, R. C. (2009) Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. In: Gordon, D. P. (Ed.), New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Vol. 1. Kingdom Animalia. Canterbury University Press. Christchurch, pp. 196 - 219.","Iredale, T. (1915) A commentary on Suter's Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 47, 417 - 497."]}

Phrixgnathus marginatus Hutton, 1882 Pl. 5, fig. D Hutton, 1882. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 281. Type material. Lectotype (designated here), CMNZ M1382.1, and paralectotypes, CMNZ M1382.2 (1), NMNZ M.276340 [ex H. Suter colln.] (3) (dry shells). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has radula fragments mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Phrixgnathus marginatus, Greymouth, XVI p. 168’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.7), which is probably primary type material (see radula descriptions by Hutton 1883d: 137, 1884b: 168). Label details. CMNZ M1382—‘Greymouth, R. Helms, Hutton Coll. pill box no. 111’; NMNZ M.276340— ‘81. Phrixgnathus marginatus, Hutt., Helms, Greymouth’, in H. Suter’s handwriting. CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M1382—‘ Phrixgnathus marginatus Hutton, Greymouth (2 specimens) (old No. 111) ’. Type locality. ‘Greymouth (R. Helms)’ (Hutton 1882p: 281, 1883d: 137). Previous illustrations of type material. Radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1884b: pl. 9, fig. S) probably from type material; Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: 60, 304, pl. 23, figs. 94–96—‘drawn from the type’, ‘H. Suter, del.’); Suter (1915: pl. 10, figs. 4, a, b). Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of Phrixgnathus marginatus to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1882, but publication was delayed until May 1883 (Hutton 1883d: 137), and was pre-empted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1882p: 281). A description by Hutton (1884b: 168, pl. 9, fig. S) of a radula of marginatus was probably based on the putative type material in CMNZ 2017.17.7 mentioned above. This species was recorded from Greymouth only by Hutton (1884c: 197), Hedley & Suter (1893: 647), Suter (1894b: 278, 1913: 754) and Powell (1979: 329), but museum collection records indicate that it is more widely distributed on the West Coast, South Island (below). Phrixgnathus marginatus Hutton, 1882 is the type species of Phrixgnathus Hutton, 1882, by monotypy (i.e., not P. celia Hutton, 1883, by subsequent designation, as incorrectly stated by Pilsbry 1893 [in 1893–1895]: 9; Suter 1913: 738; Powell 1979: 325; Schileyko 2002: 1048). Current taxonomy. Phrixgnathus marginatus Hutton, 1882 — Hutton (1884c: 196), Spencer et al. 2009 (217). Distribution. New Zealand; northwestern South Island, between Greymouth and Cape Farewell (AIM and NMNZ collection records)., Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on pages 41-42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Hutton, F. W. (1883 d) Descriptions of new land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 15, 134 - 141. [May]","Hutton, F. W. (1884 b) Notes on New Zealand land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 161 - 186. [May]","Hutton, F. W. (1882 p) Meetings of Societies, Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Christchurch, 7 th September, 1882. Descriptions of new land shells. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1 (6), 281 - 282. [November]","Suter, H. (1915) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca, Atlas of Plates. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 72 pls.","Hutton, F. W. (1884 c) Revision of the land Mollusca of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 186 - 212. [May]","Hedley, C. & Suter, H. (1893) Reference list of the land and freshwater Mollusca of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, Series 2, 7, 613 - 665. [May]","Suter, H. (1894 b) Liste synonymique et bibliographique des Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la Nouvelle-Zelande. Journal de Conchyliologie, 41, 220 - 293.","Suter, H. (1913) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 1120 pp.","Powell, A. W. B. (1979) New Zealand Mollusca: Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells. Collins, Auckland, xiv + 500 pp.","Schileyko, A. A. (2002) Treatise on Recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs. Part 8. Punctidae, Helicodiscidae, Discidae, Cystopeltidae, Euconulidae, Trochomorphidae. Ruthenica, Supplement 2, 1035 - 1166.","Spencer, H. G., Marshall, B. A. & Willan, R. C. (2009) Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. In: Gordon, D. P. (Ed.), New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Vol. 1. Kingdom Animalia. Canterbury University Press. Christchurch, pp. 196 - 219."]}

Therasia thaisa Hutton, 1883 Pl. 4, fig. G Hutton, 1883. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 477. Type material. Lectotype (designated here), CMNZ M12784 [ex M268], and paralectotypes (7), CMNZ M268 (dry shells). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has a shell, radula and jaw mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Therasia thaisa, Southland, XVI p. 182’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.65–2017.17.66), which is probably primary type material (see descriptions of radula by Hutton 1884b: 182). Label details. CMNZ M268—‘49. Therasia thaisa Hutton, Southland’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting. CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M1045—‘ Therasia thaisa Hutton, Southland (old number ZS 690)’ Type locality. ‘Waiau, Southland (G. M. Thomson)’ (Hutton 1883g: 477, 1884b: 183). Previous illustrations of type material. Jaw and radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1884b: pl. 9, fig. M, pl. 11, fig. T) probably from type material; Pilsbry (1892 [in 1893–1895]: 346, pl. 3, figs. 14–16—‘ Type. Suter, del.’). Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 182), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 477). Therasia thaisa Hutton is the type species of Therasia Hutton, 1883, by subsequent designation of Pilsbry (1893 [in 1893–1895]: 15). Pilsbry had earlier (1892) nominated Nanina celinde Gray, 1850 as the type of Therasia, but this was invalid as the latter species was not in Hutton’s original list. There has been confusion over the identity and distribution of T. thaisa: it has variously been interpreted as having a wide distribution in New Zealand, from Auckland, in the North Island, to the southern South Island (e.g., Hutton 1884c: 202, Hedley & Suter 1893: 641, Suter 1894b: 247); or being present throughout the South Island and on Rakiura/Stewart Island, only (e.g., Suter 1913: 661, Powell 1979: 316). Preliminary results of a phylogenetic study, and examination of museum collections, indicate that the distribution of T. thaisa Hutton, 1883 is in fact restricted to the southern South Island, Rakiura and Whenua Hou/Codfish Island (M. Kennedy unpub. data). Current taxonomy. Therasia thaisa Hutton, 1883 — Hutton (1884c: 202), Hedley & Suter, (1893: 641), Suter (1913: 660), Powell (1979: 316), Spencer et al. (2009: 216). Distribution. New Zealand; southern South Island, Rakiura and nearshore islands, Whenua Hou (AIM and NMNZ collection records)., Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on pages 37-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Hutton, F. W. (1884 b) Notes on New Zealand land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 161 - 186. [May]","Hutton, F. W. (1883 g) Meetings of Societies. Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Christchurch, 7 th June, 1883. Notes on New Zealand land shells, with descriptions of new species. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1 (10), 475 - 477. [July]","Hutton, F. W. (1884 c) Revision of the land Mollusca of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 186 - 212. [May]","Hedley, C. & Suter, H. (1893) Reference list of the land and freshwater Mollusca of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, Series 2, 7, 613 - 665. [May]","Suter, H. (1894 b) Liste synonymique et bibliographique des Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la Nouvelle-Zelande. Journal de Conchyliologie, 41, 220 - 293.","Suter, H. (1913) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 1120 pp.","Powell, A. W. B. (1979) New Zealand Mollusca: Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells. Collins, Auckland, xiv + 500 pp.","Spencer, H. G., Marshall, B. A. & Willan, R. C. (2009) Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. In: Gordon, D. P. (Ed.), New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Vol. 1. Kingdom Animalia. Canterbury University Press. Christchurch, pp. 196 - 219."]}

Arion incommodus Hutton, 1879 Hutton, 1879. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 11 (1878): 331. Type material. Syntypes (58), OMNZ IV5715 (in alcohol), and syntype (1), NHMUK 1886.11.18.25 (in alcohol). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has a radula and shell fragment mounted on glass slides with the label details ‘ Arion fuscus, Dunedin, XIV p. 154’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.50–2017.17.51), which are probably primary type material of Arion incommodus Hutton, 1879 (see radula description by Hutton 1882h: 154– 155). Label details. OMNZ IV5715—‘ A. incommodus, = Arion subfusca Hutton, Dunedin (in Hutton’s handwriting)’. NHMUK molluscan register details. 1886.11.18.25—‘ Arion incommodus Hutton, Dunedin, Purchased of the Commission for the New Zealand, Indian and Colonial Exhibition 1886’. Type locality. ‘Dunedin, not uncommon in gardens etc.’ (Hutton 1879: 331). Previous illustrations of type material. Hutton (1882h: pl. 3, figs. K, R—as Arion fuscus; radula and jaw ‘from a Dunedin specimen’). Remarks. The original label of the type material of Arion incommodus at OMNZ has been lost or destroyed, but transcribed details indicate that this material was collected and identified by Hutton himself. A specimen of A. incommodus that was mentioned by Cockerell (1891b: 221) as being “in the British Museum from Dunedin (Otago Univ. Mus.)” is possibly a syntype (NHMUK 1886.11.18.25). It was evidently sent to London as an exhibit in the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886 and was subsequently purchased by the British Museum. Barker (1979: 418, 1999: 47) was apparently unaware of the type material of A. incommodus in OMNZ and referred to the NHMUK material as a “type specimen (?)”, and a “probable holotype ”, respectively. There has been confusion over the identity of Arion incommodus. Its distribution was initially listed as New Zealand only (Hutton 1879: 331, 1880: 26), but it was subsequently treated as a junior synonym of the European species Arion fuscus (Müller, 1774) (e.g., Hutton 1882h: 154, 1884c: 212; Simroth 1889: 65; Musson 1891: 890) and Arion subfuscus (Draparnaud, 1805) (e.g., Cockerell 1891b: 221; Suter 1892b: 280, 1913: 1072; Cockerell & Collinge 1893: 190, Hedley & Suter 1893: 665; Thomson 1922: 263). Barker (1979: 418, 1999: 45, 47) examined the specimen of A. incommodus at NHMUK and noted that it appeared to be a junior synonym of Arion hortensis Férussac, 1819. Hutton’s (1879) description was the first record of this taxon from New Zealand. Barker (1982: 178, 1999: 46, 47, map 5) noted that A. hortensis was present in a wide range of modified habitats throughout the North and South islands but was less common in the southern South Island. Arion hortensis is native to northwestern Europe, and has been introduced to New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, North America, Madeira, St Helena and Sri Lanka (Winter 1984: 9; Barker 1999:46; Herbert 2010; Welter-Schultes, 2012: 476). Current taxonomy. A subjective junior synonym of Arion hortensis Férussac, 1819 — Barker (1982: 178, 1999: 98). Family MILACIDAE Ellis, 1926, Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on page 54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Hutton, F. W. (1882 h) Notes on some pulmonate Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 14, 150 - 158. [May]","Cockerell, T. D. A. (1891 b) On the geographical distribution of slugs. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 59 (2), 214 - 226. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1891. tb 01744. x","Barker, G. M. (1979) The introduced slugs of New Zealand (Gastropoda: Pulmonata). New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 6 (3), 411 - 437. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.1979.10428382","Barker, G. M. (1999) Naturalised terrestrial Stylommatophora (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Fauna of New Zealand 38. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, 254 pp.","Hutton, F. W. (1884 c) Revision of the land Mollusca of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 186 - 212. [May]","Simroth, H. (1889) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Nacktschnecken. Nova acta Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae Germanicae Naturae Curiosorum, 54, 1 - 91.","Musson, C. T. (1891) On the naturalised forms of land and fresh-water Mollusca in Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, Series 2, 15, 883 - 896. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 18668","Suter, H. (1892 b) List of the introduced land and fresh-water Mollusca of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 24, 279 - 281.","Suter, H. (1913) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 1120 pp.","Cockerell, T. D. A. & Collinge, W. E. (1893) A checklist of the slugs. The Conchologist, 2, 168 - 176 + 185 - 232. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10454","Hedley, C. & Suter, H. (1893) Reference list of the land and freshwater Mollusca of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, Series 2, 7, 613 - 665. [May]","Thomson, G. M. (1922) The Naturalisation of Animals and Plants in New Zealand. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, x + 607 pp.","Barker, G. M. (1982) Notes on the introduced terrestrial Pulmonata (Gastropoda: Mollusca) of New Zealand. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 48, 174 - 181. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. mollus. a 065634","Winter, A. J. (1984) The Arion hortensis complex (Pulmonata: Arionidae): Designation of types, descriptions, and distributional patterns, with special reference to the Netherlands. Zoologische Mededelingen, 59, 1 - 17.","Herbert, D. G. (2010) The introduced terrestrial Mollusca of South Africa. SANBI Biodiversity Series 15. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, 108 pp.","Welter-Schultes, F. W. (2012) European Non-Marine Molluscs, a Guide for Species Identification: Bestimmungsbuch fur europaische Land-und Susswassermollusken. Planet Poster Editions, Gottingen, 760 pp."]}

Phacussa helmsi var. maculata Hutton, 1884 Pl. 3, fig. A Hutton, 1884. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 16 (1883): 205. Type material. Syntypes (6), CMNZ M253 (dry shells). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has radula fragments mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Phacussa maculata, Greymouth, XVI p. 172’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.115), which is probably primary type material. Label details. CMNZ M253—‘43. Phacussa helmsii var. maculata Hutton, Greymouth’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting. Type locality. ‘Greymouth (Helms)’ (Hutton 1884c: 205). Remarks. The type material of Phacussa helmsi var. maculata Hutton, 1883 was reported as missing by Freeman et al. (1997: 36) but has since been found. A shell from the type series is illustrated here for the first time in pl. 3, fig. A. Phacussa helmsi var. maculata Hutton, 1883 was described from material from the same locality as Phacussa helmsi (Hutton, 1882), and is a colour form of the latter taxon that does not warrant separate taxonomic status. Current taxonomy. A subjective junior synonym of Phacussa helmsi (Hutton, 1882) — Suter (1913: 624)., Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on page 27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Hutton, F. W. (1884 c) Revision of the land Mollusca of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 186 - 212. [May]","Freeman, A. N. D., Marshall, B. A., Maxwell, P. A., Walker, M. W. & Nicholls, D. C. (1997) Recent name-bearing molluscan types in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand. Records of the Canterbury Museum, 11, 17 - 41.","Suter, H. (1913) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 1120 pp."]}

