1. Involvement of the gut microbiota in cancer cachexia.
- Author
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VanderVeen BN, Cardaci TD, Bullard BM, Madden M, Li J, Velazquez KT, Kubinak JL, Fan D, and Murphy EA
- Subjects
- Humans, Animals, Dysbiosis microbiology, Adipose Tissue metabolism, Adipose Tissue microbiology, Adipose Tissue immunology, Cachexia metabolism, Cachexia microbiology, Cachexia etiology, Gastrointestinal Microbiome physiology, Neoplasms microbiology, Neoplasms complications, Neoplasms metabolism, Muscle, Skeletal metabolism, Muscle, Skeletal microbiology
- Abstract
Cancer cachexia, or the unintentional loss of body weight in patients with cancer, is a multiorgan and multifactorial syndrome with a complex and largely unknown etiology; however, metabolic dysfunction and inflammation remain hallmarks of cancer-associated wasting. Although cachexia manifests with muscle and adipose tissue loss, perturbations to the gastrointestinal tract may serve as the frontline for both impaired nutrient absorption and immune-activating gut dysbiosis. Investigations into the gut microbiota have exploded within the past two decades, demonstrating multiple gut-tissue axes; however, the link between adipose and skeletal muscle wasting and the gut microbiota with cancer is only beginning to be understood. Furthermore, the most used anticancer drugs (e.g. chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors) negatively impact gut homeostasis, potentially exacerbating wasting and contributing to poor patient outcomes and survival. In this review, we 1 ) highlight our current understanding of the microbial changes that occur with cachexia, 2 ) discuss how microbial changes may contribute to adipose and skeletal muscle wasting, and 3 ) outline study design considerations needed when examining the role of the microbiota in cancer-induced cachexia.
- Published
- 2024
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