Paryphanta lignaria Hutton, 1888 Hutton, 1888. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 20 (1888): 43. Type material. The original description was based on a single broken shell (i.e., holotype, by monotypy) that was loaned to Hutton by ‘Dr Gaze, of Westport’ (Hutton 1888a: 44; Suter 1913: xiv; Powell 1946: 106). The whereabouts of the type specimen is not known, and it is presumed to have been lost or destroyed (see below). Type locality. ‘… on the saddle between the Mokihinui and Lyell Rivers’ (Hutton 1888: 44). Remarks. Described in genus Paryphanta Albers, 1850, assigned to subgenus Powelliphanta by O’Connor (1945), and the latter treated as a full genus by Climo (1977: 60) and subsequent authors. Hutton’s (1888: 43–44) original description of the holotype of Paryphanta lignaria stated that it had a maximum diameter of about two inches (= c. 50 mm), a slightly-elevated spire “forming an angle of about 135 o”, and that the base had been mostly broken off, leaving the “shape of the umbilicus and the aperture uncertain”. The remaining part of the base was “smooth and polished”, in contrast to the apical surface, which was “finely irregularly granulated by deeply undulating impressed lines”, and had a colour pattern of irregular “dark reddish brown and pale brownish-yellow” radial streaks. There are no published illustrations of the holotype. Pilsbry (1894: 31, pl. 1, figs. 1–3) illustrated a putative type specimen of lignaria, “drawn by Mr. H. Suter”. It is the larger one of two specimens in CMNZ M690 that had been presented to Canterbury Museum by Dr Gaze in 1893 (i.e., entry for 14 August 1893 in CMNZ Accession Register for 1891– 1933), and which was incorrectly listed as a ‘cotype’ of lignaria by Hutton (1898 – 1900: 7), and as the ‘type’ by Suter (1913: 784). The entry in the Accession Register does not state where the specimens in M690 were collected, and the original label has been lost or destroyed. A handwritten note associated with M690 states: “Note by A.W.B. Powell pasted to previous mount: Paryphanta unicolorata Powell 1930. Mt Frederick locality probably correct but omit reference to saddle between Mokihinui and Lyell Rivers. Certainly not the type of lignaria which measures 2 ins. in greatest diameter (Hutton 1888), 21.7.1930 ”. Although not stated explicitly, Powell’s note suggests that the specimens in M690 were originally labelled as being from two separate localities. The two specimens differ from Hutton’s description of lignaria, and from Paryphanta unicolorata Powell, 1930 (see comments on the latter taxon below), in being smaller, and having weakly calcified shells with a smooth, shiny apical surface. From shell characters they appear to belong to the group of Powelliphanta patrickensis (Powell, 1949) and related species (see Walker 2003, Walker et al. 2008), which was referred to as the Powelliphanta Kawatiri complex by Daly et al. (2019). Hutton (1900: 22, pl. 2) and Suter (1915, pl. 32, fig. 12, a, b) illustrated a shell from ‘Mount Rochfort, near Westport’, which they identified as Paryphanta lignaria. This specimen (i.e., CMNZ M694) was of a similar size to the holotype of lignaria, but differed in having a more elevated spire and being “of a yellowish-brown or luteous colour, the brown bands being obsolete” (Hutton, 1900: 22). In the first of a series of papers on the taxonomy of New Zealand Paryphantidae (now Rhytididae), Powell (1930: 42–43) interpreted the distribution of typical lignaria as extending from the north side of the Mokihinui River to Karamea. He included the Mt Rochfort taxon in a new species, Paryphanta unicolorata Powell, 1930, with a type locality at Seddonville, and a distribution south of the Mokihinui River (see also Powell 1936: pl. 10). The latter taxon was differentiated from lignaria on shell colour, being uniformly olive-brown rather than radially striped as per Hutton’s original description of lignaria. Powell (1941: 239, 253) inferred that the type material of lignaria was probably lost, but later (Powell 1946: 106; 1949: 348) suggested that “an unlabeled specimen from the collection of the late Mr. Boswell of Westport” (i.e., AIM MA71492) may be the missing holotype of lignaria, albeit without providing any convincing evidence in support of this. Powell (1949: 350) designated a shell that he had illustrated previously (Powell, 1930: pl. 4, fig. 1) as a neotype. It is part of a lot of 20 specimens (AIM MA64520) from near St. Helens, Mokihinui, c. 25 km NW of the type locality of lignaria cited by Hutton (1888). Powell (1949: 347–357) gave a detailed account of the taxonomic history of Paryphata (Powelliphanta) lignaria sensu lato. He inferred that the type locality of lignaria given by Hutton (1888) was incorrect, and that “Hutton’s locality for his 1900 record of ‘ lignaria ’ [i.e., from Mt Rochfort] is evidently erroneous, the specimen being a unicolorata, probably from the Seddonville area”. In the same paper he reinterpreted the distribution of lignaria sensu stricto as being restricted to coastal hill country extending north from the Mokihinui River mouth to Kongahu Point and Corbyvale, and recognised several subspecies from adjoining areas (including lignaria unicolorata), and one from the Leslie and upper Karamea rivers, based mainly on differences in shell colouring (Powell 1949: 350, pl. 67). Most subsequent workers have followed Powell’s interpretations of the lignaria group of subspecies (e.g., Parkinson 1979, Powell 1979, Meads et al. 1984, Walker 2003), but Climo (1978b) proposed an alternative classification in which lignaria sensu lato of Powell was treated as a subspecies of Powelliphanta hochstetteri (Pfeiffer, 1862). Genetic studies by Walker (2003: 200), Trewick et al. (2008), and Buckley et al. (2014) indicated that Powell’s lignaria group is monophyletic and not closely related to hochstetteri. The last-mentioned study also found that there was a lack of monophyly in mitochondrial COI sequences among Powell’s subspecies of lignaria, and that only one subspecies, Powelliphanta lignaria rotella Powell, 1938, had a distinct nuclear genotype as determined from microsatellite data. Powell (1949: 348) noted that following the original description there had been no further valid records of lignaria from the vicinity of the Lyell-Mokihinui Saddle. That is apparently still the case, and a brief search carried out during the present study failed to find any snails or empty shells of this species in beech and Dracophyllum forest on and around the saddle. However, surveys over the last few decades have shown that the distribution of Powelliphanta lignaria unicolorata (Powell, 1930) extends up the Mokihinui River South Branch to within a few kilometers of the Lyell-Mokihinui Saddle (Walker 2003: 121, pl. 39). Although shells of unicolorata are generally a plain olive-brown in colour, some have irregular, reddish-brown radial streaks matching Hutton’s original description of lignaria (e.g., NMNZ M.77190, M.125507, M.308311, and this, along with the geographic proximity of unicolorata to the type locality of lignaria, indicates that Parphanta unicolorata Powell, 1930 is probably a synonym of Paryphanta lignaria Hutton, 1888. If this interpretation is correct a new subspecific name will be required for the population on the coastal range north of Mokihinui River, which was treated as lignaria sensu stricto by Powell (1949: 350, 1979: 336), Meads et al. (1984: 295), Walker (2003: 111, pl. 35) and others. This eventuality was anticipated by Powell (1946: 106), who noted that the identity of lignaria “cannot be finalized until topotypes of Hutton’s species are obtained, but the indications are that …. the Mokihinui-Karamea coastal form will require to be named, my nomination of a St. Helens specimen as neotype becoming void”. During the present study a previously unreported population of Powelliphanta in the Kawatiri complex of Daly (2019) was found in alpine shrub-tussockland on the Lyell Range, above the Lyell-Mokihinui Saddle, confirming a prediction by Powell (1949: 348). The shells differ from Hutton’s description of lignaria in their smaller adult size (maximum shell diameter of c. 44 mm), and smooth, shiny surface on both the spire and base, and may be conspecific with the larger specimen in CMNZ M690. A record of Powelliphanta lignaria unicolorata further north on Lyell Range by Walker (2003: pl. 39) was an error based on misidentification of a species of the Kawatiri complex (K. Walker pers. comm. 2019). With regard to Hutton’s (1900: 22, pl. 2) record of putative Paryphanta lignaria from Mt Rochfort, it is possible that the illustrated specimen in CMNZ M694 was in fact from this locality as originally stated (i.e., not from the Seddonville area, as suggested by Powell 1949: 352), and represents a separate taxon that has not been recollected there, and may now be extinct. The shell differs from typical unicolorata in having a more elevated spire, and a more rapidly descending final whorl, and in these regards it shows similarities with illustrations of Powelliphanta “Buller River” by Walker (2003: 130, pl. 42). Current taxonomy. Powelliphanta lignaria (Hutton, 1888) —after Powell (1949: 350; 1979: 336; Meads et al. 1984: 295; Walker 2003: 111). Distribution. New Zealand; South Island, northern West Coast: local populations of Powelliphanta lignaria sensu lato are present in the Mokihinui River catchment, in hill country between Ngakawau River and Seddonville Flats, on the coastal range between Mokihinui and Little Wanganui rivers, and in the lower and middle reaches of Karamea River catchment (Powell 1949, Meads et al. 1984, Walker 2003)., Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on pages 49-51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Hutton, F. W. (1888 a) Description of a new land shell, from the province of Nelson. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 20, 43 - 44. [May]","Suter, H. (1913) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 1120 pp.","Powell, A. W. B. (1946) The Paryphantidae of New Zealand. No. V. Further new species of Paryphanta, Wainuia and Rhytida. Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum, 3, 99 - 136.","Albers, J. C. (1850) Die Heliceen nach naturlicher Verwandtschaft systematisch geordnet. T. C. F. Enslin, Berlin, 262 pp.","O'Connor, A. C. (1945) Notes on the eggs of New Zealand Paryphantidae, with description of a new subgenus. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 75, 54 - 56.","Climo, F. M. (1977) A new higher classification of New Zealand Rhytididae (Mollusca: Pulmonata). Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 7 (1), 59 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03036758.1977.10419336","Pilsbry, H. A. (1894) Critical list of mollusks collected in the Potomac Valley. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 46, 11 - 31.","Hutton, F. W. (1898 - 1900) List of types in the Canterbury Museum. Unpublished handwritten list, original at Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, photocopy held with the dry type collection at Museum of New Zealand, Te Papa Tongarewa, 10 pp.","Hutton, F. W. (1900) Note on Paryphanta lignaria. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 32, 22. [June]","Powell, A. W. B. (1930) The Paryphantidae of New Zealand: their hypothetical ancestry, with descriptions of new species and a new genus. Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum, 1, 17 - 56.","Powell, A. W. B. (1949) The Paryphantidae of New Zealand. No. VI. Distribution, hybrids and new species of Paryphanta, Rhytida and Schizoglossa. Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum, 3, 347 - 367.","Walker, K. J. (2003) Recovery plans for Powelliphanta land snails. Threatened Species Recovery Plan 49. Department of Conservation, Wellington, 208 pp.","Walker, K. J., Trewick, S. A. & Barker, G. M. (2008) Powelliphanta augusta, a new species of land snail, with a description of its former habitat, Stockton coal plateau, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 38 (3), 163 - 186. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014220809510553","Daly, E. E., Walker, K. J., Morgan-Richards, M. & Trewick, S. A. (2019) Spatial genetics of a high elevation lineage of Rhytididae land snails in New Zealand: the Powelliphanta Kawatiri complex. Molluscan Research, 39 (3), 280 - 289. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 13235818.2018.1559914","Suter, H. (1915) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca, Atlas of Plates. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 72 pls.","Powell, A. W. B. (1936) The Paryphantidae of New Zealand. III. Further new species of Paryphanta and Wainuia. Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum, 2, 29 - 41.","Powell, A. W. B. (1941) Biological primary types in the Auckland Museum. Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum, 2, 239 - 259.","Parkinson, P. G. (1979) A Consideration of the Systematics of the New Zealand Rhytididae (Mollusca: Pulmonata) with a Repudiation of the Nonsensical ' Ring Species' Speculation lately indulged in by Dr Climo. Pettyfogging Press, Auckland, 22 pp.","Powell, A. W. B. (1979) New Zealand Mollusca: Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells. Collins, Auckland, xiv + 500 pp.","Meads, M. J., Walker, K. J. & Elliott, G. P. (1984) Status, conservation, and management of the land snails of the genus Powelliphanta (Mollusca: Pulmonata). New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 11 (3), 277 - 306. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.1984.10428241","Climo, F. M. (1978 b) The Powelliphanta gilliesi-traversi-hochstetteri-rossiana-lignaria-superba ring species (Mollusca: Pulmonata). New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 5 (2), 289 - 294. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.1978.10428318","Trewick, S. A., Walker, K. J. & Jordan, C. J. (2008) Taxonomic and conservation status of a newly discovered giant landsnail from Mount Augustus, New Zealand. Conservation Genetics 9 (6), 1563 - 1575. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10592 - 007 - 9495 - 8","Buckley, T. R., White, D. J., Howitt, R., Winstanley, T., Ramon-Laca, A. R. & Gleeson, D. (2014) Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA variation within threatened species and subspecies of the giant New Zealand land-snail genus Powelliphanta: implications for classification and conservation. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 80, 291 - 302. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / mollus / eyu 014"]}

Charopa cassandra Hutton, 1883 Pl. 2, fig. C Hutton, 1883. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 476. Type material. In Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, according to Suter (1913: 638), overlooked and reported as missing by Freeman et al. (1997: 36), but one specimen rediscovered in 2017. Lectotype (designated here), CMNZ M240 (dry shell). Label details. ‘Napier (56.), Hutton coll.’. CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M240—‘ Allodiscus cassandra Hutton, Napier (1 specimen) (old No. 56) ’. Type locality. Cited as ‘Napier’ by Hutton (1883g: 477, 1884b: 182, 1884c: 201), but this is an error (see below). Previous illustrations of type material. Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: 67, pl. 22, figs. 37–39—‘drawn from Prof. Hutton’s type’, ‘H. Suter, del.’), Suter (1915: pl. 9, figs. 2, a, b—probably the same shell as illustrated by Pilsbry). Remarks. Hutton (1884b: 182) noted that “The only specimens I have seen were old and rubbed”, which suggests that the type material originally may have consisted of more than one specimen. He recorded the locality as Napier but did not state who had collected the type material. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 181), and was pre-empted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 476). There has been confusion over the identity and distribution of this species. It was tentatively assigned to Charopa Albers, 1860 by Hutton (1884b: 181), transferred to Psyra Hutton,1883 by Hutton (1884c: 201), and included in Allodiscus Pilsbry, 1892 by Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892– 1893]: 66, pl. 22, figs. 37–39) and subsequent authors. Hutton (1883g: 477, 1884b: 182, 1884c: 201), Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: 66), Hedley & Suter (1893: 638), and Suter (1894b: 251) recorded this species from Napier only. Suter (1913: 638) thought that “the locality Napier, as stated by Hutton, is wrong”, and that Hutton’s species was instead from the Three Kings Islands, and this reinterpretation has been followed by subsequent workers, including Powell (1935, 1948, 1951, 1979), Climo (1973), Spencer & Willan (1996: 40), Brook (1999 a, 2002) and Marshall & Barker (2008). Suter (1913: 637–638) gave a description of putative cassandra based on specimens collected by Thomas Cheeseman and Captain John Bollons on Great Island, Three Kings Islands, but an accompanying illustration (Suter 1915: pl. 9, figs. 2, 2a, 2b) was of the type specimen previously illustrated by Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: 66, pl. 22, figs. 37–39). Climo (1973: 568) suggested that the type material of cassandra had been collected on Three Kings Islands by Cheeseman, but this is incorrect because the latter’s first visit there, and indeed the first known visit to these islands by any naturalist, was in 1887 (Cheeseman 1888, 1891), several years after the original description of this species. Suter (1913) was undoubtedly correct in inferring that the record of Charopa cassandra Hutton, 1883 from Napier was erroneous. There are no extant or fossil land snail species known from Napier or elsewhere in the North Island that correspond to the descriptions and illustrations of this species, indicating that the type material was definitely mislocalised. However, although there are some similarities between Charopa cassandra as described by Hutton (1883g, 1884b) and illustrated by Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]) and Suter (1915), and the taxon from Three Kings Islands that was described by Suter (1913) and Marshall & Barker (2008), there are also some important morphological differences. These include the fact that the latter has a closed rather than a narrowly open umbilicus; it has weak, almost obsolete axial ribs on the teleoconch, rather than very fine ribbing; it has a less elevated spire; and it has a different colour pattern, with broad, radiating, reddish-brown streaks at the suture, that transform into more numerous, irregular, anastomosing, wavy or zigzag axial bands on the periphery and base. Re-examination of recently rediscovered type material of Charopa cassandra Hutton, 1883 indicates that it is in fact conspecific with, and a junior synonym of, Phacussa fulminata (Hutton, 1882). The holotype of the latter species is a fresh, modern shell from Rakiura/Stewart Island (see entry for Zonites fulminata below), whereas the lectotype of Charopa cassandra Hutton, 1883 is a larger fossil shell that closely matches Phacussa fulminata from Holocene dune deposits on Native Island in Paterson Inlet, Rakiura. The species of Allodiscus from Three Kings Islands that was referred to as cassandra by Suter (1913) and subsequent authors is un-named and requires formal description. Taxonomy. Treated here as a subjective junior synonym of Phacussa fulminata (Hutton, 1882) N. syn., Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on pages 22-23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Suter, H. (1913) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 1120 pp.","Freeman, A. N. D., Marshall, B. A., Maxwell, P. A., Walker, M. W. & Nicholls, D. C. (1997) Recent name-bearing molluscan types in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand. Records of the Canterbury Museum, 11, 17 - 41.","Hutton, F. W. (1883 g) Meetings of Societies. Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Christchurch, 7 th June, 1883. Notes on New Zealand land shells, with descriptions of new species. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1 (10), 475 - 477. [July]","Hutton, F. W. (1884 b) Notes on New Zealand land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 161 - 186. [May]","Hutton, F. W. (1884 c) Revision of the land Mollusca of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 186 - 212. [May]","Suter, H. (1915) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca, Atlas of Plates. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 72 pls.","Albers, J. C. & Martens, E. C. von (1860) Die Heliceen nach naturlicher Verwandtschaft systematisch geordnet von Joh. Christ. Albers. Zweite Ausgabe. Engelmann, Leipzig, 359 pp.","Hedley, C. & Suter, H. (1893) Reference list of the land and freshwater Mollusca of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, Series 2, 7, 613 - 665. [May]","Suter, H. (1894 b) Liste synonymique et bibliographique des Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la Nouvelle-Zelande. Journal de Conchyliologie, 41, 220 - 293.","Powell, A. W. B. (1935) Land Mollusca of the Three Kings Islands, New Zealand. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 21, 243 - 248. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. mollus. a 064243","Powell, A. W. B. (1948) Land Mollusca of the Three Kings Islands. Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum, 3, 273 - 290.","Powell, A. W. B. (1951) Land Mollusca from four islands of the Three Kings group; with descriptions of three new species. Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum, 4, 127 - 133.","Powell, A. W. B. (1979) New Zealand Mollusca: Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells. Collins, Auckland, xiv + 500 pp.","Climo, F. M. (1973) The systematics, biology and zoogeography of the land snail fauna of Great Island, Three Kings group, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 3 (4), 565 - 628. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03036758.1973.10421858","Spencer, H. G. & Willan, R. C. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Index to the Fauna, 3. Mollusca. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 105, 1 - 125.","Brook, F. J. (1999 a) Biogeography and ecology of the landsnail faunas of North East, South West and West Islands, Three Kings Group, Northern New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 29 (1), 1 - 21. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.1999.9517580","Schileyko, A. A. (2002) Treatise on Recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs. Part 8. Punctidae, Helicodiscidae, Discidae, Cystopeltidae, Euconulidae, Trochomorphidae. Ruthenica, Supplement 2, 1035 - 1166.","Marshall, B. A. & Barker, G. M. (2008) A revision of the New Zealand landsnails referred to Allodiscus Pilsbry, 1892 and Pseudallodiscus Climo, 1971, with the introduction of three new genera (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Charopidae). Tuhinga: Records of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 19, 57 - 167.","Cheeseman, T. F. (1888) Notes on the Three Kings Islands. Transactions & Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 20, 141 - 150.","Cheeseman, T. F. (1891) Further notes on the Three Kings Islands. Transactions & Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 23, 408 - 424."]}

Endodonta marina Hutton, 1883 Pl. 5, fig. E Hutton, 1883. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 476. Type material. Lectotype (designated by Climo et al. 2020: 69), CMNZ M1402.1, and paralectotype (1), CMNZ M1402.2 (dry shells). Label details. CMNZ M1402—‘ Auckland, det. & coll. F.W. Hutton’. CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M1402—‘ Laoma marina Hutton, Auckland (2 specimens) (old No. 103) ’. Type locality. ‘ Auckland (T. F. Cheeseman)’ (Hutton 1883g: 476, 1884b: 176), ‘Remuera, near Auckland (Cheeseman)’ (Hutton 1884c: 196). Previous illustrations of type material. Shell illustrated by Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: pl. 23, figs. 17, 19, 20, ‘H. Suter, del.’) possibly from type series; Climo et al. (2020: fig. 2A—lectotype). Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of Endodonta marina to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 176), and was pre-empted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 476). Hutton differentiated this species from the morphologically similar Endodonta nerissa Hutton, 1883, which he described from the same type locality (see below), on the basis of the number and arrangement of lamellae inside the aperture of the shell. Suter (1892d: 283) examined populations of putative marina and nerissa from Mt Wellington, Auckland, and Forty-Mile Bush, Wairarapa, and concluded that these two species were synonyms. This interpretation was followed by Hedley & Suter (1893: 646), Suter (1894b: 274, 1913: 735) and others, who recorded marina sensu lato as having a wide distribution in the North Island south of Auckland, and in Marlborough Sounds, South Island (e.g., Powell 1979: 325). However, Climo et al. (2020) reinstated nerissa as a valid species, noting that there are consistent morphological differences between it and marina. They recorded marina as having a relatively wide distribution in the northern North Island between Hokianga and Mt Pirongia (Climo et al. 2020: 78, fig. 14B), but examination of material in museum collections, and preliminary genetic analyses (M. Kennedy & T. King unpub. data), indicate that this refers to a complex of species. The distribution of marina is here interpreted as being restricted to western Northland and Auckland regions only (below), pending further study. Specimens in CMNZ M1049, with catalogue details ‘ Laoma marina Hutton, Auckland (old number ZS 772)’, were treated as primary type material (syntypes) of Endodonta marina Hutton, 1883 by Freeman et al. (1997: 32), but this does not stand scrutiny. This lot contains one dry shell matching Hutton’s description of marina (M1049.2, see Climo et al. 2020: fig. 2F), and three shells (M1049.1, M1049.3, M1049.4, see Climo et al. 2020, figs. 2C–E) that match the original description of Endodonta nerissa Hutton, 1883. The fact that this is a mixed lot clearly indicates that it was not part of Hutton’s type series of marina, and the species identification suggests that it postdates Suter’s (1892d: 283) synonymy of E. marina and E. nerissa. Current taxonomy. Laoma marina (Hutton, 1883) — Suter (1892d: 285, 1913: 735), Powell (1979: 325), Spencer et al. (2009: 217), Climo et al. (2020: 69). Distribution. New Zealand; North Island, Waipoua to Auckland (AIM and NMNZ collection records)., Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on page 42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Climo, F. M., Mahlfeld, K., Payton, I. & Roscoe, D. (2020) Description of Laoma ordishi new species (Eupulmonata: Punctidae) and reinstatement of Laoma nerissa (Hutton, 1883). Records of the Auckland Museum, 54, 63 - 80. https: // doi. org / 10.32912 / ram. 2019.54.4","Hutton, F. W. (1883 g) Meetings of Societies. Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Christchurch, 7 th June, 1883. Notes on New Zealand land shells, with descriptions of new species. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1 (10), 475 - 477. [July]","Hutton, F. W. (1884 b) Notes on New Zealand land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 161 - 186. [May]","Hutton, F. W. (1884 c) Revision of the land Mollusca of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 186 - 212. [May]","Suter, H. (1892 d) Miscellaneous communications on New Zealand land and fresh-water Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 24, 283 - 286.","Hedley, C. & Suter, H. (1893) Reference list of the land and freshwater Mollusca of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, Series 2, 7, 613 - 665. [May]","Suter, H. (1894 b) Liste synonymique et bibliographique des Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la Nouvelle-Zelande. Journal de Conchyliologie, 41, 220 - 293.","Suter, H. (1913) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 1120 pp.","Powell, A. W. B. (1979) New Zealand Mollusca: Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells. Collins, Auckland, xiv + 500 pp.","Freeman, A. N. D., Marshall, B. A., Maxwell, P. A., Walker, M. W. & Nicholls, D. C. (1997) Recent name-bearing molluscan types in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand. Records of the Canterbury Museum, 11, 17 - 41.","Spencer, H. G., Marshall, B. A. & Willan, R. C. (2009) Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. In: Gordon, D. P. (Ed.), New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Vol. 1. Kingdom Animalia. Canterbury University Press. Christchurch, pp. 196 - 219."]}

Leptopoma calva Hutton, 1882 Pl. 1, fig. C Hutton, 1882. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 282. Type material. Single shell formerly in the collection at Canterbury Museum, Christchurch (Hutton 1898 – 1900: 5; Suter 1913: 179) but reported missing by Freeman et al. (1997: 36), and not found subsequently. Neotype selected by Marshall & Barker (2007: 60 — NMNZ M.174790). Type locality. listed as ‘Greymouth (R. Helms)’ by Hutton (1882p: 282, 1883d: 140); neotype from ‘South Island, N of Arthur’s Pass, Jacksons, near roadside on Otira–Kumara highway, 200 m (NZMS 260, K33/870283)’ (Marshall & Barker 2007: 60). Previous illustrations of type material. Suter (1915: pl. 35, fig. 1), Marshall & Barker (2007: fig. 4C). Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1882, but publication was delayed until May 1883 (Hutton 1883d: 140), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1882p: 282). A re-description and illustration of Leptopoma calva by Suter (1913: 179, pl. 35, fig. 1) was based on the type material from Canterbury Museum. Suter (1913: 179) and Dell (1955: 1136) stated that this species was known from the type specimen only. The latter author noted that Suter’s (1913) “description and figure are not highly diagnostic. Unfortunately the type cannot at present be located in the Canterbury Museum, and no topotypes appear to have been collected”. Dell (1955: 1136) identified material of “a moderately common shell in Fiordland” as Murdochia cf. calvum (Hutton), but noted that “until these shells can be critically compared with undoubted specimens of calvum, the identification cannot be certain”. Marshall & Baker (2007) redescribed Leptopoma calva Hutton, 1882 as part of a taxonomic review of Cytora Kobelt & Möllendorff, 1897, noting that the shell of this species is distinctive in having a maculate colour pattern, although the latter feature was not mentioned in the descriptions by Hutton (1882p, 1883d) or Suter (1913), and they identified ‘ Murdochia cf. calvum ’ of Dell (1955) as Cytora mayhillae Marshall & Barker, 2007. Marshall & Barker (2007: 60) selected a neotype of calva, NMNZ M. 174790 (pl. 1, fig. C), that “represents the only Cytora species occurring in the vicinity of Greymouth that is accordant with Hutton’s descriptions and Suter’s (1913) crude illustration of the holotype ”. This in itself is not sufficient justification for the designation of a neotype under ICZN Art. 75.3 but, given that previously there had been confusion over the identity of calva, we agree that a neotype was required to stabilise the nomenclature. The neotype selected by Marshall & Barker (2007: 60) was from the Otira-Kumara Highway, c. 45 km SE of Greymouth; they stated that they had “not seen any reliably localised specimens from Greymouth or the immediate vicinity of that town, so we have chosen the neotype from one of the nearest localities where the species is definitely known to occur”. Subsequently, C. calva has been found living in Omotumotu Bush, Greymouth, and on Peter Ridge, and near Point Elizabeth, on the southern and northern outskirts of the town, respectively (F. Brook pers. obs.). Current taxonomy. Cytora calva (Hutton, 1882) — Powell (1957: 90), Powell (1979: 85), Marshall (1995: 496), Marshall & Barker (2007: 60), Spencer et al., (2009: 203). Distribution. New Zealand; northwestern South Island, from Granity and Nelson Lakes southwest to Lake Kaniere (Marshall & Barker, 2007: fig. 8A; NMNZ collection records)., Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on pages 12-13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Hutton, F. W. (1898 - 1900) List of types in the Canterbury Museum. Unpublished handwritten list, original at Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, photocopy held with the dry type collection at Museum of New Zealand, Te Papa Tongarewa, 10 pp.","Hutton, F. W. (1900) Note on Paryphanta lignaria. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 32, 22. [June]","Suter, H. (1913) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 1120 pp.","Freeman, A. N. D., Marshall, B. A., Maxwell, P. A., Walker, M. W. & Nicholls, D. C. (1997) Recent name-bearing molluscan types in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand. Records of the Canterbury Museum, 11, 17 - 41.","Marshall, B. A. & Barker, G. M. (2007) A revision of New Zealand landsnails of the genus Cytora Kobelt & Mollendorff, 1897 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pupinidae). Tuhinga: Records of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 18, 49 - 113.","Hutton, F. W. (1882 p) Meetings of Societies, Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Christchurch, 7 th September, 1882. Descriptions of new land shells. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1 (6), 281 - 282. [November]","Hutton, F. W. (1883 d) Descriptions of new land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 15, 134 - 141. [May]","Suter, H. (1915) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca, Atlas of Plates. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 72 pls.","Dell, R. K. (1955) The land Mollusca of Fiordland, south-west Otago. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 82, 1135 - 1148.","Powell, A. W. B. (1957) Shells of New Zealand. 3 rd ed. Whitcombe and Tombs, Christchurch, 202 pp.","Powell, A. W. B. (1979) New Zealand Mollusca: Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells. Collins, Auckland, xiv + 500 pp.","Marshall, B. A. (1995) Molluscan and brachiopod taxa introduced by F. W. Hutton in The New Zealand Journal of Science. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 25 (4), 495 - 500. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.1995.9517499"]}

Charopa planulata Hutton, 1883 Pl. 4, figs. A, B Hutton, 1883. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 477. Type material. Lectotype (designated by Climo & Mahlfeld 1998: 2), CMNZ M12773 [ex M1039], and paralectotypes (2), CMNZ M1039 [ex ZS 671] (dry shells). Label details. CMNZ M1039—‘ Auckland, T.F. Cheeseman Coll.’ CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M1039—‘ Allodiscus planulatus Hutton, Auckland (old number ZS 671)’. Type locality. ‘ Auckland (T. F. Cheeseman)’ (Hutton 1883g: 477, 1884b: 181). Previous illustrations of type material. Radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1884b: pl. 9, fig. J) probably from type material; Climo & Mahlfeld (1998: fig. 1A—lectotype). Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 181), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 477). There has been considerable confusion over the identity and distribution of Charopa planulata, as indicated by synonymies of Climo & Mahlfeld (1998) and Marshall & Barker (2008: 83, 85, 115, 116). Following misidentifications by Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: 67; 1893 [in 1893–1895]: pl. 3, figs. 4–6), planulata was generally assigned to Allodiscus Pilsbry, 1892 at subgenus or genus level, and Hutton’s species name was misapplied to several different taxa, and interpreted as having a wide distribution in New Zealand (e.g., Suter 1913; Powell 1979). Climo & Mahlfeld (1998) stated that all previous records of planulata except the type material were of other species, and they reassigned Charopa planulata Hutton, 1883 to genus Chaureopa Climo, 1985. Charopa planulata Hutton, 1883 is possibly conspecific with Chaureopa microumbilicata Climo, 1985. Type material of the former taxon has a shell of up to 2.7 mm diameter at 4.0 whorls, with a slightly elevated spire, an almost closed umbilicus, teleoconch sculpture of crisp, closely-spaced, sigmoidal radial ribs, and a smooth, glossy protoconch of 1.3–1.4 whorls and maximum diameter of 0.53–0.60 mm. Chaureopa microumbilicata, with a holotype from Kauaeranga Valley, Thames, attains a slightly larger size than the type material of planulata (max. diameter of 3.15 mm at 4.6 whorls), but has similar shell shape and teleoconch sculpture. Shells of microumbilicata generally have a narrowly open umbilicus c. 8–13% of maximum shell diameter (e.g., AIM MA84935, MA96690, NMNZ M.62443, M.62444, M.78793, M.97634, M.186395, M.186508, M.301462), but some populations in Hunua Ranges and Thames, southeast of Auckland, contain shells that have the umbilicus almost closed, as in the type material of planulata (e.g., AIM MA84932, MA97021, NMNZ M.78794). Protoconch size in microumbilcata is also variable, ranging from 0.54–0.74 mm in maximum diameter, and 1.3–1.7 whorls. The two taxa have overlapping distributions: planulata was described from material collected in Auckland; microumbilicata has a sparse distribution in the northeastern North Island between Waiwera, north of Auckland, and Bay of Plenty (AIM and NMNZ collection records). Current taxonomy. Chaureopa planulata (Hutton, 1883) — Climo & Mahlfeld (1998: 1), Spencer et al. (2009: 215). Distribution. New Zealand; North Island, recorded from Auckland only by Climo & Mahlfeld (1998), but if synonymous with Chaureopa microumbilicata Climo, 1985 it has a wider, albeit sparse, distribution in the northeastern North Island, between Waiwera and Bay of Plenty., Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on pages 33-34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Climo, F. M. & Mahlfeld, K. (1998) Charopa planulata Hutton, a species of Chaureopa Climo, 1985 (Pulmonata: Charopidae). Cookia, 9, 1 - 6.","Hutton, F. W. (1883 g) Meetings of Societies. Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Christchurch, 7 th June, 1883. Notes on New Zealand land shells, with descriptions of new species. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1 (10), 475 - 477. [July]","Hutton, F. W. (1884 b) Notes on New Zealand land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 161 - 186. [May]","Marshall, B. A. & Barker, G. M. (2008) A revision of the New Zealand landsnails referred to Allodiscus Pilsbry, 1892 and Pseudallodiscus Climo, 1971, with the introduction of three new genera (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Charopidae). Tuhinga: Records of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 19, 57 - 167.","Suter, H. (1913) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 1120 pp.","Powell, A. W. B. (1979) New Zealand Mollusca: Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells. Collins, Auckland, xiv + 500 pp.","Spencer, H. G., Marshall, B. A. & Willan, R. C. (2009) Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. In: Gordon, D. P. (Ed.), New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Vol. 1. Kingdom Animalia. Canterbury University Press. Christchurch, pp. 196 - 219."]}

Phrixgnathus phrynia Hutton, 1883 Pl. 5, fig. G Hutton, 1883. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 476. Type material. Lectotype (designated here), CMNZ M1384 (dry shell). Label details. CMNZ M1384—‘114. Whanganui, Hutton coll.’ CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. ‘ Phrixgnathus phrynia Hutton, Wanganui (1 specimen) (old No. 114) ’. Type locality. ‘Wanganui (T. W. Kirk)’ (Hutton 1883g: 476, 1884b: 177). Previous illustrations of type material. The shell(s) illustrated by Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: pl. 23, figs. 88–90, ‘H. Suter, del.’) and Suter (1915: pl. 9, figs. 23, a, b) are possibly primary type material. Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 177), and was pre-empted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 476). These descriptions were based on one or more specimens reportedly collected from Whanganui and sent to Hutton by T.W. Kirk. Subsequently there has been confusion over the identity and distribution of Phrixgnathus phrynia. Hedley & Suter (1893: 649) and Suter (1894b: 279) recorded it from several North Island localities between Whangarei and Whanganui; and Suter (1913: 756), Dell (1954b: 147) and Powell (1979: 329) recorded it as being widely distributed in the North and South islands, and present also on Rakiura/Stewart Island. However, examination of museum collections indicates that it actually has a much narrower distribution (see below). Phrixgnathus acanthinulopsis Suter, 1891, based on material from Hooker Valley, Mt Cook (i.e., NMNZ M.88018), was listed as a junior synonym of P. phrynia Hutton, 1883 by Suter (1913: 755), Dell (1954b: 147) and Powell (1979: 329), but these two taxa differ morphologically and genetically (M. Kennedy & T. King, unpub. data), and in our opinion are separate species. Laoma (Phrixgnathus) phrynia var. major Suter, 1897, based on material from Stewart Island (i.e., NMNZ M.125167), was listed as a junior synonym of P. phrynia Hutton, 1883 by Dell (1954: 147) and Powell (1979: 329), but examination of type material indicates that these also are separate species, and that the former is a synonym of Phrixgnathus flemingi stewartensis Dell, 1954. Phrixgnathus oconnori Powell, 1941, based on material from Pirinoa [Wairarapa] (i.e., AIM MA70621), is a subjective junior synonym of P. phrynia Hutton, 1883, as noted by Powell (1979: 329). Current taxonomy. Phrixgnathus phrynia Hutton, 1883 — Hutton (1884c: 197), Spencer et al. (2009: 217). Distribution. New Zealand; North Island south of Whanganui and Ormondville, Kapiti Island, D’Urville Island, and Marlborough Sounds, northeastern South Island (AIM and NMNZ collections)., Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on pages 43-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Hutton, F. W. (1883 g) Meetings of Societies. Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Christchurch, 7 th June, 1883. Notes on New Zealand land shells, with descriptions of new species. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1 (10), 475 - 477. [July]","Hutton, F. W. (1884 b) Notes on New Zealand land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 161 - 186. [May]","Suter, H. (1915) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca, Atlas of Plates. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 72 pls.","Hedley, C. & Suter, H. (1893) Reference list of the land and freshwater Mollusca of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, Series 2, 7, 613 - 665. [May]","Suter, H. (1894 b) Liste synonymique et bibliographique des Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la Nouvelle-Zelande. Journal de Conchyliologie, 41, 220 - 293.","Suter, H. (1913) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 1120 pp.","Dell, R. K. (1954 b) The land Mollusca of Stewart and Solander Islands. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 82, 137 - 156.","Powell, A. W. B. (1979) New Zealand Mollusca: Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells. Collins, Auckland, xiv + 500 pp.","Suter, H. (1891) Miscellaneous communications on New Zealand land and fresh-water molluscs. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 23, 93 - 96.","Suter, H. (1897) A revision of the New Zealand Athoracophoridae. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 2 (6), 245 - 257. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. mollus. a 064678","Powell, A. W. B. (1941) Biological primary types in the Auckland Museum. Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum, 2, 239 - 259.","Hutton, F. W. (1884 c) Revision of the land Mollusca of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 186 - 212. [May]","Spencer, H. G., Marshall, B. A. & Willan, R. C. (2009) Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. In: Gordon, D. P. (Ed.), New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Vol. 1. Kingdom Animalia. Canterbury University Press. Christchurch, pp. 196 - 219."]}

Leptopoma pannosa Hutton, 1882 Pl. 1, fig. E Hutton, 1882. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 282. Type material. Lectotype, CMNZ M1266.1 [ex ZS 179], paralectotypes (2), CMNZ 1266.2 [= M18077, Cytora chiltoni (Suter, 1896)], CMNZ M1266.3 [= M18078, Cytora mayhillae Marshall & Barker, 2007] (dry shells). Lectotype designation and identification of paralectotypes by Marshall & Barker (2007: 94). According to a note in the CMNZ accession register (by D. Gregg, 8 May 1968) the type lot M1266 originally contained four specimens. The molluscan collection at CMNZ has a radula mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Leptopoma pannosa, Greymouth, XVI p. 173’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.46), which is also probably primary type material (see description of radula by Hutton 1883d: 140), but whether it is from the lectotype, or a paralectotype, is not known. There is a dab of glue residue on this glass slide, suggesting that some other item, possibly the operculum illustrated by Hutton 1884b: pl. 10, fig. U), was formerly attached to it, but is now lost. CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M1266—‘Lagochilus pannosum Hutton, Greymouth (old no. ZS 179)’. Type locality. ‘Greymouth (R. Helms)’ (Hutton 1882p: 282); ‘Greymouth, under very damp logs and earth (Mr. R. Helms)’ (Hutton 1883d: 140). Previous illustrations of type material. Operculum and radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1884b: pl. 10, fig. U) probably from type material. Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of Leptosoma pannosa to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1882, but publication was delayed until May 1883 (Hutton 1883d: 140), and was pre-empted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1882p: 282).A description by Hutton (1884b: 173) of the radula of pannosa was probably based on the putative type material in CMNZ 2017.17.46 mentioned above. Marshall & Barker (2007: 94) noted that the type series at CMNZ contained three different species. They selected a lectotype, illustrated here for the first time in pl. 1, fig. E, that most closely matched New Zealand malacologists’ interpretations of pannosa (i.e., broadly conical shell of moderate size with enlarged periostracal projections at the periphery), and re-described the species. Current taxonomy. Cytora pannosa (Hutton, 1882) — Powell (1957: 91), Powell (1979: 84), Marshall (1995: 497), Marshall & Barker (2007: 94), Spencer et al. (2009: 203). Distribution. New Zealand; northwestern South Island, from Heaphy River to the vicinity of Haast (Marshall & Baker 2007: 97, fig. 17B; AIM and NMNZ collection records)., Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on pages 13-14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Marshall, B. A. & Barker, G. M. (2007) A revision of New Zealand landsnails of the genus Cytora Kobelt & Mollendorff, 1897 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pupinidae). Tuhinga: Records of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 18, 49 - 113.","Hutton, F. W. (1883 d) Descriptions of new land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 15, 134 - 141. [May]","Hutton, F. W. (1884 b) Notes on New Zealand land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 161 - 186. [May]","Hutton, F. W. (1882 p) Meetings of Societies, Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Christchurch, 7 th September, 1882. Descriptions of new land shells. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1 (6), 281 - 282. [November]","Powell, A. W. B. (1957) Shells of New Zealand. 3 rd ed. Whitcombe and Tombs, Christchurch, 202 pp.","Powell, A. W. B. (1979) New Zealand Mollusca: Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells. Collins, Auckland, xiv + 500 pp.","Marshall, B. A. (1995) Molluscan and brachiopod taxa introduced by F. W. Hutton in The New Zealand Journal of Science. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 25 (4), 495 - 500. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.1995.9517499","Spencer, H. G., Marshall, B. A. & Willan, R. C. (2009) Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. In: Gordon, D. P. (Ed.), New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Vol. 1. Kingdom Animalia. Canterbury University Press. Christchurch, pp. 196 - 219."]}

Limnaea leptosoma Hutton, 1884 Pl. 1, fig. J Hutton, 1884. New Zealand Journal of Science, 2: 175. Type material. Possible syntypes, CMNZ M360 (1); NMNZ M.125540 [ex H. Suter colln.] (2) (dry shells). Hutton (1885c: 55) noted that he had “two specimens only” of this species, which indicates that at least one of the shells in the two lots listed here is not primary type material. Label details. CMNZ M360 —‘17. Limnaea leptosoma Hutton,Wellington’,pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting; NMNZ M.125540—‘ Limnaea leptosoma Hutton, Syntype, Wellington, Hu.’ in H. Suter’s handwriting. Type locality. ‘Wellington’ (Hutton 1884h: 175, 1885c: 55). Previous illustrations of type material. Hutton (1885c: pl. 12, fig. 3). Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1884, but publication was delayed until May 1885 (Hutton 1885c: 55), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1884h: 175). Treated as a junior synonym of Succinea tomentosa Pfeiffer, 1855 by Hubendick (1951: 192) and Dell (1956: 76). As noted in the preceding species entry, the latter taxon has a wide distribution in the North Island and South Island and is probably endemic to New Zealand. Current taxonomy. A junior synonym of Austropeplea tomentosa (Pfeiffer, 1855) — Hubendick (1951 —in Lymnaea), Dell (1956: 76 —in Simlimnea Iredale, 1943)., Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on page 16, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Hutton, F. W. (1885 c) The fresh water shells of New Zealand belonging to the family Limnaeidae. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 17, 54 - 58. [May]","Hutton, F. W. (1884 h) Meetings of Societies. Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Christchurch, 5 th June 1884. The fresh water shells of New Zealand belonging to the family Limnaeidae. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 2 (4), 175. [July]","Pfeiffer, L. (1855) Descriptions of a new genus and twenty-three new species of Pneumonopoma, from the collection of H. Cuming, Esq. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 23 (1), 101 - 106.","Hubendick, B. (1951) Recent Lymnaeidae; their variation, morphology, taxonomy, nomenclature and distribution. Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 3, 1 - 223.","Dell, R. K. (1956) The fresh-water Mollusca of New Zealand. Parts II and III. Part II-The species previously assigned to the genera Limnaea and Myxas. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 84, 71 - 81."]}

Phrixgnathus ariel Hutton, 1883 Pl. 5, fig. A Hutton, 1883. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 476. Type material. Holotype, by monotypy, CMNZ M1386 (dry shell). Label details. ‘ Auckland, Hutton Coll. pill box no. 110’. CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M1386—‘ Phrixgnathus ariel Hutton, Auckland (old No. 110)’. Type locality. ‘ Auckland (Cheeseman)’ (Hutton 1883g: 476, 1884b: 177). Remarks. The type material of Phrixgnathus ariel consists of a single specimen (Hutton 1884b: 177). Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 177), and was pre-empted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 476). The holotype is illustrated here for the first time in pl. 5, fig. A. Phrixgnathus ariel is restricted to the North Island (below); records from Nelson, South Island, by Suter (1913: 743) and Powell (1979: 326) were in error. Current taxonomy. Phrixgnathus ariel Hutton, 1883 — Hutton (1884c: 196), Spencer et al. (2009: 217). Distribution. New Zealand; widespread in the North Island from mid Northland to Wellington, and on Taranga/ Hen Island, Aotea/Great Barrier Island and Hauturu/Little Barrier Island (AIM and NMNZ collection records)., Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on pages 39-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Hutton, F. W. (1883 g) Meetings of Societies. Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Christchurch, 7 th June, 1883. Notes on New Zealand land shells, with descriptions of new species. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1 (10), 475 - 477. [July]","Hutton, F. W. (1884 b) Notes on New Zealand land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 161 - 186. [May]","Suter, H. (1913) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 1120 pp.","Powell, A. W. B. (1979) New Zealand Mollusca: Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells. Collins, Auckland, xiv + 500 pp.","Hutton, F. W. (1884 c) Revision of the land Mollusca of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 186 - 212. [May]","Spencer, H. G., Marshall, B. A. & Willan, R. C. (2009) Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. In: Gordon, D. P. (Ed.), New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Vol. 1. Kingdom Animalia. Canterbury University Press. Christchurch, pp. 196 - 219."]}

Testacella vagans Hutton, 1882 Pl. 6, fig. G Hutton, 1882. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 282. Type material. Lectotype (designated by Barker 1999: 98), CMNZ M352 & paralectotypes (2), CMNZ M5033 [ex ZS 1098] (dry shells). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has a radula mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Testacella vagans, Auckland, XVI, pl. 9, fig. T’ (CMNZ 2017.17.57) in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.57), which is probably primary type material. Label details. CMNZ M352—‘ Auckland, Hutton coll.’ Type locality. ‘ Auckland (T. F. Cheeseman)’ (Hutton 1882p: 282); ‘ Auckland (T.F. Cheeseman), and Waiuku (T. Kirk)’ (Hutton 1883d: 140). Previous illustrations of type material. Radula teeth of Testacella vagans illustrated by Hutton (1884b: pl. 10, fig. T) probably from type material. Remarks. Hutton (1882h: 152, pl. 3, fig. E, pl. 4, fig. M) described and illustrated the radula of a semi-slug, that had been “collected by Mr. T. Kirk, at Waiuku, in the Lower Waikato district ”. He identified this specimen as Daudebardia novoseelandica Pfeiffer [= Rhytididae], albeit noting that its distinctive barbed teeth “appear to belong to Testacella ”. Hutton subsequently received additional specimens from Thomas Cheeseman that had been collected from gardens in the vicinity of Auckland and decided that they belonged to a new species of Testacella. He submitted a description of Testacella vagans to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1882, but publication was delayed until May 1883 (Hutton 1883d: 140), and was pre-empted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1882p: 282). A shell from the type series (lectotype) of T. vagans is illustrated here for the first time in pl. 6 fig. G. Cheeseman (1887: 170) suggested that vagans may “prove to be the European H. maugei, and that it is only naturalised in New Zealand ”. Musson (1891: 885) and Suter (1892b: 279) also considered that T. vagans was adventive in New Zealand, and it was listed as a junior synonym of T. maugei Férussac, 1819 by Hedley & Suter (1893: 665), Suter (1913: 1073), Thomson (1922: 259), and as a junior synonym of T. haliotidea Draparnaud, 1801 by Barker (1979: 414, 1982: 177). Barker (1999: 98) later concluded that T. vagans was conspecific with T. maugei, based on examination of type material. The latter species is thought to be native to the Atlantic coastal zone between Morocco and NW France, and Canary, Azores, Madeira and Channel Islands (Welter-Schultes 2012: 419), and has been introduced to South Africa and New Zealand (Barker 1999, Herbert 2010). Hutton’s (1882h,p) descriptions are the earliest record of T. maugei from New Zealand. At present the only confirmed records are from the Auckland region, where this species is still extant locally in modified urban habitats (F. Brook pers. obs.). According to Barker (1999: 99), records of Testacella from elsewhere in New Zealand were based on T. haliotidea Draparnaud. Current taxonomy. A subjective junior synonym of Testacella maugei Férussac, 1819 — Hedley & Suter (1893: 665), Suter (1913: 1073), Thomson (1922: 259), Barker (1999: 99). Part 3: Land snail species with type material incorrectly stated to be from New Zealand Subclass Caenogastropoda Order Architaenioglossa, Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on pages 55-56, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Barker, G. M. (1999) Naturalised terrestrial Stylommatophora (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Fauna of New Zealand 38. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, 254 pp.","Hutton, F. W. (1882 p) Meetings of Societies, Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Christchurch, 7 th September, 1882. Descriptions of new land shells. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1 (6), 281 - 282. [November]","Hutton, F. W. (1883 d) Descriptions of new land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 15, 134 - 141. [May]","Hutton, F. W. (1884 b) Notes on New Zealand land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 161 - 186. [May]","Hutton, F. W. (1882 h) Notes on some pulmonate Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 14, 150 - 158. [May]","Cheeseman, T. F. (1887) On the Mollusca of the vicinity of Auckland. Transactions & Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 19, 161 - 176.","Musson, C. T. (1891) On the naturalised forms of land and fresh-water Mollusca in Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, Series 2, 15, 883 - 896. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 18668","Suter, H. (1892 b) List of the introduced land and fresh-water Mollusca of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 24, 279 - 281.","Hedley, C. & Suter, H. (1893) Reference list of the land and freshwater Mollusca of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, Series 2, 7, 613 - 665. [May]","Suter, H. (1913) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 1120 pp.","Thomson, G. M. (1922) The Naturalisation of Animals and Plants in New Zealand. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, x + 607 pp.","Barker, G. M. (1979) The introduced slugs of New Zealand (Gastropoda: Pulmonata). New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 6 (3), 411 - 437. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.1979.10428382","Barker, G. M. (1982) Notes on the introduced terrestrial Pulmonata (Gastropoda: Mollusca) of New Zealand. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 48, 174 - 181. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. mollus. a 065634","Welter-Schultes, F. W. (2012) European Non-Marine Molluscs, a Guide for Species Identification: Bestimmungsbuch fur europaische Land-und Susswassermollusken. Planet Poster Editions, Gottingen, 760 pp.","Herbert, D. G. (2010) The introduced terrestrial Mollusca of South Africa. SANBI Biodiversity Series 15. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, 108 pp."]}

Zonites fulminata Hutton, 1882 Pl. 2, fig. G Hutton, 1882. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 281. Type material. Holotype, by monotypy, CMNZ M252 (dry shell). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has radula fragments mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Phacussa fulminata, Stewart Is., XVI p. 173’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.114), which is probably from the holotype (see descriptions of radula and jaw by Hutton 1883d: 138, 1884b: 173). Label details. CMNZ M252—‘44. Phacussa fulminata Hutton, Stewart Island’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting. Type locality. ‘Stewart Island (T. Kirk)’ (Hutton 1882p: 281), ‘Stewart Island (Mr. T. Kirk, a single specimen)’ (Hutton 1883d: 138). Previous illustrations of type material. Radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1884b: pl. 10, fig. J) probably from holotype. Remarks. The original description of Zonites fulminata was based on a single specimen (Hutton 1883d: 138). Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1882, but publication was delayed until May 1883 (Hutton 1883d: 138), and was pre-empted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1882p: 281).A description by Hutton (1884b: 173, pl. 10, fig. J) of a radula of fulminata was probably based on the putative type material in CMNZ 2017.17.114 mentioned above. Charopa cassandra Hutton, 1883 is a subjective junior synonym of Zonites fulminata Hutton, 1882, as noted in the entry for the former species (above). Current taxonomy. Phacussa fulminata (Hutton, 1882) — Hutton (1884b: 173, 1884c: 206), Suter (1913: 623), Powell (1979: 315), Spencer et al. (2009: 215). Distribution. New Zealand; Whenua Hou/Codfish Island, Rakiura/Stewart Island and nearshore islands (Suter 1913: 624; Dell 1954b: 138; Powell 1979: 315; AIM and NMNZ collection records)., Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on page 26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Hutton, F. W. (1883 d) Descriptions of new land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 15, 134 - 141. [May]","Hutton, F. W. (1884 b) Notes on New Zealand land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 161 - 186. [May]","Hutton, F. W. (1882 p) Meetings of Societies, Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Christchurch, 7 th September, 1882. Descriptions of new land shells. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1 (6), 281 - 282. [November]","Hutton, F. W. (1884 c) Revision of the land Mollusca of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 186 - 212. [May]","Suter, H. (1913) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 1120 pp.","Powell, A. W. B. (1979) New Zealand Mollusca: Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells. Collins, Auckland, xiv + 500 pp.","Spencer, H. G., Marshall, B. A. & Willan, R. C. (2009) Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. In: Gordon, D. P. (Ed.), New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Vol. 1. Kingdom Animalia. Canterbury University Press. Christchurch, pp. 196 - 219.","Dell, R. K. (1954 b) The land Mollusca of Stewart and Solander Islands. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 82, 137 - 156."]}

Rissoa vana Hutton, 1873 Pl. 1, fig. G Hutton, 1873. Catalogue of the Tertiary Mollusca and Echinodermata of New Zealand: 12. Type material. Lectotype, NMNZ M.1760 (dry shell). Lectotype fixed by inference of holotype (ICZN Art. 74.6) by Marshall (1996: 20). Label details. ‘ Rissoa vana (Hutton), Awamoa, Holotype’, in R.K. Dell’s handwriting. Type locality. ‘Awamoa’ (Hutton 1873c: 12). Remarks. Primary type material of Rissoa vana Hutton is illustrated here for the first time in pl. 1, fig. G. The original description of this species was based on one or more specimens collected from Awamoa Creek, Oamaru. Hutton (1873c) interpreted vana as a marine species derived from a Miocene fossil assemblage, but Finlay (1924: 491, 493) pointed out that it is a synonym of the extant freshwater snail Amnicola badia Gould, 1848 [= Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray, 1843)]. Finlay (1924) noted that this species was common in Awamoa Creek and suggested that the type material of vana was probably collected from Recent flood deposits. Potamopyrgus antipodarum is widely distributed throughout New Zealand in fresh and brackish water (Winterbourn 1970, Haase 2008: 103). It also has a wide adventive distribution in southeastern Australia and Tasmania (Ponder 1988) and Europe (e.g., Welter-Schultes 2012: 40), and is adventive also in North America (e.g., Richards et al. 2001, Alonso & Castro-Diez 2008) and Japan (Shimada & Urabe 2003). Current taxonomy. A subjective junior synonym of Potamopygus antipodarum (Gray, 1843) — Finlay (1924: 491, 493), Marshall (1996: 20). Subclass Heterobranchia Order Hygrophila, Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on page 15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Marshall, B. A. (1996) Molluscan name-bearing types in the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. Tuhinga: Records of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 9, 1 - 85.","Hutton, F. W. (1873 c) Catalogue of the Tertiary Mollusca and Echinodermata of New Zealand, in the Collection of the Colonial Museum. Colonial Museum and Geological Survey Department Natural History Publication 6. Government Printer, Wellington, 48 pp.","Finlay, H. J. (1924) New Zealand Tertiary rissoids. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 55, 480 - 494.","Winterbourn, M. (1970) The New Zealand species of Potamopyrgus (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae). Malacologia, 10, 283 - 321.","Haase, M. (2008) The radiation of hydrobiid gastropods in New Zealand: a revision including the description of new species based on morphology and mtDNA sequence information. Systematics and Biodiversity, 6 (1), 99 - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 1477200007002630","Ponder, W. F. (1988) Potamopyrgus antipodarum - a molluscan colonizer of Europe and Australia. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 54 (3), 271 - 285. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / mollus / 54.3.271","Welter-Schultes, F. W. (2012) European Non-Marine Molluscs, a Guide for Species Identification: Bestimmungsbuch fur europaische Land-und Susswassermollusken. Planet Poster Editions, Gottingen, 760 pp.","Richards, D. C., Cazier, L. D. & Lester, G. T. (2001) Spatial distribution of three snail species, including the invader Potamopyrgus antipodarum, in a fresh-water spring. Western North American Naturalist, 61, 375 - 380.","Alonso, A. & Castro-Diez, P. (2008) What explains the invading success of the aquatic mud snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Hydrobiidae, Mollusca)? Hydrobiologia, 614 (1), 107 - 116. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10750 - 008 - 9529 - 3"]}

Rhytida patula Hutton, 1882 Pl. 6, figs. E, F Hutton, 1882. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 282. Type material. Lectotype (designated by Powell 1946: 127), CMNZ M122 [ex ZS 823], and paralectotypes (5), CMNZ M121 (dry shells). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has a radula mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Rhytida patula, Greymouth, XVI p. 167’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.59), which is probably primary type material (see radula descriptions by Hutton 1883d: 139, 1884b: 167). Label details. CMNZ M121 —‘ Greymouth, Hutton coll.’, CMNZ M122 —‘ Greymouth, R. Helms coll.’, ‘ Lectotype sel. by A.W. B. Powell 1936 ’, and accompanying handwritten note ‘ Largest is holotype, agrees with Hutton’s dimensions. AWBP’. CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M121—‘ Rhytida patula Hutton, Greymouth, (old No., 121)’; M122— ‘ Rhytida patula Hutton, Greymouth, presumably Type, (ZS 823)’. Type locality. ‘Greymouth (R. Helms)’ (Hutton 1882p: 282, 1883d: 139). Previous illustrations of type material. Radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1884b: pl. 10, fig. Q) probably from type material; Powell (1946: text figs. D4–6— lectotype). Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of Rhytida patula to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1882, but publication was delayed until May 1883 (Hutton 1883d: 139), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1882p: 282). A description by Hutton (1884b: 167, pl. 10, fig. Q) of a radula of patula was probably based on the putative type material in CMNZ 2017.17.59 mentioned above. As noted in the preceding species entry, Hutton (1883d: 139) differentiated R. patula from R. citrina, both described from material from Greymouth, on the basis of shell and animal coloration, and radula details. From the start there has been confusion over the identity and distribution of both species. Powell (1946: 127) noted that type material of R. patula at CMNZ comprised six ‘co-types’ and he selected the largest specimen, which most closely matched the shell dimensions given by Hutton (1883d: 138), as the lectotype, which is illustrated here in pl. 6, fig. F. Re-examination of this type series indicates that it is a mixed lot that contains two different species, a fact evidently not recognized by Hutton and other workers. One paralectotype (M121.5) is conspecific with the lectotype of R. patula, three match the neotype of R. citrina Hutton, 1882 and are interpreted here as that species (M121.1–M121.3), and one small juvenile shell was indeterminate (M121.4). One of the paralectotypes identified as R. citrina, M121.3, is illustrated here in pl. 6, fig. E. Records of R. patula from Balclutha by Hutton (1884b: 167, 1884c: 208), Hedley & Suter, (1893: 630) and Suter (1894b: 286, 1913: 777), based on CMNZ M1417, refer to a different species, Rhytida otagoensis Powell, 1930. Powell (1946: 127, 1979: 345) recorded R. patula from several localities on the West Coast of the South Island between Whanganui Inlet and Lake Kaniere, and Parkinson (1979: 10) stated that this species was distributed over “most of the West Nelson block”. Efford (1998: 36, fig. 4J) mapped R. patula as having a wide distribution in the northwestern South Island, from Cape Farewell south to Shantytown (south of Greymouth) and Lewis Pass, albeit noting that this could be a complex of related species. Preliminary results of a phylogenetic study (M. Kennedy & T. King unpub. data) confirm this suspicion, and indicate that R. patula has a more restricted distribution than previously recognised (see below). Assigned to genus Rhytida Albers, 1860 by Hutton (1882) and subsequent authors, but this placement requires re-evaluation (M. Kennedy & T. King unpub. data). Current taxonomy. Rhytida patula Hutton, 1882 — Hutton (1884b: 167, 1884c: 208), Hedley & Suter (1893: 630), Suter (1894b: 286, 1913: 776), Powell (1946: 127, 1979: 345), Parkinson (1979: 10), Efford (1998: 36), Spencer et al. (2009: 218). Distribution. New Zealand; northern West Coast, coastal ranges between Charleston and Shantytown (AIM and NMNZ collection records). Part 2: Land snail species introduced into New Zealand Infraclass Pulmonata Order Stylommatophora Family AGRIOLIMACIDAE H. Wagner, 1935, Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on pages 51-53, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Powell, A. W. B. (1946) The Paryphantidae of New Zealand. No. V. Further new species of Paryphanta, Wainuia and Rhytida. Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum, 3, 99 - 136.","Hutton, F. W. (1883 d) Descriptions of new land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 15, 134 - 141. [May]","Hutton, F. W. (1884 b) Notes on New Zealand land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 161 - 186. [May]","Powell, A. W. B. (1936) The Paryphantidae of New Zealand. III. Further new species of Paryphanta and Wainuia. Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum, 2, 29 - 41.","Hutton, F. W. (1882 p) Meetings of Societies, Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Christchurch, 7 th September, 1882. Descriptions of new land shells. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1 (6), 281 - 282. [November]","Hutton, F. W. (1884 c) Revision of the land Mollusca of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 186 - 212. [May]","Suter, H. (1894 b) Liste synonymique et bibliographique des Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la Nouvelle-Zelande. Journal de Conchyliologie, 41, 220 - 293.","Suter, H. (1913) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 1120 pp.","Powell, A. W. B. (1930) The Paryphantidae of New Zealand: their hypothetical ancestry, with descriptions of new species and a new genus. Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum, 1, 17 - 56.","Powell, A. W. B. (1979) New Zealand Mollusca: Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells. Collins, Auckland, xiv + 500 pp.","Parkinson, P. G. (1979) A Consideration of the Systematics of the New Zealand Rhytididae (Mollusca: Pulmonata) with a Repudiation of the Nonsensical ' Ring Species' Speculation lately indulged in by Dr Climo. Pettyfogging Press, Auckland, 22 pp.","Efford, M. (1998) Distribution and status of native carnivorous land snails in the genera Wainuia and Rhytida. Science for Conservation. 101. Department of Conservation, Wellington, 48 pp.","Albers, J. C. & Martens, E. C. von (1860) Die Heliceen nach naturlicher Verwandtschaft systematisch geordnet von Joh. Christ. Albers. Zweite Ausgabe. Engelmann, Leipzig, 359 pp.","Hedley, C. & Suter, H. (1893) Reference list of the land and freshwater Mollusca of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, Series 2, 7, 613 - 665. [May]","Spencer, H. G., Marshall, B. A. & Willan, R. C. (2009) Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. In: Gordon, D. P. (Ed.), New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Vol. 1. Kingdom Animalia. Canterbury University Press. Christchurch, pp. 196 - 219."]}

Milax emarginatus Hutton, 1879 Hutton, 1879. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 11 (1878): 331. Type material. Syntypes (3), OMNZ IV5716 (in alcohol), and syntype (1), NHMUK 1886.11.18.16 (in alcohol). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has a radula, jaw and shell mounted on glass slides with the label details ‘ Milax emarginatus, Dunedin, XIV p. 154’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.110–2017.17.112), which are probably primary type material of Milax emarginatus Hutton, 1879 (see radula description by Hutton 1882h: 154). Label details. OMNZ IV5716—‘ Milax emarginatus = Amalia gagates Hutton, Dunedin (in Hutton’s handwriting)’. NHMUK molluscan register details. 1886.11.18.16—‘ Milax emarginatus Hutton, Dunedin, Purchased of the Commission for the New Zealand, Indian and Colonial Exhibition 1886’. Type locality. ‘Dunedin; common in gardens etc.’ (Hutton 1879: 331). Previous illustrations of type material. Jaw and radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1882h: pl. 3, figs. I, pl. 4, fig. S) probably from type material. Remarks. The original label of the type material of Milax emarginatus at OMNZ has been lost or destroyed, but transcribed details indicate that this material was collected and identified by Hutton himself (see also Hutton 1884c: 205). A specimen of M. emarginatus that was mentioned by Cockerell (1891a: 340) as having been “found at Dunedin (Otago University Museum), in the British Museum” is possibly a syntype (NHMUK 1886.11.18.16). It was evidently sent to London as an exhibit in the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886 and was subsequently purchased by the British Museum. There has been confusion over the identity of Milax emarginatus Hutton. Its distribution was initially listed as New Zealand only (Hutton 1879: 331, 1880: 26, 1884c: 205; Cockerell 1891a: 340), but Musson (1891: 886) implied that it could be adventive in New Zealand, and Hedley & Suter (1893: 665) listed it as adventive. Suter (1913: 1072) noted that it was related to Limax gagates Draparnaud, 1805, and it was treated as a junior synonym of this species by Thomson (1922: 261), Powell (1979: 450) and Barker (1979: 420, 1982: 178, 1999: 87). Milax gagates (Draparnaud) is thought to be native to the coastal zone and islands of the western Mediterranean, and possibly Canary Islands, and has a very wide synanthropic distribution that includes central and northern Europe, South Africa, Atlantic islands, North and South America, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and some Pacific islands (Wiktor 1987: 205, map 3; Barker 1999; Herbert 2010; Welter-Schultes, 2012: 432). It was first recorded in New Zealand in the Bay of Islands in 1840 (as Limax fuliginosus Gould, 1852), and was recorded by Barker (1999: 89, map 18) as being widely distributed in modified habitats in the North and South islands, and present also on Chatham Island. Current taxonomy. A junior synonym of Milax gagates (Draparnaud, 1801) — Powell (1979), Barker (1979, 1982, 1999). Family TESTACELLIDAE Gray, 1840, Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on pages 54-55, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Hutton, F. W. (1882 h) Notes on some pulmonate Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 14, 150 - 158. [May]","Hutton, F. W. (1884 c) Revision of the land Mollusca of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 186 - 212. [May]","Cockerell, T. D. A. (1891 a) Notes on slugs, chiefly in the collection of the British Museum [continued from pp. 97 - 107]. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology being a continuation of the Annals combined with Loudon and Charlesworth's Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 7 (40), 328 - 341. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939109460619","Musson, C. T. (1891) On the naturalised forms of land and fresh-water Mollusca in Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, Series 2, 15, 883 - 896. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 18668","Hedley, C. & Suter, H. (1893) Reference list of the land and freshwater Mollusca of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, Series 2, 7, 613 - 665. [May]","Suter, H. (1913) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 1120 pp.","Thomson, G. M. (1922) The Naturalisation of Animals and Plants in New Zealand. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, x + 607 pp.","Powell, A. W. B. (1979) New Zealand Mollusca: Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells. Collins, Auckland, xiv + 500 pp.","Barker, G. M. (1979) The introduced slugs of New Zealand (Gastropoda: Pulmonata). New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 6 (3), 411 - 437. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.1979.10428382","Barker, G. M. (1982) Notes on the introduced terrestrial Pulmonata (Gastropoda: Mollusca) of New Zealand. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 48, 174 - 181. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. mollus. a 065634","Barker, G. M. (1999) Naturalised terrestrial Stylommatophora (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Fauna of New Zealand 38. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, 254 pp.","Wiktor, A. (1987) Milacidae (Gastropoda, Pulmonata) - systematic monograph. Annales Zoologici, 31, 153 - 319.","Herbert, D. G. (2010) The introduced terrestrial Mollusca of South Africa. SANBI Biodiversity Series 15. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, 108 pp.","Welter-Schultes, F. W. (2012) European Non-Marine Molluscs, a Guide for Species Identification: Bestimmungsbuch fur europaische Land-und Susswassermollusken. Planet Poster Editions, Gottingen, 760 pp."]}

Strobila leiodon Hutton, 1882 Pl. 3, fig. D Hutton, 1882. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 281. Type material. Lectotype (designated here), CMNZ 59.3, and paralectotypes, CMNZ M59 (6), CMNZ M9923 [ex M59] (2) (dry shells). Details in the CMNZ molluscan catalogue indicate that lots M1065 [ZS 723] and M12776 [ex M1065] are also primary type material of Strobila leiodon Hutton, 1882 (see below), with the former lot being listed by Freeman et al. (1997: 31). However, neither of these lots were found during a search of the CMNZ molluscan collection in 2017. The collection at CMNZ has a radula mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Huttonella leioda, Greymouth, XVI p. 166’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.105), which is probably primary type material (see descriptions of radula by Hutton 1883d: 136, 1884b: 166). Label details. CMNZ M59—‘69. Strobila leiodon Hutton, Greymouth’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting. CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M1065—‘ Endodonta leiodon Hutton, Greymouth (old number ZS 723)’. Type locality. ‘Greymouth (R. Helms)’ (Hutton 1882p: 281, 1883d: 136). Previous illustrations of type material. Radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1884b: pl. 9, fig. P) probably from type material; Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: 87, pl. 24, figs. 32–35—‘drawn by Mr. Suter from the type specimens’); Suter (1915: pl. 9, figs. 16, a–c—possibly type material). Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of Strobila leiodon to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1882, but publication was delayed until May 1883 (Hutton 1883d: 135), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1882p: 281). A description by Hutton (1884b: 166, pl. 9, fig. P) of a radula of leiodon was probably based on the putative type material in CMNZ 2017.17.105 mentioned above. Hutton’s descriptions of S. leiodon were based on more than one specimen, and he did not designate a holotype. Climo (1969: 194) incorrectly stated that the ‘holotype’ was in Canterbury Museum, but this is not a valid lectotype fixation according to either Art. 74.5 or Art. 74.6 of the ICZN (1999) Code, because he was aware that the type material consisted of more than one specimen, and did not explicitly indicate that he was selecting a particular specimen to serve as the name-bearing type. Strobila leiodon Hutton, 1882 is the type species of Ptychodon Ancey, 1888, by original designation. It is also the type species of Huttonella Suter, 1890 (non Huttonella Pfeiffer, 1856), by subsequent designation of Schileyko (2001: 937), and hence also of the replacement genus name Maoriana Suter, 1891 (see ICZN Article 67.8). The two last-mentioned genus names were treated as junior synonyms of Ptychodon by Schileyko (2001: 937). Current taxonomy. Ptychodon leiodon (Hutton, 1882) — Ancey (1888: 372), Iredale (1915: 481), Climo (1978a: 181, 1989: 623), Spencer et al. (2009: 216). Distribution. New Zealand; western South Island, predominantly in the northern part between Golden Bay and Hokitika, with scattered records south to Hollyford Valley, Fiordland (Climo 1989: 625, fig. 22; AIM and NMNZ collection records)., Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on page 29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Freeman, A. N. D., Marshall, B. A., Maxwell, P. A., Walker, M. W. & Nicholls, D. C. (1997) Recent name-bearing molluscan types in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand. Records of the Canterbury Museum, 11, 17 - 41.","Hutton, F. W. (1883 d) Descriptions of new land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 15, 134 - 141. [May]","Hutton, F. W. (1884 b) Notes on New Zealand land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 161 - 186. [May]","Hutton, F. W. (1882 p) Meetings of Societies, Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Christchurch, 7 th September, 1882. Descriptions of new land shells. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1 (6), 281 - 282. [November]","Suter, H. (1915) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca, Atlas of Plates. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 72 pls.","ICZN (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ed. 4. Available on-line at http: // www. nhm. ac. uk / hosted-sites / iczn / code / (accessed 29 February 2020)","Ancey, M. C. F. (1888) Nouvelles contributions malacologiques. Bulletins de la Societe Malacologique, 5, 341 - 376.","Schileyko, A. A. (2001) Treatise on Recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs. Part 7. Endodontidae, Thyrophorellidae, Charopidae. Ruthenica, Supplement 2, 881 - 1034.","Suter, H. (1891) Miscellaneous communications on New Zealand land and fresh-water molluscs. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 23, 93 - 96.","Iredale, T. (1915) A commentary on Suter's Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 47, 417 - 497.","Climo, F. M. (1978 a) Classification of New Zealand Arionacea (Mollusca: Pulmonata), a review of the New Zealand charopine snails with lamellate apertures. Records of the National Museum of New Zealand, 1, 177 - 201.","Climo, F. M. (1989) The panbiogeography of New Zealand as illuminated by the genus Fectola Iredale, 1915 and subfamily Rotadiscinae Pilsbry, 1927 (Mollusca: Pulmonata: Punctoidea: Charopidae). New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 16 (4), 587 - 649. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.1989.10422923","Spencer, H. G., Marshall, B. A. & Willan, R. C. (2009) Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. In: Gordon, D. P. (Ed.), New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Vol. 1. Kingdom Animalia. Canterbury University Press. Christchurch, pp. 196 - 219."]}

Janella papillata Hutton, 1879 Hutton, 1879. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 11 (1878): 332. Type material. Lectotype (designated by Barker 2018: 232), OMNZ IV5713, and paralectotypes (4), OMNZ IV94332–35 [ex IV5713] (in alcohol). One or more paralectotypes formerly in Canterbury Museum, Christchurch (Hutton 1898 – 1900: 10), but not mentioned by Freeman et al. (1997), and apparently lost. However, the molluscan collection at CMNZ has radula fragments mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Janella papillata, Wellington, XIV p. 159’ in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.123), which is probably primary type material (see description of radula by Hutton 1882i: 159). Label details. OMNZ IV5713—‘ Janella papillatus Hutton, Wellington (Hutton’s handwriting), Athoracophorus’. Type locality. ‘ Wellington and Dunedin, on trees’ (Hutton 1879: 332). Previous illustrations of type material. Radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1882i: pl. 5, figs 10, 11) probably from type material. Remarks. The original description of this species was based on material from Wellington and Dunedin that was collected by Hutton himself (Hutton 1884c: 206). The type series was evidently split between collections at Otago and Canterbury museums (Hutton 1898 – 1900: 10; Suter 1913: 803). The collection at NHMUK contains a specimen from Dunedin labelled ‘ Janella papillata Hutton’, which was sent from Otago Museum to London as an exhibit in the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886, and subsequently purchased by the British Museum (i.e., NHMUK 1886.11.18.18). It is possible that this specimen is part of the type series, though the NHMUK molluscan accessions register and label details do not refer to it as type material, list the collector, or state who identified it. As discussed by Barker (2018: 218, 232), there has been considerable confusion over the identity and distribution of Janella papillata Hutton, 1879. It was listed as a variety of Janella bitentaculata (Quoy & Gaimard) by Hutton (1884c: 206) and Hedley (1893: 158), and subsequently reinstated as a full species by Cockerell (1891b: 217), who designated it as the type species of Pseudaneita Cockerell, 1891, based on morphological characters of the specimen in NHMUK 1886.11.18.18. Redescriptions of non-type material identified as Pseudaneita papillata were given by Suter (1913: 801) and Burton (1963: 61), who considered that this species was widely distributed throughout the South Island and the southern North Island. However, Barker (2018: 232) re-examined type material of Janella papillata Hutton, 1879 in OMNZ that had been collected in Wellington, and the specimen from Dunedin (ex OMNZ) in NHMUK 1886.11.18.18, and determined that at least two different species of athoracophorid slugs were represented. He designated a specimen from Wellington as the lectotype of J. papillata Hutton, 1879, noting that it is a “a common North Island, New Zealand Athoracophorus species, distinct from A. bitentaculatus (Quoy & Gaimard) ”, and restricted the type locality of papillata to Wellington. He noted that the specimen in NHMUK 1886.11.18.18, and material from the South Island and southern North Island that most New Zealand workers from Suter (1909: 325) onwards have identified as papillata, is a different, as yet undescribed species. Barker (2018: 218) also pointed out that this has implications for the status of Pseudaneita Cockerell, 1891, which is unresolved at the time of writing. Taxonomy: Treated here as Athoracophorus papillatus (Hutton, 1879) n. comb. —after Barker (2018: 232). Distribution. New Zealand; southern North Island, according to Barker (2018: 232). Family CHAROPIDAE Hutton, 1884, Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on pages 20-21, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Barker, G. M. (2018) Nomenclatural and type catalogue of Athoracophoridae (Mollusca: Eupulmonata: Succineoidea): a synopsis of the first 185 years of biodiscovery in the South West Pacific region. Zootaxa, 4434 (2), 201 - 249. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4434.2.1","Hutton, F. W. (1898 - 1900) List of types in the Canterbury Museum. Unpublished handwritten list, original at Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, photocopy held with the dry type collection at Museum of New Zealand, Te Papa Tongarewa, 10 pp.","Hutton, F. W. (1900) Note on Paryphanta lignaria. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 32, 22. [June]","Freeman, A. N. D., Marshall, B. A., Maxwell, P. A., Walker, M. W. & Nicholls, D. C. (1997) Recent name-bearing molluscan types in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand. Records of the Canterbury Museum, 11, 17 - 41.","Hutton, F. W. (1882 i) Notes on some anatomy of the bitentaculate slugs of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 14, 158 - 161. [May]","Hutton, F. W. (1884 c) Revision of the land Mollusca of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 186 - 212. [May]","Suter, H. (1913) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 1120 pp.","Cockerell, T. D. A. (1891 b) On the geographical distribution of slugs. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 59 (2), 214 - 226. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1891. tb 01744. x","Burton, D. W. (1963) A revision of the New Zealand and subantarctic Athoracophoridae. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Zoology, 3, 47 - 75.","Suter, H. (1909) New Zealand Athoracophoridae, with descriptions of two new forms. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 8, 321 - 328. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. mollus. a 066274"]}

Trochomorpha hermia Hutton, 1883 Pl. 7, fig. D Hutton, 1883. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 477. Type material. Lectotype, CMNZ M353, and possible paralectotype (1), NMNZ M.180049 (dry shells). Lectotype fixed by inference of holotype (ICZN Art. 74.6) by Freeman et al. (1997: 32). CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M353—‘ Trochomorpha? hermia Hutton, Manawatu, Wellington, 1 specimen (135)’. Label details. NMNZ M.180049—‘ Trochomorpha? hermia Hutt., Manawatu, T.W. Kirk Coll., Pres. Tawera a Kapiti Lodge’, in R.K. Dell’s handwriting. Type locality. Stated by Hutton (1883g: 477, 1884b: 183) to be ‘Manawatu’, but this is incorrect (see below). Remarks. Type material of Trochomorpha hermia is illustrated here for the first time in pl. 7 fig. D. Hutton submitted a description of Trochomorpha (?) hermia to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 183), and was pre-empted by a brief description of Trachomorpha [sic] (?) hermia in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 477). These descriptions were based on specimens that T.W. Kirk sent to Hutton, and which reportedly had been collected in Manawatu, north of Wellington. Suter (1892c: 282) noted that hermia “corresponds quite well” with Helix (Helicigona) inversicolor Férussac [family Helicarionidae], from Mauritius, and inferred that the type material was mislocalised, and not from New Zealand. Suter (1913: 684) stated that hermia is not a New Zealand species, and treated it as a synonym of Pachystyla inversicolor (Férussac, 1821), as did Freeman et al. (1997: 32), but this name is a nomen nudum, as pointed out by Kennard (1943: 123), and the currently recognised name of the Mauritian taxon is Pachystyla bicolor (Lamarck, 1822) (e.g., Griffiths & Florens 2006: 127– 128, pl. 32. figs. C–F). Subadult shells of P. bicolor are similar to Trochomorpha hermia, but the two taxa have very different teleoconch microsculpture, and are not conspecific (Owen Griffiths pers. comm. 2019). During the present study Michael Shea and Isabel Hyman (pers. comm. 2019) pointed out that, rather than being from Mauritius, Trochomorpha hermia is in fact conspecific with Helix campbellii Gray, 1834, which is endemic to Norfolk and Philip islands, Australia. The latter is the type species of Advena Gude, 1913, and belongs in Microcystinae Thiele, 1931 (Isabel Hyman unpub. data). Advena campbelli was described from material collected on Philip Island (Gray 1834: 65); a syntype (NHMUK 1982239) is illustrated here for the first time in pl. 7, fig. E. Advena campbellii charon Preston, 1913, described from material collected on Norfolk Island (Preston 1913: 526, Iredale 1945: 66, Smith 1992: 226), is a synonym, according to Hyman (2005) and Stanisic et al. (2010: 346, 564). Taxonomy. Treated here as a subjective junior synonym of Advena campbellii (Gray, 1843) N. syn. Family RHYTIDIDAE Pilsbry, 1893, Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on page 57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Freeman, A. N. D., Marshall, B. A., Maxwell, P. A., Walker, M. W. & Nicholls, D. C. (1997) Recent name-bearing molluscan types in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand. Records of the Canterbury Museum, 11, 17 - 41.","Hutton, F. W. (1883 g) Meetings of Societies. Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Christchurch, 7 th June, 1883. Notes on New Zealand land shells, with descriptions of new species. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1 (10), 475 - 477. [July]","Hutton, F. W. (1884 b) Notes on New Zealand land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 161 - 186. [May]","Suter, H. (1892 c) List of land and fresh-water Mollusca doubtful for New Zealand or not inhabiting it. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 24, 281 - 283.","Suter, H. (1913) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 1120 pp.","Kennard, A. S. (1943) Notes on the nomenclature of the Mascarene non-marine Mollusca. The Mauritius Institute Bulletin, 11, 115 - 136.","Griffiths, O. L. & Florens, V. F. B. (2006) A Field Guide to the Non-marine Molluscs of the Mascarene Islands (Mauritius, Rodrigues and Reunion) and the Northern Dependencies of Mauritius. Bioculture Press, Mauritius, xv + 185 pp.","Gray, J. E. (1834) Characters of new species of shells. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 2 (1), 63 - 68.","Preston, H. B. (1913) Characters of new genera and species of terrestrial Mollusca from Norfolk Island. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 12 (72), 522 - 538. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931308693435","Iredale, T. (1945) The land Mollusca of Norfolk Island. The Australian Zoologist, 11, 46 - 71.","Smith, B. J. (1992) Non-marine Mollusca. In: Houston, W. W. K. (Ed.), Zoological Catalogue of Australia Vol. 8. AGPS, Canberra, pp. i-xii + 1 - 405.","Hyman, I. T. (2005) Taxonomy, systematics and evolutionary trends in Helicarionidae (Mollusca, Pulmonata). PhD thesis, University of Sydney, 583 pp.","Stanisic, J., Shea, M., Potter, D. & Griffiths, O. (2010) Australian Land Snails Volume 1. A Field Guide to Eastern Australian Species. Bioculture Press, Mauritius, 591 pp."]}

Rhytida australis Hutton, 1882 Pl. 6, fig. C Hutton, 1882. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 282. Type material. Lectotype (designated here), CMNZ M1406 (dry shell). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has a radula mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Rhytida australis, Stewart Island, XVI p. 167’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.61), which is probably primary type material (see radula descriptions by Hutton 1883d: 139; 1884b: 167). Label details. CMNZ M1406—‘Stewart Is., Hutton coll. (123)’. CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M1406—‘ Rhytida australis Hutton, Stewart Island (1 specimen) (old No. 123) ’. Type locality. ‘Stewart Island (T. Kirk)’ (Hutton 1882p: 282, 1883d: 139). Previous illustrations of type material. Radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1884b: pl. 10, fig. S) probably from type material. Remarks. Original description based on one or more specimens from Rakiura/Stewart Island. Hutton submitted a description of Rhytida australis to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1882, but publication was delayed until May 1883 (Hutton 1883d: 139), and was pre-empted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1882p: 282). A description by Hutton (1884b: 167, pl. 10, fig. S) of a radula of australis was probably based on the putative type material in CMNZ 2017.17.61 mentioned above. A shell from the type material (lectotype) is illustrated here for the first time in pl. 6 fig. C. Assigned to genus Rhytida Albers, 1860 [in Albers & Martens, 1860] by Hutton (1882) and subsequent authors, but preliminary results of a phylogenetic study (M. Kennedy & T. King unpub. data) indicate that this placement requires re-evaluation. Current taxonomy. Rhytida australis Hutton, 1882 — Hutton (1884c: 208), Suter (1913: 771), Dell (1954b: 150), Parkinson (1979: 11), Powell (1979: 344), Efford (1998:33), Spencer et al. (2009: 218). Distribution. New Zealand, Whenua Hou/Codfish Island, Rakiura and nearshore islands (Dell 1954b: 150; Powell 1979: 344; Efford 1998: 33, fig. 4f; AIM and NMNZ collection records)., Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on page 47, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Hutton, F. W. (1883 d) Descriptions of new land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 15, 134 - 141. [May]","Hutton, F. W. (1884 b) Notes on New Zealand land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 161 - 186. [May]","Hutton, F. W. (1882 p) Meetings of Societies, Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Christchurch, 7 th September, 1882. Descriptions of new land shells. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1 (6), 281 - 282. [November]","Albers, J. C. & Martens, E. C. von (1860) Die Heliceen nach naturlicher Verwandtschaft systematisch geordnet von Joh. Christ. Albers. Zweite Ausgabe. Engelmann, Leipzig, 359 pp.","Hutton, F. W. (1884 c) Revision of the land Mollusca of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 186 - 212. [May]","Suter, H. (1913) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 1120 pp.","Dell, R. K. (1954 b) The land Mollusca of Stewart and Solander Islands. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 82, 137 - 156.","Parkinson, P. G. (1979) A Consideration of the Systematics of the New Zealand Rhytididae (Mollusca: Pulmonata) with a Repudiation of the Nonsensical ' Ring Species' Speculation lately indulged in by Dr Climo. Pettyfogging Press, Auckland, 22 pp.","Powell, A. W. B. (1979) New Zealand Mollusca: Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells. Collins, Auckland, xiv + 500 pp.","Efford, M. (1998) Distribution and status of native carnivorous land snails in the genera Wainuia and Rhytida. Science for Conservation. 101. Department of Conservation, Wellington, 48 pp.","Spencer, H. G., Marshall, B. A. & Willan, R. C. (2009) Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. In: Gordon, D. P. (Ed.), New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Vol. 1. Kingdom Animalia. Canterbury University Press. Christchurch, pp. 196 - 219."]}

Pfeifferia cressida Hutton, 1883 Pl. 2, fig. F Hutton, 1883. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 476. Type material. In Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, according to Suter (1913: 650), overlooked and reported as missing by Freeman et al. (1997: 36), but one damaged specimen rediscovered in 2017. Lectotype (designated here), CMNZ M231 (dry shell). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has radula fragments mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Pyrrha cressida, Southland, XVI p. 178’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.52), which is probably primary type material (see description of radula and jaw by Hutton 1884b: 178). CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M231—‘ Pyrrha cressida Hutton, Southland (1 specimen) (old No. 51) ’. Type locality. ‘Waiau, Southland (G. M. Thomson)’ (Hutton 1883g: 476, 1884b: 178). Previous illustrations of type material. Jaw and radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1884b: pl. 9, fig. X, pl. 11, fig. N) probably from type material; Pilsbry (1893 [in 1893–1895]: 346, pl. 3, figs. 17–19—‘ Type. Suter, del.’). Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of Pfeifferia (?) cressida to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 178), and was pre-empted by his brief description of Pfeiffera [sic] (?) cressida in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 476). Pfeifferia cressida Hutton, 1883 is the type species of Pyrrha Hutton, 1883 (non Cabanis 1849), by original designation, and of the replacement genus name Thermia Hutton, 1904, by designation of Hutton (1883i: 532) (see ICZN Article 67.8). Current taxonomy. Thermia cressida (Hutton, 1883) — Suter (1913: 649), Powell (1979: 316), Spencer et al. (2009: 216). Distribution. New Zealand; previously interpreted as having a wide distribution in the southern and western South Island, and on Stewart Island (e.g., Suter 1913: 650; Powell 1979: 316; Spencer & Willan 1996: 41), but preliminary results of a phylogenetic study (M. Kennedy unpub. data) indicate that this refers to a species complex, and the identity and distribution of Hutton’s species need to be re-evaluated., Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on pages 24-26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Suter, H. (1913) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 1120 pp.","Freeman, A. N. D., Marshall, B. A., Maxwell, P. A., Walker, M. W. & Nicholls, D. C. (1997) Recent name-bearing molluscan types in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand. Records of the Canterbury Museum, 11, 17 - 41.","Hutton, F. W. (1884 b) Notes on New Zealand land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 161 - 186. [May]","Hutton, F. W. (1883 g) Meetings of Societies. Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Christchurch, 7 th June, 1883. Notes on New Zealand land shells, with descriptions of new species. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1 (10), 475 - 477. [July]","Hutton, F. W. (1904) Three new generic names for Mollusca. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 29, 461. [December] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 20165","Hutton, F. W. (1883 i) Revision of the land Mollusca of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1 (11), 531 - 532. [September]","Powell, A. W. B. (1979) New Zealand Mollusca: Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells. Collins, Auckland, xiv + 500 pp.","Spencer, H. G., Marshall, B. A. & Willan, R. C. (2009) Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. In: Gordon, D. P. (Ed.), New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Vol. 1. Kingdom Animalia. Canterbury University Press. Christchurch, pp. 196 - 219.","Spencer, H. G. & Willan, R. C. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Index to the Fauna, 3. Mollusca. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 105, 1 - 125."]}

Limnaea ampulla Hutton, 1884 Pl. 1, fig. H Hutton, 1884. New Zealand Journal of Science, 2: 175. Type material. Syntypes (12), NMNZ M.125545 [ex H. Suter colln.] (dry shells). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has a jaw and radula fragments mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Lymnaea ampulla, Arthurs Pass, XVII p. 55’, in Hutton’s handwriting (CMNZ 2017.17.151), which are probably primary type material (see description of radula by Hutton 1885c: 55). Label details. NMNZ M.125545—‘ Amphipeplea ampulla Hutt., co-type, Lake at Arthur’s Pass, Hutt.’, in H. Suter’s handwriting. Type locality. ‘Arthur’s Pass’ (Hutton 1884h: 175); ‘Arthur’s Pass (Mr. Dominick Brown and Mr. Cheeseman); Lake Lyndon (Mr. J. D. Enys)’ (Hutton 1885c: 55). Previous illustrations of type material. Hutton (1885c: pl. xii, figs. 2, 8—shell and radula), Dell (1956: figs. 29–31). Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1884, but publication was delayed until May 1885 (Hutton 1885c: 55), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1884h: 175). Treated as a junior synonym of Succinea tomentosa Pfeiffer, 1855, by Hubendick (1951: 180) and Dell (1956: 76). The latter taxon, which was described from material collected in New Zealand, was transferred to Austropeplea Cotton, 1942 by Smith (1992: 257). As presently interpreted A. tomentosa has a wide but patchy distribution in the North and South Islands, with records from Northland to Otago, in seepages, swamps, small bodies of standing water, and less frequently in lakes and running waters (Dell 1956: 78; Pullan et al. 1972: figs. 1a, 1b). It has also been recorded from southeastern Australia (e.g., Hubendick 1951: 170, fig. 361; Boray & McMichael 1961; Smith 1992: 257; Puslednik et al. 2009: fig. 1a), but molecular studies indicate that the New Zealand populations of A. tomentosa form a distinct endemic lineage that is not conspecific with any of the Australian populations previously attributed to this taxon (Puslednik et al. 2009). Current taxonomy. A junior synonym of Austropeplea tomentosa (Pfeiffer, 1855) — Hubendick (1951: 180 — in Lymnaea), Dell (1956: 76 —in Simlimnea Iredale, 1943), Boray & McMichael (1961: 159 —in Lymnaea)., Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on pages 15-16, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Hutton, F. W. (1885 c) The fresh water shells of New Zealand belonging to the family Limnaeidae. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 17, 54 - 58. [May]","Hutton, F. W. (1884 h) Meetings of Societies. Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Christchurch, 5 th June 1884. The fresh water shells of New Zealand belonging to the family Limnaeidae. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 2 (4), 175. [July]","Dell, R. K. (1956) The fresh-water Mollusca of New Zealand. Parts II and III. Part II-The species previously assigned to the genera Limnaea and Myxas. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 84, 71 - 81.","Pfeiffer, L. (1855) Descriptions of a new genus and twenty-three new species of Pneumonopoma, from the collection of H. Cuming, Esq. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 23 (1), 101 - 106.","Hubendick, B. (1951) Recent Lymnaeidae; their variation, morphology, taxonomy, nomenclature and distribution. Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 3, 1 - 223.","Smith, B. J. (1992) Non-marine Mollusca. In: Houston, W. W. K. (Ed.), Zoological Catalogue of Australia Vol. 8. AGPS, Canberra, pp. i-xii + 1 - 405.","Pullan, N. B., Climo, F. M. & Mansfield, C. B. (1972) Studies on the distribution and ecology of the family Lymnaeidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2 (3), 393 - 405. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03036758.1972.10421824","Boray, J. C. & McMichael, D. F. (1961) The identity of the Australian lymnaeid snail host of Fasciola hepatica L. and its response to environment. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 12 (2), 150 - 162. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / MF 9610150","Puslednik, L., Ponder, W. F., Dowton, M. & Davis, A. R. (2009) Examining the phylogeny of the Australasian Lymnaeidae (Heterobranchia: Pulmonata: Gastropoda) using mitochondrial, nuclear and morphological markers. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 52 (3), 643 - 659. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2009.03.033"]}

Limnaea pucilla Hutton, 1884 Pl. 1, fig. K Hutton, 1884. New Zealand Journal of Science, 2: 175. Type material. Syntypes, CMNZ M358 (1); NMNZ M.125547 [ex H. Suter colln.] (1) (dry shells). Hutton (1885c: 56) noted that the original description was based on two specimens. Label details. CMNZ M358 —‘19. Limnaea pucilla Hutton, Auckland’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting; NMNZ M.125547— Limnaea pusilla Hutton, Syntype, Auckland, Hu.’, in H. Suter’s handwriting. Type locality. ‘Auckland’ (Hutton 1884h: 175, 1885c: 56). Previous illustrations of type material. Hutton (1885c: pl. 12, fig. 5), Dell (1956: fig. 10). Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1884, but publication was delayed until May 1885 (Hutton 1885c: 56), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1884h: 175). Species name unnecessarily emended to pusilla by Hedley & Suter (1893: 625). Hubendick (1951: 171, 179, 200) treated Limnaea pucilla Hutton, 1884 and Limnaea alfredi Suter, 1890, which was based on shells from Hooker Valley, Canterbury, as synonyms of Limnaea tenella Hutton, 1884, and noted that the shells of this taxon were similar to those of the European species Galba truncatula (Müller, 1774), albeit with a less elevated spire. Dell (1956: 73) observed that pucilla was based on immature shells and had not been recorded subsequently from the type locality. He suggested that this species most closely resembled Limnaea alfredi Suter, 1890, which was listed as a junior synonym of G. truncatula by Climo & Pullan (1972: 6 —in Lymnaea). Dell (1956) noted it was possible that “the types of pucilla are juveniles of introduced or even foreign shells, which never lived in New Zealand ”, and he recommended that the name pucilla be considered indeterminate. Marshall (1996: 34) indicated that the type material (see pl. 1, fig. K) was well preserved and identification should be possible, and he suggested that pucilla may be based on juveniles of an introduced species. Current taxonomy. taxon inquirendum—this study. Distribution. Type material from Auckland; possibly based on an introduced taxon (Dell 1956: 73)., Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on page 18, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Hutton, F. W. (1885 c) The fresh water shells of New Zealand belonging to the family Limnaeidae. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 17, 54 - 58. [May]","Hutton, F. W. (1884 h) Meetings of Societies. Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Christchurch, 5 th June 1884. The fresh water shells of New Zealand belonging to the family Limnaeidae. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 2 (4), 175. [July]","Dell, R. K. (1956) The fresh-water Mollusca of New Zealand. Parts II and III. Part II-The species previously assigned to the genera Limnaea and Myxas. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 84, 71 - 81.","Hedley, C. & Suter, H. (1893) Reference list of the land and freshwater Mollusca of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, Series 2, 7, 613 - 665. [May]","Hubendick, B. (1951) Recent Lymnaeidae; their variation, morphology, taxonomy, nomenclature and distribution. Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 3, 1 - 223.","Pullan, N. B., Climo, F. M. & Mansfield, C. B. (1972) Studies on the distribution and ecology of the family Lymnaeidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2 (3), 393 - 405. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03036758.1972.10421824","Marshall, B. A. (1996) Molluscan name-bearing types in the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. Tuhinga: Records of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 9, 1 - 85."]}

Gerontia cordelia Hutton, 1883 Pl. 6, fig. B Hutton, 1883. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 476. Type material. Lectotype (designated here), CMNZ M274 (dry shell). Label details. ‘40. Gerontia cordelia Hutton, Titirangi, Auckland’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting. Type locality. Listed as ‘Titirangi, Auckland (Cheeseman)’ by Hutton (1883g: 476, 1884b: 179), but this is probably incorrect (see below). Previous illustrations of type material. Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: 66, pl. 22, figs. 34–36—‘drawn by Mr. Suter from Prof. Hutton’s type’); Suter (1913: pl. 25, figs. 8, a, b—possibly the same specimen as illustrated by Pilsbry). Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of Gerontia cordelia to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 178), and was pre-empted by his brief description of Gerentia [sic] cordelia in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 476). These descriptions were based on one or more specimens that were putatively collected by Thomas Cheeseman in Titirangi, West Auckland. However, the locality details are probably incorrect as there have been no subsequent records of this species from the Auckland region (e.g., Powell 1952: 167, AIM and NMNZ collection records). Early workers variously assigned G. cordelia to family Charopidae (e.g., Hutton 1884c: 200), Helicidae (e.g., Pilsbry 1892–1893, Suter 1894b), Phenacohelicidae (e.g., Suter 1913) and Flammulinidae (e.g., Powell 1937). Powell (1952: 167) recognised that G. cordelia was a paryphantid [i.e., = family Rhytididae], and designated it as the type species of subgenus Delouagapia Powell, 1952, in genus Delos Hutton, 1904. Delouagapia has generally been treated as a separate genus following Climo (1977: 61). Current taxonomy. Delouagapia cordelia (Hutton 1883) — Climo (1977: 61), Spencer et al. (2009: 218). Distribution. New Zealand; northern North Island, from Tangihua Range to North Cape (Powell 1979: 348, AIM and NMNZ collection records)., Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on pages 48-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Hutton, F. W. (1883 g) Meetings of Societies. Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Christchurch, 7 th June, 1883. Notes on New Zealand land shells, with descriptions of new species. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1 (10), 475 - 477. [July]","Hutton, F. W. (1884 b) Notes on New Zealand land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 161 - 186. [May]","Suter, H. (1913) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 1120 pp.","Powell, A. W. B. (1952) Four new species of New Zealand land snails and the systematic position of Gerontia cordelia Hutton. Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum, 4, 163 - 168.","Hutton, F. W. (1884 c) Revision of the land Mollusca of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 186 - 212. [May]","Suter, H. (1894 b) Liste synonymique et bibliographique des Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la Nouvelle-Zelande. Journal de Conchyliologie, 41, 220 - 293.","Powell, A. W. B. (1937) The Shellfish of New Zealand. The Unity Press, Auckland, 100 pp.","Hutton, F. W. (1904) Three new generic names for Mollusca. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 29, 461. [December] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 20165","Climo, F. M. (1977) A new higher classification of New Zealand Rhytididae (Mollusca: Pulmonata). Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 7 (1), 59 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03036758.1977.10419336","Spencer, H. G., Marshall, B. A. & Willan, R. C. (2009) Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. In: Gordon, D. P. (Ed.), New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Vol. 1. Kingdom Animalia. Canterbury University Press. Christchurch, pp. 196 - 219.","Powell, A. W. B. (1979) New Zealand Mollusca: Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells. Collins, Auckland, xiv + 500 pp."]}

Therasia valeria Hutton, 1883 Pl. 4, fig. H Hutton, 1883. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 477. Type material. Lectotype (designated here), CMNZ M12779 [ex M261], and paralectotype (1), CMNZ M261 (dry shells). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has radulae and a jaw mounted on glass slides with the label details ‘ Therasia valeria, Dunedin, XIV p. 151 (hypopolia)’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.67–2017.17.68), which is probably primary type material (see Hutton 1884b: 183). Label details. M261—‘47. Therasia valeria Hutton, Dunedin’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting. Type locality. ‘Dunedin (Hutton)’ (Hutton 1883g: 477, 1884b: 183). Previous illustrations of type material. Radula illustrated by Hutton (1882h: pl. 3, fig. B, pl. 4, fig. H), which was incorrectly identified as Patula hypopolia Pfeiffer (see Hutton 1884b: 183), possibly from the type material of Therasia valeria Hutton, 1883; radula illustrated by Hutton (1884b: pl. 9, fig. N) probably from type material; Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: 70, pl. 22, figs. 46–48—‘drawn by Mr. Suter from Prof. Hutton’s type’); Suter (1913: pl. 9, figs. 8, a, b—probably the same specimen as illustrated by Pilsbry). Remarks. The type material of Therasia valeria was collected by Hutton himself. He submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 183), and was pre-empted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 477). The lectotype is a juvenile shell that closely matches the dimensions given by Hutton (1884b: 183), and it appears to be the same specimen that was illustrated by Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: pl. 22, figs. 46–48). There has been confusion over the identity and distribution of T. valeria. This species was incorrectly identified as Patula hypopolia Pfeiffer by Hutton (1882h: 151 —see Hutton 1884b: 183); recorded as T. valeria from Dunedin only by Hutton (1884b: 183, Hutton 1884c: 202); and from Dunedin and mid Canterbury by Hedley & Suter (1893: 640), Suter (1894b: 246, 1913: 663) and Powell (1979: 317). Preliminary results of a phylogenetic study, and examination of museum collections, indicate that T. valeria has a distribution restricted to eastern Otago (M. Kennedy unpub. data). Current taxonomy. Therasia valeria Hutton, 1883 — Hutton (1884c: 202), Hedley & Suter, (1893: 640), Suter (1913: 662), Powell (1979: 317), Spencer et al. (2009: 216). Distribution. New Zealand; eastern Otago, South Island (AIM and NMNZ collection records). Family PUNCTIDAE Morse, 1864, Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on page 39, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Hutton, F. W. (1884 b) Notes on New Zealand land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 161 - 186. [May]","Hutton, F. W. (1883 g) Meetings of Societies. Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Christchurch, 7 th June, 1883. Notes on New Zealand land shells, with descriptions of new species. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1 (10), 475 - 477. [July]","Hutton, F. W. (1882 h) Notes on some pulmonate Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 14, 150 - 158. [May]","Suter, H. (1913) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 1120 pp.","Hutton, F. W. (1884 c) Revision of the land Mollusca of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 186 - 212. [May]","Hedley, C. & Suter, H. (1893) Reference list of the land and freshwater Mollusca of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, Series 2, 7, 613 - 665. [May]","Suter, H. (1894 b) Liste synonymique et bibliographique des Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la Nouvelle-Zelande. Journal de Conchyliologie, 41, 220 - 293.","Powell, A. W. B. (1979) New Zealand Mollusca: Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells. Collins, Auckland, xiv + 500 pp.","Spencer, H. G., Marshall, B. A. & Willan, R. C. (2009) Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. In: Gordon, D. P. (Ed.), New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Vol. 1. Kingdom Animalia. Canterbury University Press. Christchurch, pp. 196 - 219."]}

Phrixgnathus haasti Hutton, 1883 Pl. 5, fig. C Hutton, 1883. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 476. Type material. Lectotype (designated here), CMNZ M1389.1, and paralectotypes CMNZ M1389.2 – 21 (20), AIM MA72977 (1), CMNZ M1051 [ex ZS 796] (41), NMNZ M.125541 [ex H. Suter colln.] (16) (dry shells). Label details. CMNZ M1389—‘Mt Somers, Canterbury, Hutton Coll. pill box no. 116’; AIM MA72977— ‘ Phrixgnathus haasti Hutt., Mt. Somers, Canterbury, ex H. Suter coll. (cotype)’ in A.W.B. Powell’s handwriting; NMNZ M.125541—‘2038. Phrixgnathus haasti, Hutton, Co-type specim., Hutt., Mt Somers’, in H. Suter’s handwriting. CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M1051—‘ Laoma haasti Hutton, Mount Somers (old number ZS 696) ’; M1389—‘ Phrixgnathus haasti Hutton, Mt. Somers, Canterbury (21 specimens) (old No. 116) ’. Type locality. ‘Mt Somers (Haast)’ (Hutton 1883g: 476), ‘Mount Somers, Canterbury (Dr. v. Haast), on limestone cliffs’ (Hutton 1884b: 178). Previous illustrations of type material. The shell(s) illustrated by Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: pl. 23, figs. 91–93, ‘H. Suter, del.’) and Suter (1915: pl. 9, figs. 22, a, b) may have been from the type series. Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of Phrixgnathus (?) haasti to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 177), and was pre-empted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 476). Phrixgnathus haasti is a calciphile restricted to dryland habitats on limestone and marble in the eastern South Island (below). Records from Akaroa and Riccarton Bush, Christchurch, by Suter (1913: 752) and Powell (1979: 328) were in error. Current taxonomy. Phrixgnathus haasti — Hutton (1884b: 177), Spencer et al. (2009: 217). Distribution. New Zealand; very sparsely distributed in the eastern South Island between southern Marlborough and North Otago (Suter 1913: 752 —in part; Powell 1979: 328 —in part; AIM and NMNZ collection records)., Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on page 41, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Hutton, F. W. (1883 g) Meetings of Societies. Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Christchurch, 7 th June, 1883. Notes on New Zealand land shells, with descriptions of new species. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1 (10), 475 - 477. [July]","Hutton, F. W. (1884 b) Notes on New Zealand land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 161 - 186. [May]","Suter, H. (1915) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca, Atlas of Plates. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 72 pls.","Suter, H. (1913) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 1120 pp.","Powell, A. W. B. (1979) New Zealand Mollusca: Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells. Collins, Auckland, xiv + 500 pp.","Spencer, H. G., Marshall, B. A. & Willan, R. C. (2009) Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. In: Gordon, D. P. (Ed.), New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Vol. 1. Kingdom Animalia. Canterbury University Press. Christchurch, pp. 196 - 219."]}

Therasia tamora Hutton, 1883 Pl. 4, fig. E Hutton, 1883. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 477. Type material. Lectotype (designated by Cumber 1967: 69), CMNZ M10283 [ex M260], and paralectotypes (3), CMNZ M260 (dry shells). CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M260—‘ Therasia tamora Hutton, Auckland (4 specimens) (old No. 48) ’. Type locality. ‘ Auckland (T. F. Cheeseman)’ (Hutton 1883g: 477, Hutton 1884b: 182). Previous illustrations of type material. Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: 70, 303, pl. 22, figs. 49–51—‘from the type’, ‘H. Suter, del.’); Suter (1915: pl. 9, figs. 7, a, b—possibly the same shell as illustrated by Pilsbry); Cumber (1961: fig. 2 D–F). Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 182), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 477). Powell (1948: 276) erected the genus Therasiella for T. tamora and two other species, noting that they differed from typical Therasia in having membranously plaited epidermal processes, and a smaller number of teeth in the radula. In a taxonomic review of Therasiella, Cumber (1967: 69) noted that tamora differed from other species in this genus in having “oblong, bluntly rounded extensions of the periostracal plaits together with the absence of any fine processes on these plaits”. These periostracal processes are commonly damaged or lost during life or subsequent preservation of shells, and although depicted in illustrations by Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: pl. 22, figs. 49–51) and Suter (1915: pl. 9, figs. 7, a, b), they are absent from the three extant type specimens of T. tamora. Current taxonomy. Therasiella tamora (Hutton, 1883) — Powell (1948: 276, 1957: 118, 1979: 312), Cumber (1967: 67), Spencer et al. (2009: 216). Distribution. New Zealand; northern North Island and nearshore islands from Houhora south to Kawhia and Gisborne, and on Marotere/Chicken, Taranga/Hen and Hauturu/Little Barrier islands (Suter 1913: 660; Cumber 1967: 69, fig. 5E; Powell 1979: 312; AIM and NMNZ collection records)., Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on pages 35-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Cumber, R. A. (1967) The genus Therasiella (Mollusca: Flamulinidae) in the North Island mainland with descriptions of three new species. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Zoology, 10, 61 - 70.","Hutton, F. W. (1883 g) Meetings of Societies. Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Christchurch, 7 th June, 1883. Notes on New Zealand land shells, with descriptions of new species. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1 (10), 475 - 477. [July]","Hutton, F. W. (1884 b) Notes on New Zealand land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 161 - 186. [May]","Suter, H. (1915) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca, Atlas of Plates. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 72 pls.","Cumber, R. A. (1961) A revision of the genus Phenacohelix Suter, 1892 (Mollusca: Flammulinidae) with a description of a new species, and studies on variation, distribution, and ecology. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Zoology, 1, 163 - 196.","Powell, A. W. B. (1948) Land Mollusca of the Three Kings Islands. Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum, 3, 273 - 290.","Powell, A. W. B. (1957) Shells of New Zealand. 3 rd ed. Whitcombe and Tombs, Christchurch, 202 pp.","Powell, A. W. B. (1979) New Zealand Mollusca: Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells. Collins, Auckland, xiv + 500 pp.","Spencer, H. G., Marshall, B. A. & Willan, R. C. (2009) Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. In: Gordon, D. P. (Ed.), New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Vol. 1. Kingdom Animalia. Canterbury University Press. Christchurch, pp. 196 - 219.","Suter, H. (1913) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 1120 pp."]}

Gerontia pantherina Hutton, 1882 Pl. 3, fig. G Hutton, 1882. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 281. Type material. Lectotype (designated here), CMNZ M12781 [ex M244], and paralectotypes, CMNZ M244 (3), CMNZ M1037 [ex ZS 662] (3), NMNZ M.275967 [ex H. Suter colln.] (4) (dry shells). The molluscan collection at CMNZ has radula fragments mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Gerontia pantherina, Greymouth, XVI p. 166’, in Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.49), which is probably primary type material (see description of radula by Hutton 1883d: 135). Label details. CMNZ M244—‘39. Gerontia pantherina Hutton, Greymouth’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting; NMNZ M.275967—‘94. Flammulina Gerontia pantherina, Hutt., Hel. [= R. Helms], Greymouth’, in H. Suter’s handwriting. CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M1037—‘ Gerontia pantherina Hutton, Greymouth (old number ZS 662)’. Type locality. ‘Greymouth (R. Helms)’ (Hutton 1882p: 281, 1883d: 135). Previous illustrations of type material. Jaw and radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1884b, pl. 9, fig. I, pl. 11, fig. R) and Pilsbry (1893 [in 1893–1895]: pl. 2, figs. 4, 5) probably from type material. Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of Gerontia pantherina to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1882, but publication was delayed until May 1883 (Hutton 1883d: 135), and was pre-empted by his brief description of Gerantia [sic] pantherina in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1882p: 281). Descriptions by Hutton (1884b: 166, pl. 9, fig. I, pl. 11, fig. R) of a jaw and radula of pantherina were probably based on the putative type material in CMNZ 2017.17.49 mentioned above. Gerontia pantherina is the type species of Gerontia Hutton, 1882, by monotypy. Current taxonomy. Gerontia pantherina Hutton, 1882 — Hutton (1883d: 135), Suter (1913: 634), Powell (1979: 312), Spencer et al. (2009: 215). Distribution. New Zealand; western South Island, predominantly in the northern part between Burnett Range and Ross, with scattered records south to Jackson Head (Suter 1913: 635; Powell 1979: 312; AIM and NMNZ collection records)., Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on page 32, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Hutton, F. W. (1883 d) Descriptions of new land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 15, 134 - 141. [May]","Hutton, F. W. (1882 p) Meetings of Societies, Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Christchurch, 7 th September, 1882. Descriptions of new land shells. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1 (6), 281 - 282. [November]","Hutton, F. W. (1884 b) Notes on New Zealand land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 161 - 186. [May]","Suter, H. (1913) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 1120 pp.","Powell, A. W. B. (1979) New Zealand Mollusca: Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells. Collins, Auckland, xiv + 500 pp.","Spencer, H. G., Marshall, B. A. & Willan, R. C. (2009) Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. In: Gordon, D. P. (Ed.), New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Vol. 1. Kingdom Animalia. Canterbury University Press. Christchurch, pp. 196 - 219."]}

Phrixgnathus titania Hutton, 1883 Pl. 6, fig. A Hutton, 1883. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 476. Type material. Lectotype, CMNZ M1388 (dry shell). Lectotype fixed by inference of holotype (ICZN Art. 74.6) by Powell (1979: 330). Label details. ‘115. Phrixgnathus titania Hutton, Dunedin’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting. Type locality. ‘Dunedin (Hutton)’ (Hutton 1883g: 476, 1884b: 177). Previous illustrations of type material. Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: 62, pl. 23, figs. 82–84—‘the type specimen is figured’); Suter (1915: pl. 30, fig. 10). Remarks. The original description of this species was based on one or more specimens collected by Hutton himself. He submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 177), and was pre-empted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 476). Suter (1913: 762) noted “the only specimen I have seen is the type”. Powell (1979: 330) listed titania as a species of uncertain status, noting “the writer has not seen the holotype, the only known specimen. From Suter’s (1913, p. 762) description and figure (1915, pl. 30, fig. 10) the specimen is obviously abnormal in its coiling, and may prove to be [Phrixgnathus] celia ”. However, examination of type material indicates that titania and celia are separate species, differing in umbilical width, spire profile, teleoconch microsculpture and colour pattern. Phrixgnathus titania was recorded from Dunedin only by Suter (1913: 762) and Powell (1979: 330), but museum collection records indicate that it has a wider distribution in southeastern South Island, which in part overlaps that of celia (see above). Current taxonomy. Phrixgnathus titania Hutton, 1883 — Hutton (1884c: 198), Spencer et al. (2009: 217). Distribution. New Zealand; southeastern South Island, East Otago and South Canterbury (Goulstone 1991: 15; AIM and NMNZ collection records). Family RHYTIDIDAE Pilsbry, 1893, Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on pages 46-47, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Powell, A. W. B. (1979) New Zealand Mollusca: Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells. Collins, Auckland, xiv + 500 pp.","Hutton, F. W. (1883 g) Meetings of Societies. Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Christchurch, 7 th June, 1883. Notes on New Zealand land shells, with descriptions of new species. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1 (10), 475 - 477. [July]","Hutton, F. W. (1884 b) Notes on New Zealand land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 161 - 186. [May]","Suter, H. (1915) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca, Atlas of Plates. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 72 pls.","Suter, H. (1913) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 1120 pp.","Hutton, F. W. (1884 c) Revision of the land Mollusca of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 186 - 212. [May]","Spencer, H. G., Marshall, B. A. & Willan, R. C. (2009) Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. In: Gordon, D. P. (Ed.), New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Vol. 1. Kingdom Animalia. Canterbury University Press. Christchurch, pp. 196 - 219.","Goulstone, J. F. (1991) Landsnails from the Catlins, 1983 - 84, and Dunedin with its environs, 1991. Unpublished report. In: Goulstone, J. F., Manuscripts dealing with New Zealand land snail collection, 1975 - 1991. Auckland War Memorial Museum Library, MS- 1994 - 17. Auckland War Memorial Museum Library, Auckland, pp. 129 - 151."]}

Potamopyrgus pupoides Hutton, 1882 Pl. 1, fig. F Hutton, 1882. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 41. Type material. Lectotype (designated by Winterbourn 1970: 286), CMNZ M9930 [ex ZS 250a], and paralectotypes, CMNZ M334 (40), CMNZ M9931 [ex ZS 250a] (5), (dry shells). Label details. CMNZ M334 —‘ Potamopygus pupoides Hutton, R. Heathcote, Christcurch’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting; CMNZ M9930 and M9931—‘ Type, Potamopygus spelaeus pupoides Hutton, loc. Heathcote River, ZS 250a’. Type locality. ‘brackish water of the Heathcote estuary’ (Hutton 1882b: 41); ‘Estuary of the Avon and Heathcote rivers, in brackish water’ (Hutton 1882e: 146). Previous illustrations of type material. Hutton (1882e: pl. 1, fig. D, H). Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1881, but publication was delayed until May 1882 (Hutton 1882e: 146), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of ‘Recent Papers on Mollusca (by Prof. F. W. Hutton)’ in the New Zealand Journal of Science issue of February 1882 (Hutton 1882b: 41). Potamopyrgus pupoides Hutton, 1882 is the type species of Halopyrgus Haase, 2008. It inhabits brackish water only (Hutton 1882e: 146, Haase 2008: 108). Current taxonomy. Halopyrgus pupoides (Hutton, 1882) — Haase (2008: 108). Distribution. New Zealand; brackish water in estuaries around New Zealand (Haase 2008: 109)., Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on page 14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4428428, {"references":["Winterbourn, M. (1970) The New Zealand species of Potamopyrgus (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae). Malacologia, 10, 283 - 321.","Hutton, F. W. (1882 b) General Notes. Recent papers on Mollusca (By Prof. F. W. Hutton). On the Hydrobiinae of New Zealand. The New Zealand Journal of Science 1 (1), 41. [February]","Hutton, F. W. (1882 e) On the New Zealand Hydrobiinae. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 14, 143 - 146. [May]","Haase, M. (2008) The radiation of hydrobiid gastropods in New Zealand: a revision including the description of new species based on morphology and mtDNA sequence information. Systematics and Biodiversity, 6 (1), 99 - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 1477200007002630"]}